This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal for an independent study project. It outlines the core components of a good proposal, including clearly defining the research question, reviewing relevant literature, describing the proposed methodology, and establishing a timeframe. A good proposal shows the importance and relevance of the research question, demonstrates the student's expertise through the literature review, and outlines an appropriate research design and methodology. The proposal serves to convince the supervisor of the study's value and demonstrates the student's competency and planning.
The document provides guidance for conducting an ethnographic study of a discourse community. It instructs students to:
1) Observe the community in action for 30 minutes to 1 hour, taking notes on behaviors, language practices, and evidence of authority.
2) Collect texts used by the community such as emails, newsletters, and social media posts.
3) Interview community members, preparing questions about goals, expertise/participation, communication/genres used, and specialized terminology or "lexis".
4) Practice interviewing in groups and share sample interview questions.
1) The document outlines the CARS model for writing a research proposal, establishing the importance of technology in daily life and literacy practices.
2) It establishes a niche by noting that while technology is ubiquitous, its uses in the college classroom have been underexplored.
3) The proposed research intends to examine how social media can be used to teach writing by observing and interviewing students and instructors using Facebook in a composition class.
1. The document discusses the key aspects of research methodology including what constitutes research, its main characteristics, and the typical steps in the research process.
2. It describes research as a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts and principles through discovery or rediscovery.
3. The main stages of the research process covered are formulating the research problem, literature review, identifying variables and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and writing the research report.
This document discusses evaluative arguments. It explains that evaluative arguments rely on judgements and appraisals regarding quality or performance. Examples of informal evaluative arguments include awards shows, beauty pageants, and political opinion polls. The document outlines how to recognize when an argument is evaluative by examining if it makes a judgement, challenges a judgement, or explores criteria. It also discusses using quantitative and qualitative criteria in evaluations and the importance of establishing and defending the criteria used. The document provides tips for developing an evaluative argument such as anticipating questions about claims and criteria.
The document discusses various methods of collecting and presenting data. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data is originally collected for a study, while secondary data has already been collected by others. Methods to collect primary data include direct investigation, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data can come from published reports. The document also discusses categorical and numerical data types and how to present each type. Categorical data can be presented in summary tables, bar charts, and pie charts. Numerical data presentation methods include frequency distributions, histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.
The document provides an overview of the key elements and requirements for writing a thesis proposal. It discusses what constitutes a thesis, the goal of a thesis proposal to convince that the project is feasible, and considerations for writing such as having an audience beyond professors and presenting an argument rather than just filling out a form. It also outlines the typical sections of a proposal including the problem/rationale, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, conclusion, and schedule. Finally, it discusses formatting requirements and styles such as Turabian, Chicago, MLA, and APA.
This document discusses how to evaluate arguments. To evaluate an argument, you first analyze it by identifying the claim, or conclusion, the author is trying to persuade the reader of. You then identify the evidence or reasons the author provides to support the claim. Finally, you critically analyze the strength of the evidence and how well it actually supports the claim. A strong, valid argument will have evidence that is truthful and clearly supports its claim.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal for an independent study project. It outlines the core components of a good proposal, including clearly defining the research question, reviewing relevant literature, describing the proposed methodology, and establishing a timeframe. A good proposal shows the importance and relevance of the research question, demonstrates the student's expertise through the literature review, and outlines an appropriate research design and methodology. The proposal serves to convince the supervisor of the study's value and demonstrates the student's competency and planning.
The document provides guidance for conducting an ethnographic study of a discourse community. It instructs students to:
1) Observe the community in action for 30 minutes to 1 hour, taking notes on behaviors, language practices, and evidence of authority.
2) Collect texts used by the community such as emails, newsletters, and social media posts.
3) Interview community members, preparing questions about goals, expertise/participation, communication/genres used, and specialized terminology or "lexis".
4) Practice interviewing in groups and share sample interview questions.
1) The document outlines the CARS model for writing a research proposal, establishing the importance of technology in daily life and literacy practices.
2) It establishes a niche by noting that while technology is ubiquitous, its uses in the college classroom have been underexplored.
3) The proposed research intends to examine how social media can be used to teach writing by observing and interviewing students and instructors using Facebook in a composition class.
1. The document discusses the key aspects of research methodology including what constitutes research, its main characteristics, and the typical steps in the research process.
2. It describes research as a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts and principles through discovery or rediscovery.
3. The main stages of the research process covered are formulating the research problem, literature review, identifying variables and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and writing the research report.
This document discusses evaluative arguments. It explains that evaluative arguments rely on judgements and appraisals regarding quality or performance. Examples of informal evaluative arguments include awards shows, beauty pageants, and political opinion polls. The document outlines how to recognize when an argument is evaluative by examining if it makes a judgement, challenges a judgement, or explores criteria. It also discusses using quantitative and qualitative criteria in evaluations and the importance of establishing and defending the criteria used. The document provides tips for developing an evaluative argument such as anticipating questions about claims and criteria.
The document discusses various methods of collecting and presenting data. It describes primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data is originally collected for a study, while secondary data has already been collected by others. Methods to collect primary data include direct investigation, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data can come from published reports. The document also discusses categorical and numerical data types and how to present each type. Categorical data can be presented in summary tables, bar charts, and pie charts. Numerical data presentation methods include frequency distributions, histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.
The document provides an overview of the key elements and requirements for writing a thesis proposal. It discusses what constitutes a thesis, the goal of a thesis proposal to convince that the project is feasible, and considerations for writing such as having an audience beyond professors and presenting an argument rather than just filling out a form. It also outlines the typical sections of a proposal including the problem/rationale, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, conclusion, and schedule. Finally, it discusses formatting requirements and styles such as Turabian, Chicago, MLA, and APA.
This document discusses how to evaluate arguments. To evaluate an argument, you first analyze it by identifying the claim, or conclusion, the author is trying to persuade the reader of. You then identify the evidence or reasons the author provides to support the claim. Finally, you critically analyze the strength of the evidence and how well it actually supports the claim. A strong, valid argument will have evidence that is truthful and clearly supports its claim.
This document provides guidance on writing a proposal argument, including defining the key components of a proposal claim, establishing presence, using reasons and appeals to justify a proposed action. It discusses special challenges like establishing authority and addressing skepticism. An outline is presented showing how to organize a proposal argument into sections that present the problem, proposal, opposing views, and justification for the proposal. Readers are prompted to ask questions at each stage to ensure their proposal clearly defines the problem, solution, benefits and costs.
How to write a good postgraduate research proposalBC Chew
This document provides guidance on writing a good research proposal. It discusses including an abstract, background, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion. The background introduces the research topic and importance. The problem statement establishes the research questions. Objectives define the purpose in a measurable way. The literature review sets the theoretical context. Methodology justifies and describes the research methods. Expected outcomes discuss the empirical and theoretical contributions. A conclusion summarizes key points. The proposal should clearly communicate the goals, significance, and approach of the proposed research.
Media - quantitative and qualitative research 2012David Engelby
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research aims to measure hard facts using closed questions and surveys. It seeks to find common patterns across many respondents. Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding of meanings and attitudes through open-ended interviews and focus groups with fewer respondents. Both approaches have their place in research, and a mixed methods approach is often best. Primary research involves direct contact with informants, while secondary research uses existing sources.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
This document provides an outline and overview for writing a research proposal. It discusses reasons for conducting research such as contributing to knowledge and solving problems. A proposal and research proposal are defined as plans for carrying out a task or study. Guidelines are provided for preparing to write a proposal, including contents. A proposal should have chapters on introduction, literature review, and methodology. The introduction states the problem, purpose, significance and research questions or hypotheses. The literature review establishes the theoretical or conceptual framework and reviews related work. The methodology describes the research design, participants, instruments, and analysis plan. Ethical considerations must also be addressed.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
A research proposal outlines a research project and provides information on key elements such as the research question, methodology, and ethical considerations. It connects the proposed research to existing literature and discusses the importance and viability of the research topic. Important components of a research proposal include the introduction of the research topic and why it is being studied, a literature review, research design outlining the methodology and methods of data collection/analysis, and consideration of ethical issues. The proposal should also include sections on aims/objectives, conclusions/recommendations, and references. A good title reflects the well-defined aims of the research in a concrete manner.
The document outlines the 8 key elements that should be included in a research proposal:
1) Background of the study which establishes the context and area of research.
2) Statement of the problem which describes the research question or problem being addressed.
3) Objectives which state what the research aims to accomplish.
4) Significance which explains why the research is important.
5) Limitations which specify the boundaries and scope of the research.
6) Definition of terms which explains key concepts.
7) Literature review which shows awareness of previous related work.
8) Methodology which describes the data, procedures, and justification of methods.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
This document provides guidance on writing effective proposals. It discusses what proposals are, their purpose, and different types of proposals. It outlines key sections of a proposal including executive summary, solution, implementation plan, credentials, and costs. The document advises focusing on customer needs and benefits over features. It also discusses developing a value proposition and persuasive structure. Proposal writing best practices are covered such as using a clear structure, simple language, and focusing on outcomes for the customer.
The document provides an overview of the key elements that should be included in a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal is to convince others that the proposed research project is worthwhile and that the investigator has the competence and work plan to complete it. The main elements that should be included in a research proposal are an introduction section outlining the background, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, ethical considerations, time schedule and references.
This document outlines a research proposal that investigates teachers' perceptions of assessing students' oral reading skills in rural primary schools. The study aims to understand teachers' views on reading aloud assessments, and whether their perceptions differ based on years of teaching experience or education level. A mixed methods approach is proposed, using questionnaires to collect quantitative data on 80-120 teachers, and interviews of 12 teachers to obtain qualitative views. The research questions focus on teachers' perceptions of reading assessments, any differences related to experience or qualifications, and factors influencing perceptions. The significance, limitations, and methodology are described in the proposal.
This document provides instructions for writing an effective research proposal in 14 sections:
1. The title should attract the reader's interest while being precise and descriptive.
2. The abstract should be 1 page summarizing the background, aims, methods, results, and conclusions.
3. The introduction states the research problem, rationale, questions, and delimitations.
4. The background information identifies the problem, economic importance, and research location.
5. The literature review ensures the research is novel, demonstrates knowledge, and convinces the reader of its significance.
6. The methods section outlines the research design, experiments, data collection, and statistical analysis.
7. The results section outlines expected findings even though
This document provides guidance on writing a proposal argument, including defining the key components of a proposal claim, establishing presence, using reasons and appeals to justify a proposed action. It discusses special challenges like establishing authority and addressing skepticism. An outline is presented showing how to organize a proposal argument into sections that present the problem, proposal, opposing views, and justification for the proposal. Readers are prompted to ask questions at each stage to ensure their proposal clearly defines the problem, solution, benefits and costs.
How to write a good postgraduate research proposalBC Chew
This document provides guidance on writing a good research proposal. It discusses including an abstract, background, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion. The background introduces the research topic and importance. The problem statement establishes the research questions. Objectives define the purpose in a measurable way. The literature review sets the theoretical context. Methodology justifies and describes the research methods. Expected outcomes discuss the empirical and theoretical contributions. A conclusion summarizes key points. The proposal should clearly communicate the goals, significance, and approach of the proposed research.
Media - quantitative and qualitative research 2012David Engelby
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research aims to measure hard facts using closed questions and surveys. It seeks to find common patterns across many respondents. Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding of meanings and attitudes through open-ended interviews and focus groups with fewer respondents. Both approaches have their place in research, and a mixed methods approach is often best. Primary research involves direct contact with informants, while secondary research uses existing sources.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
This document provides an outline and overview for writing a research proposal. It discusses reasons for conducting research such as contributing to knowledge and solving problems. A proposal and research proposal are defined as plans for carrying out a task or study. Guidelines are provided for preparing to write a proposal, including contents. A proposal should have chapters on introduction, literature review, and methodology. The introduction states the problem, purpose, significance and research questions or hypotheses. The literature review establishes the theoretical or conceptual framework and reviews related work. The methodology describes the research design, participants, instruments, and analysis plan. Ethical considerations must also be addressed.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
A research proposal outlines a research project and provides information on key elements such as the research question, methodology, and ethical considerations. It connects the proposed research to existing literature and discusses the importance and viability of the research topic. Important components of a research proposal include the introduction of the research topic and why it is being studied, a literature review, research design outlining the methodology and methods of data collection/analysis, and consideration of ethical issues. The proposal should also include sections on aims/objectives, conclusions/recommendations, and references. A good title reflects the well-defined aims of the research in a concrete manner.
The document outlines the 8 key elements that should be included in a research proposal:
1) Background of the study which establishes the context and area of research.
2) Statement of the problem which describes the research question or problem being addressed.
3) Objectives which state what the research aims to accomplish.
4) Significance which explains why the research is important.
5) Limitations which specify the boundaries and scope of the research.
6) Definition of terms which explains key concepts.
7) Literature review which shows awareness of previous related work.
8) Methodology which describes the data, procedures, and justification of methods.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
This document provides guidance on writing effective proposals. It discusses what proposals are, their purpose, and different types of proposals. It outlines key sections of a proposal including executive summary, solution, implementation plan, credentials, and costs. The document advises focusing on customer needs and benefits over features. It also discusses developing a value proposition and persuasive structure. Proposal writing best practices are covered such as using a clear structure, simple language, and focusing on outcomes for the customer.
The document provides an overview of the key elements that should be included in a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal is to convince others that the proposed research project is worthwhile and that the investigator has the competence and work plan to complete it. The main elements that should be included in a research proposal are an introduction section outlining the background, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, ethical considerations, time schedule and references.
This document outlines a research proposal that investigates teachers' perceptions of assessing students' oral reading skills in rural primary schools. The study aims to understand teachers' views on reading aloud assessments, and whether their perceptions differ based on years of teaching experience or education level. A mixed methods approach is proposed, using questionnaires to collect quantitative data on 80-120 teachers, and interviews of 12 teachers to obtain qualitative views. The research questions focus on teachers' perceptions of reading assessments, any differences related to experience or qualifications, and factors influencing perceptions. The significance, limitations, and methodology are described in the proposal.
This document provides instructions for writing an effective research proposal in 14 sections:
1. The title should attract the reader's interest while being precise and descriptive.
2. The abstract should be 1 page summarizing the background, aims, methods, results, and conclusions.
3. The introduction states the research problem, rationale, questions, and delimitations.
4. The background information identifies the problem, economic importance, and research location.
5. The literature review ensures the research is novel, demonstrates knowledge, and convinces the reader of its significance.
6. The methods section outlines the research design, experiments, data collection, and statistical analysis.
7. The results section outlines expected findings even though