This document discusses ad-hoc wireless networks and provides examples of different types including sensor networks and vehicular networks. It summarizes key challenges in routing for ad-hoc networks due to lack of infrastructure, mobility, and limited bandwidth. Specific routing protocols for ad-hoc networks like DSR are described, focusing on on-demand route discovery and maintenance. Considerations for sensor networks include power efficiency through data aggregation and computation instead of communication. Vehicular networks introduce extreme mobility that makes traditional routing difficult.
The document summarizes key concepts in wireless networking including:
- Wireless networks face challenges from interference that wired networks do not, such as the hidden and exposed terminal problems.
- Media access control (MAC) protocols for wireless like CSMA/CA use mechanisms like RTS/CTS to avoid collisions from hidden terminals.
- Wireless routing protocols must account for probabilistic packet reception and mobility. Opportunistic routing protocols like ExOR aim to increase throughput by having multiple nodes forward packets probabilistically rather than relying on a single predetermined path.
Ad hoc routing protocols aim to enable communication between wireless nodes without infrastructure by finding multi-hop paths between sources and destinations. Key challenges include probabilistic link delivery, time-varying link characteristics, low bandwidth, and potential node mobility. Effective ad hoc routing protocols must provide connectivity, be scalable, minimize overhead, and route around link failures locally. Common protocols like DSR and AODV use on-demand route discovery with hop-by-hop or source routing. Metrics like ETX that consider link delivery probabilities can find higher throughput paths compared to simple hop count. Implementation and measurement revealed differences from simulation that impacted protocol design.
routing table ,What is routing ? , what is static routing , what is dynamic routing , types of routing , routing protocols , routing strategy , Download Routing pdf , Download routing ppt , download routing notes , paper on routing
To Download Complete Documentation Visit My Blog
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-routerwhat-is-routing.html
Download completer BS Computer Science Degree Study Data
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/p/bs.html
The document provides information about ad-hoc networks, including their characteristics, applications, design issues, and routing protocols. Some key points:
- Ad-hoc networks are infrastructure-less and use multi-hop wireless links between mobile nodes, requiring distributed routing protocols. They are suitable for situations requiring quick deployment like emergencies or military operations.
- Challenges for routing in ad-hoc networks include the dynamic topology, limited bandwidth and energy of nodes, and lack of a centralized entity. Traditional link-state and distance-vector routing protocols are examined.
- Popular link-state protocols like OSPF work by flooding link-state information to build a shared topology database and calculate the shortest path tree
Here are short notes on X.25, ATM, and Frame Relay:
a. X.25 - X.25 is a protocol suite for packet switched WANs. It establishes switched virtual circuits between DTE devices using X.121 addressing. X.25 uses LAPB for data link layer and PLP for network layer. It provides reliable data transfer over public networks.
b. ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a cell switching and multiplexing technology designed for B-ISDN. It uses fixed size 53 byte cells and establishes permanent virtual circuits between endpoints. ATM supports real-time multimedia traffic using constant bit rate, variable bit rate and available bit rate.
c. Frame Relay -
This document discusses energy-efficient sensor networks. It defines sensor networks and sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, processing, and communication devices. Common sensor node applications include environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, medical diagnostics, and more. The document outlines challenges for sensor nodes related to limited resources and need for energy efficiency. It then discusses various techniques for conserving energy at the MAC layer and network layer, including efficient routing protocols like Directed Diffusion, LEACH, and GEAR.
The document discusses network layer design issues and protocols. It covers store-and-forward packet switching, the functions of the network layer including routing and congestion control. It then describes the implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, comparing virtual circuits and datagrams. Various routing algorithms are also summarized, such as shortest path, flooding, distance vector, and link state routing.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses what sensor networks are and their applications in areas like military, industry, science and more. It describes the constraints of sensor networks like limited battery power, storage and processing. It outlines several research challenges in sensor networks including energy efficiency, scalability, heterogeneity and self-configuration. The document also discusses various layers in the sensor network protocol stack from the physical layer to the application layer and highlights issues at each layer.
The document summarizes key concepts in wireless networking including:
- Wireless networks face challenges from interference that wired networks do not, such as the hidden and exposed terminal problems.
- Media access control (MAC) protocols for wireless like CSMA/CA use mechanisms like RTS/CTS to avoid collisions from hidden terminals.
- Wireless routing protocols must account for probabilistic packet reception and mobility. Opportunistic routing protocols like ExOR aim to increase throughput by having multiple nodes forward packets probabilistically rather than relying on a single predetermined path.
Ad hoc routing protocols aim to enable communication between wireless nodes without infrastructure by finding multi-hop paths between sources and destinations. Key challenges include probabilistic link delivery, time-varying link characteristics, low bandwidth, and potential node mobility. Effective ad hoc routing protocols must provide connectivity, be scalable, minimize overhead, and route around link failures locally. Common protocols like DSR and AODV use on-demand route discovery with hop-by-hop or source routing. Metrics like ETX that consider link delivery probabilities can find higher throughput paths compared to simple hop count. Implementation and measurement revealed differences from simulation that impacted protocol design.
routing table ,What is routing ? , what is static routing , what is dynamic routing , types of routing , routing protocols , routing strategy , Download Routing pdf , Download routing ppt , download routing notes , paper on routing
To Download Complete Documentation Visit My Blog
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-routerwhat-is-routing.html
Download completer BS Computer Science Degree Study Data
http://studyofcs.blogspot.com/p/bs.html
The document provides information about ad-hoc networks, including their characteristics, applications, design issues, and routing protocols. Some key points:
- Ad-hoc networks are infrastructure-less and use multi-hop wireless links between mobile nodes, requiring distributed routing protocols. They are suitable for situations requiring quick deployment like emergencies or military operations.
- Challenges for routing in ad-hoc networks include the dynamic topology, limited bandwidth and energy of nodes, and lack of a centralized entity. Traditional link-state and distance-vector routing protocols are examined.
- Popular link-state protocols like OSPF work by flooding link-state information to build a shared topology database and calculate the shortest path tree
Here are short notes on X.25, ATM, and Frame Relay:
a. X.25 - X.25 is a protocol suite for packet switched WANs. It establishes switched virtual circuits between DTE devices using X.121 addressing. X.25 uses LAPB for data link layer and PLP for network layer. It provides reliable data transfer over public networks.
b. ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a cell switching and multiplexing technology designed for B-ISDN. It uses fixed size 53 byte cells and establishes permanent virtual circuits between endpoints. ATM supports real-time multimedia traffic using constant bit rate, variable bit rate and available bit rate.
c. Frame Relay -
This document discusses energy-efficient sensor networks. It defines sensor networks and sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, processing, and communication devices. Common sensor node applications include environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, medical diagnostics, and more. The document outlines challenges for sensor nodes related to limited resources and need for energy efficiency. It then discusses various techniques for conserving energy at the MAC layer and network layer, including efficient routing protocols like Directed Diffusion, LEACH, and GEAR.
The document discusses network layer design issues and protocols. It covers store-and-forward packet switching, the functions of the network layer including routing and congestion control. It then describes the implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, comparing virtual circuits and datagrams. Various routing algorithms are also summarized, such as shortest path, flooding, distance vector, and link state routing.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses what sensor networks are and their applications in areas like military, industry, science and more. It describes the constraints of sensor networks like limited battery power, storage and processing. It outlines several research challenges in sensor networks including energy efficiency, scalability, heterogeneity and self-configuration. The document also discusses various layers in the sensor network protocol stack from the physical layer to the application layer and highlights issues at each layer.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses what sensor networks are and their applications in areas like military, industry, science and more. It describes the constraints of sensor networks like limited battery power, storage and processing. It outlines several research challenges in areas like medium access control, routing, time synchronization and localization. The document discusses different aspects of designing sensor network protocols and architectures to address issues of energy efficiency, scalability, heterogeneity and self-configuration.
This document provides an overview of metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It defines MANs and WANs, describes their key characteristics, and compares MAN technologies like SONET and Ethernet. It also covers WAN basics such as routing algorithms, congestion, and an example of WANs in smartphones. The document seeks to explain the differences between LANs, MANs and WANs and how data is transmitted over each type of network.
The document summarizes key concepts related to mobile networks and transport layer protocols. It discusses (1) mobile network layers including mobile IP, DHCP, and ad-hoc routing protocols, (2) improvements to transport layer protocols like TCP for mobility, and (3) the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) architecture and protocols.
this is a presentation i made to give some introduction to the backward learning algorithm hope it would be use full.Many places were referred to get information here
The document discusses network layer concepts including routing, forwarding, routing algorithms, and routing protocols.
It begins by explaining the duties of the network layer including interconnecting networks, assigning unique addresses, and encapsulating data from the transport layer. It then discusses routing concepts such as delivery, forwarding using techniques like next-hop routing, and routing tables.
Common routing algorithms are also summarized like distance vector routing using RIP, link state routing using OSPF, and path vector routing. Popular unicast routing protocols and multicast protocols are also briefly mentioned including MOSPF, DVMRP, CBT, and PIM.
The document provides information about network layer concepts including routing, forwarding, routing tables, routing algorithms, and routing protocols.
It discusses key network layer duties like interconnecting networks, assigning unique addresses, and encapsulating data for transfer between networks. Forwarding techniques like next-hop routing and network-specific routing are covered. Popular routing algorithms like distance vector routing, link state routing, and path vector routing are summarized.
Common routing protocols for both unicast (RIP) and multicast (MOSPF, DVMRP, CBT, PIM) are introduced along with their basic operations and differences between source-based and group-shared routing trees. IPv4 addressing and IPv6 improvements like larger addresses
Network devices serve several key functions:
1. Separating and connecting networks or expanding network capacity through devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches.
2. Enabling remote access through modems and other technologies.
3. Key devices include repeaters which regenerate signals, bridges which understand node addresses, switches which divide networks into logical channels, and routers which interconnect networks and determine optimal routes. Remote access devices like modems modulate digital signals for transmission over telephone lines to connect distant computers.
Module 3 Part B - computer networks module 2 pptanushaj46
The document discusses several key issues in network layer design including store-and-forward packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram networks. It also covers routing algorithms such as shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing.
Network routing algorithms aim to optimize two key performance measures: throughput (quantity of service) and average packet delay (quality of service). Adaptive routing algorithms dynamically change routes based on current network conditions, while nonadaptive algorithms use static routes. Common routing algorithms include shortest path routing, distance vector routing, link state routing, and flooding. Challenges include balancing optimality, fairness, and preventing problems like congestion.
Dc ch10 : circuit switching and packet switchingSyaiful Ahdan
This document discusses different communication switching techniques for networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between stations but is inefficient for bursty data traffic. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted independently through the network, allowing dynamic sharing of network bandwidth. It supports data rate conversion and priority handling. Packet switching can use either a datagram approach, treating each packet independently, or a virtual circuit approach, pre-establishing routes for packets.
The document discusses various routing strategies in packet-switching networks. It describes fixed routing, where a single permanent route is configured for each source-destination pair. Flooding is explained, where a packet is sent to every neighbor until it reaches its destination. Adaptive routing allows routes to change based on network conditions. Least-cost algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm and Bellman-Ford algorithm are used to find optimal routes based on link costs. Distributed and centralized routing approaches are also covered.
This document discusses various concepts related to transmitting and receiving data over networks. It covers topics such as transmission methods (parallel vs serial), transmission direction (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), synchronization techniques, protocols, network topologies, access methods like Ethernet and token ring, transmission media, wireless transmission, and network software. The roles of devices like routers, switches, bridges and servers are also outlined.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to routing and routing protocols. It discusses routing and how routers forward packets from source to destination using routing tables. Common routing algorithms and protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP, DVMRP and PIM are explained at a high level. Network concepts like metrics, areas, autonomous systems, and multicast addressing are also covered briefly. The document is intended to provide an overview of routing fundamentals and protocols for a computer networks course.
This document provides an overview of various medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses distributed and centralized MAC protocols, including DFWMAC, EY-NPMA, ISMA, RAP, RAMA, Zhang's and Acampora's proposals, and DTMP. It also covers hybrid access protocols like RRA, PRMA, RRA-ISA, DQRUMA, and MASCARA. Additionally, it summarizes MAC protocols like S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, P-MAC, Y-MAC, and Z-MAC and discusses their key characteristics and performance results.
This document discusses circuit switching and packet switching in communication networks. It provides details on:
1. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations but the capacity is wasted if no data is being sent. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted individually and resources are allocated on demand.
2. Circuit switching is used for applications like voice calls where continuous transmission is required. Packet switching provides better line efficiency since the bandwidth is shared between packets.
3. Switches can be implemented using space division or time division techniques. Common switches include crossbar switches, multistage switches, and time-space-time switches.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols. It covers several key topics:
1) It describes single-hop and multihop data transmission in wireless sensor networks and the advantages of multihop in increasing network lifetime and reducing interference.
2) It discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks due to constraints like energy, bandwidth and changing environments. It also covers routing strategies like proactive, reactive and hybrid routing.
3) It provides details on common routing protocols for wireless sensor networks like flooding, gossiping, SPIN and LEACH, outlining their key mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages. LEACH uses clustering to improve energy efficiency.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Important protocols are Ethernet at the data link layer and IEEE 802 standards for physical and MAC sublayers which define frame formats and media access control.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Ethernet originally used coaxial cable but now focuses on twisted pair cabling. Fiber optic cables provide high speeds but are more expensive to install.
4) The protocol architecture includes the physical, data link
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 15 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications", 7th Edition. It discusses the applications and architectures of local area networks (LANs). The main applications covered are personal computer LANs, back-end networks, storage area networks, and high-speed office networks. Common LAN topologies like bus, ring, star and their characteristics are explained. Issues around transmission media, protocols, and network devices like bridges, hubs and switches are also summarized at a high level.
What are the only force you have become too much of work and all I can be done by my name Vishnu namaste I have to do you have to do you have to do you have to do you have to.
This document provides an overview of wireless sensor networks. It discusses what sensor networks are and their applications in areas like military, industry, science and more. It describes the constraints of sensor networks like limited battery power, storage and processing. It outlines several research challenges in areas like medium access control, routing, time synchronization and localization. The document discusses different aspects of designing sensor network protocols and architectures to address issues of energy efficiency, scalability, heterogeneity and self-configuration.
This document provides an overview of metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It defines MANs and WANs, describes their key characteristics, and compares MAN technologies like SONET and Ethernet. It also covers WAN basics such as routing algorithms, congestion, and an example of WANs in smartphones. The document seeks to explain the differences between LANs, MANs and WANs and how data is transmitted over each type of network.
The document summarizes key concepts related to mobile networks and transport layer protocols. It discusses (1) mobile network layers including mobile IP, DHCP, and ad-hoc routing protocols, (2) improvements to transport layer protocols like TCP for mobility, and (3) the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) architecture and protocols.
this is a presentation i made to give some introduction to the backward learning algorithm hope it would be use full.Many places were referred to get information here
The document discusses network layer concepts including routing, forwarding, routing algorithms, and routing protocols.
It begins by explaining the duties of the network layer including interconnecting networks, assigning unique addresses, and encapsulating data from the transport layer. It then discusses routing concepts such as delivery, forwarding using techniques like next-hop routing, and routing tables.
Common routing algorithms are also summarized like distance vector routing using RIP, link state routing using OSPF, and path vector routing. Popular unicast routing protocols and multicast protocols are also briefly mentioned including MOSPF, DVMRP, CBT, and PIM.
The document provides information about network layer concepts including routing, forwarding, routing tables, routing algorithms, and routing protocols.
It discusses key network layer duties like interconnecting networks, assigning unique addresses, and encapsulating data for transfer between networks. Forwarding techniques like next-hop routing and network-specific routing are covered. Popular routing algorithms like distance vector routing, link state routing, and path vector routing are summarized.
Common routing protocols for both unicast (RIP) and multicast (MOSPF, DVMRP, CBT, PIM) are introduced along with their basic operations and differences between source-based and group-shared routing trees. IPv4 addressing and IPv6 improvements like larger addresses
Network devices serve several key functions:
1. Separating and connecting networks or expanding network capacity through devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches.
2. Enabling remote access through modems and other technologies.
3. Key devices include repeaters which regenerate signals, bridges which understand node addresses, switches which divide networks into logical channels, and routers which interconnect networks and determine optimal routes. Remote access devices like modems modulate digital signals for transmission over telephone lines to connect distant computers.
Module 3 Part B - computer networks module 2 pptanushaj46
The document discusses several key issues in network layer design including store-and-forward packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram networks. It also covers routing algorithms such as shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing.
Network routing algorithms aim to optimize two key performance measures: throughput (quantity of service) and average packet delay (quality of service). Adaptive routing algorithms dynamically change routes based on current network conditions, while nonadaptive algorithms use static routes. Common routing algorithms include shortest path routing, distance vector routing, link state routing, and flooding. Challenges include balancing optimality, fairness, and preventing problems like congestion.
Dc ch10 : circuit switching and packet switchingSyaiful Ahdan
This document discusses different communication switching techniques for networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between stations but is inefficient for bursty data traffic. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted independently through the network, allowing dynamic sharing of network bandwidth. It supports data rate conversion and priority handling. Packet switching can use either a datagram approach, treating each packet independently, or a virtual circuit approach, pre-establishing routes for packets.
The document discusses various routing strategies in packet-switching networks. It describes fixed routing, where a single permanent route is configured for each source-destination pair. Flooding is explained, where a packet is sent to every neighbor until it reaches its destination. Adaptive routing allows routes to change based on network conditions. Least-cost algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm and Bellman-Ford algorithm are used to find optimal routes based on link costs. Distributed and centralized routing approaches are also covered.
This document discusses various concepts related to transmitting and receiving data over networks. It covers topics such as transmission methods (parallel vs serial), transmission direction (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), synchronization techniques, protocols, network topologies, access methods like Ethernet and token ring, transmission media, wireless transmission, and network software. The roles of devices like routers, switches, bridges and servers are also outlined.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to routing and routing protocols. It discusses routing and how routers forward packets from source to destination using routing tables. Common routing algorithms and protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP, DVMRP and PIM are explained at a high level. Network concepts like metrics, areas, autonomous systems, and multicast addressing are also covered briefly. The document is intended to provide an overview of routing fundamentals and protocols for a computer networks course.
This document provides an overview of various medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses distributed and centralized MAC protocols, including DFWMAC, EY-NPMA, ISMA, RAP, RAMA, Zhang's and Acampora's proposals, and DTMP. It also covers hybrid access protocols like RRA, PRMA, RRA-ISA, DQRUMA, and MASCARA. Additionally, it summarizes MAC protocols like S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, P-MAC, Y-MAC, and Z-MAC and discusses their key characteristics and performance results.
This document discusses circuit switching and packet switching in communication networks. It provides details on:
1. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations but the capacity is wasted if no data is being sent. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted individually and resources are allocated on demand.
2. Circuit switching is used for applications like voice calls where continuous transmission is required. Packet switching provides better line efficiency since the bandwidth is shared between packets.
3. Switches can be implemented using space division or time division techniques. Common switches include crossbar switches, multistage switches, and time-space-time switches.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols. It covers several key topics:
1) It describes single-hop and multihop data transmission in wireless sensor networks and the advantages of multihop in increasing network lifetime and reducing interference.
2) It discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks due to constraints like energy, bandwidth and changing environments. It also covers routing strategies like proactive, reactive and hybrid routing.
3) It provides details on common routing protocols for wireless sensor networks like flooding, gossiping, SPIN and LEACH, outlining their key mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages. LEACH uses clustering to improve energy efficiency.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Important protocols are Ethernet at the data link layer and IEEE 802 standards for physical and MAC sublayers which define frame formats and media access control.
This document provides an overview of local area networks (LANs) including common applications, architectures, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. Some key points:
1) LANs are used for personal computer networks, connecting large backend systems, high-speed office networks, storage area networks, and interconnecting multiple local networks.
2) Common topologies include bus, ring, star, and tree. Choices consider reliability, expandability, performance and the physical layout/medium.
3) Ethernet originally used coaxial cable but now focuses on twisted pair cabling. Fiber optic cables provide high speeds but are more expensive to install.
4) The protocol architecture includes the physical, data link
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 15 of William Stallings' book "Data and Computer Communications", 7th Edition. It discusses the applications and architectures of local area networks (LANs). The main applications covered are personal computer LANs, back-end networks, storage area networks, and high-speed office networks. Common LAN topologies like bus, ring, star and their characteristics are explained. Issues around transmission media, protocols, and network devices like bridges, hubs and switches are also summarized at a high level.
What are the only force you have become too much of work and all I can be done by my name Vishnu namaste I have to do you have to do you have to do you have to do you have to.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
2. 2
Scenarios and Roadmap
• Point to point wireless networks (last lecture)
• Example: your laptop to CMU wireless
• Challenges: Poor and variable link quality, hidden and exposed
terminals
• Ad hoc networks (no infrastructure)
• Example: military surveillance network
• Extra challenges: Routing and possible mobility
• Sensor networks (ad hoc++)
• Example: network to monitor temperatures in a volcano
• Extra challenge: serious resource constraints
• Vehicular networks (ad hoc+++)
• Example: vehicle-2-vehicle game network
• Extra challenge: extreme mobility
3. 3
Wireless Challenges (review)
• Interference causes losses, which TCP handles poorly
• Collisions
• Multipath interference
• Environmental (e.g. microwaves)
• Hidden & exposed terminals
• Contention makes it slow
• Solutions at the Link Layer
• Local retransmissions
• RTS/CTS
4. 4
Ad Hoc Networks
• All the challenges of wireless, plus:
• No fixed infrastructure
• Mobility (on short time scales)
• Chaotically decentralized
• Multi-hop!
• Nodes are both traffic sources/sinks and
forwarders, no specialized routers
• The biggest challenge: routing
5. 5
Ad Hoc Routing
• Find multi-hop paths through network
• Adapt to new routes and movement /
environment changes
• Deal with interference and power issues
• Scale well with # of nodes
• Localize effects of link changes
6. 6
Traditional Routing vs Ad Hoc
• Traditional network:
• Well-structured
• ~O(N) nodes & links
• All links work ~= well
• Ad Hoc network
• O(N^2) links - but most are bad!
• Topology may be really weird
• Reflections & multipath cause strange interference
• Change is frequent
7. 7
Problems Using DV or LS
• DV loops are very expensive
• Wireless bandwidth << fiber bandwidth…
• LS protocols have high overhead
• N^2 links cause very high cost
• Periodic updates waste power
• Need fast, frequent convergence
8. 8
Proposed Protocols
• Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
• Addresses DV loops
• Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
• Forwarders store route info
• Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
• Route stored in the packet header
• Let’s look at DSR
9. 9
DSR
• Source routing keeps changes local
• Intermediate nodes can be out of date
• On-demand route discovery
• Don’t need periodic route advertisements
• (Design point: on-demand may be better or
worse depending on traffic patterns…)
10. 10
DSR Components
• Route discovery
• The mechanism by which a sending node
obtains a route to destination
• Route maintenance
• The mechanism by which a sending node
detects that the network topology has changed
and its route to destination is no longer valid
11. 11
DSR Route Discovery
• Route discovery - basic idea
• Source broadcasts route-request to
Destination
• Each node forwards request by adding own
address and re-broadcasting
• Requests propagate outward until:
• Target is found, or
• A node that has a route to Destination is found
14. 14
H Responds to Route Request
A
Source
C
G H
Destination
F
E
D
B
G,H,F
15. 15
C Transmits a Packet to F
A
Source
C
G H
Destination
F
E
D
B
F
H,F
G,H,F
16. 16
Forwarding Route Requests
• A request is forwarded if:
• Node doesn’t know the destination
• Node not already listed in recorded source
route (loop avoidance)
• Node has not seen request with same
sequence number (duplicate suppression)
• IP TTL field may be used to limit scope
• Destination copies route into a Route-reply
packet and sends it back to Source
17. 17
Route Cache
• All source routes learned by a node are
kept in Route Cache
• Reduces cost of route discovery
• If intermediate node receives RR for
destination and has entry for destination in
route cache, it responds to RR and does not
propagate RR further
• Nodes overhearing RR/RP may insert
routes in cache
18. 18
Sending Data
• Check cache for route to destination
• If route exists then
• If reachable in one hop
• Send packet
• Else insert routing header to destination and
send
• If route does not exist, buffer packet and
initiate route discovery
19. 19
Discussion
• Source routing is good for on demand
routes instead of a priori distribution
• Route discovery protocol used to obtain
routes on demand
• Caching used to minimize use of discovery
• Periodic messages avoided
• But need to buffer packets
• How do you decide between links?
20. 20
Forwarding Packets is Expensive
• Throughput of 802.11b =~ 11Mbits/s
• In reality, you can get about 5.
• What is throughput of a chain?
• A -> B -> C ?
• A -> B -> C -> D ?
• Assume minimum power for radios.
• Routing metric should take this into account
21. 21
ETX Routing metric
• Measure each link’s delivery probability with
broadcast probes (& measure reverse)
• P(delivery) = 1 / ( df * dr ) (ACK must be
delivered too)
• Link ETX = 1 / P(delivery)
• Route ETX = sum of link ETX
• (Assumes all hops interfere - not true, but
seems to work okay so far)
22. 22
Capacity of Multi-Hop Network
• Assume N nodes, each wants to talk to everyone
else. What total throughput (ignore previous slide
to simplify things)
• O(n) concurrent transmissions. Great! But:
• Each has length O(sqrt(n)) (network diameter)
• So each Tx uses up sqrt(n) of the O(n) capacity.
• Per-node capacity scales as 1/sqrt(n)
• Yes - it goes down! More time spent Tx’ing other peoples
packets…
• But: If communication is local, can do much
better, and use cool tricks to optimize
• Like multicast, or multicast in reverse (data fusion)
• Hey, that sounds like … a sensor network!
23. 23
Sensor Networks – Smart Devices
• First introduced in late 90’s by groups at
UCB/UCLA/USC
• Small, resource limited devices
• CPU, disk, power, bandwidth, etc.
• Simple scalar sensors – temperature, motion
• Single domain of deployment
• farm, battlefield, bridge, rain forest
• for a targeted task
• find the tanks, count the birds, monitor the bridge
• Ad-hoc wireless network
24. 24
Sensor Example – Smart-Dust
• Hardware
• UCB motes
• 4 MHz CPU
• 4 kB data RAM
• 128 kB code
• 50 kb/sec 917 Mhz radio
• Sensors: light, temp.,
• Sound, etc.,
• And a battery.
25. 25
Sensors, Power and Radios
• Limited battery life drives most goals
• Radio is most energy-expensive part.
• 800 instructions per bit. 200,000
instructions per packet. (!)
• That’s about one message per second for
~2 months if no CPU.
• Listening is expensive too. :(
26. 26
Sensor Nets Goals
• Replace communication with computation
• Turn off radio receiver as often as possible
• Keep little state (limited memory).
27. 27
Power
• Which uses less power?
• Direct sensor -> base station Tx
• Total Tx power: distance^2
• Sensor -> sensor -> sensor -> base station?
• Total Tx power: n * (distance/n) ^2 =~ d^2 / n
• Why? Radios are omnidirectional, but only one direction matters.
Multi-hop approximates directionality.
• Power savings often makes up for multi-hop capacity
• These devices are *very* power constrained!
• Reality: Many systems don’t use adaptive power control.
This is active research, and fun stuff.
28. 28
Example: Aggregation
• Find average temperature in GHC 8th floor.
• Naïve: Flood query, let a collection point compute avg.
• Huge overload near the CP. Lots of loss, and local nodes use
lots of energy!
• Better:
• Take local avg. first, & forward that.
• Send average temp + # of samples
• Aggregation is the key to scaling these nets.
• The challenge: How to aggregate.
• How long to wait?
• How to aggregate complex queries?
• How to program?
29. 29
Beyond Sensors –
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
• Aggregation is not everything
• Power and computation constraints limiting
• What can we use as highly mobile and powerful
ad hoc network nodes? Cars!
• Potential applications for VANETs
• Collision avoidance
• Virtual traffic signals
• (Semi-)Autonomous driving
• Infotainment
30. 30
Vehicular Networks – Challenges?
• Extreme mobility
• DSR won’t work if the routes keep changing
• Scale
• Possibly the largest ever ad-hoc networks
• Topology
• Deployment/density not controlled by designer (e.g.,
highway vs city)
• Gradual deployment (new cars equipped from the
factory in the near future)
31. 31
VANET Routing – Simple case
• Topology based routing
• DSR won’t work because the nodes keep changing
• Can form clusters and route through cluster heads
(LORA_CBF)
• Geographical routing
• Use relative position between node, source and
destination to, on the fly, decide whether to forward or
not (GPSR)
32. 32
VANET Routing – General case
• Cities, rural areas
• Topology-based routing fails, geographical routing
harder
• Local minima/network holes: no neighbor is closer to the
destination than we are
• Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routes around the
perimeter
• What we would really want
• To have a density map of the network to help us choose
forwarders
33. 33
VANET Routing – General case
• Learning about node density in VANETs
• Use road maps and statistical traffic information (A-
CAR)
• Coarse-grained
• Local, neighbor based estimation
• Local optimum != global optimum
• Online, large scale estimation
• High overhead
• No perfect solution – open research topic
34. 34
Important Lessons
• Wireless is challenging
• Assumptions made for the wired world don’t hold
• Ad-hoc wireless networks
• Need routing protocol but mobility and limited capacity are
problems
• On demand can reduce load; broadcast reduces overhead
• Special case 1 – Sensor networks
• Power is key concern
• Trade communication for computation
• Special case 2 – Vehicular networks
• No power constraints but high mobility makes routing even
harder, geographical routing