This document discusses the causes and environmental impacts of deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It finds that the major causes of deforestation are fuelwood collection, timber extraction, poverty, unemployment, lack of alternative resources, ineffective management, black marketing, and livestock grazing. Deforestation has led to significant environmental hazards in the region like increased flooding, climate change, landslides, soil erosion, and desertification. The highest rates of deforestation occur in conifer forests at medium elevations, which are an important source of resources for local communities.
Deforestation is a major problem in Bangladesh that has accelerated in recent decades due to population growth, poverty, and land conversion. Illegal logging and the conversion of forest lands to agricultural and commercial uses are the ultimate underlying causes of deforestation in Bangladesh, particularly of Sal forests. About 50% of the country's original forest cover has been cleared, including much of the Sal forests. Population growth and poverty have increased pressure on forest resources by limiting alternatives for sustenance and income. Weak land tenure policies have also contributed by failing to protect customary forest access rights and encouraging forest conversion.
Consequences Of Deforestation On Rural Household Income.docxResearchWap
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
This document discusses deforestation in India. It provides background on deforestation and its impacts. Key points include:
- India is losing 1.3 million hectares of forest per year to deforestation.
- Deforestation leads to loss of topsoil, fewer food grains produced, more flooding, and disruption of ecosystems like in the Himalayas.
- Major causes of deforestation in India include overgrazing, shifting cultivation, fuelwood collection, forest fires, timber extraction, and infrastructure development.
- Increased population is also a driver of deforestation as more land is needed for housing and agriculture.
- Deforestation poses a serious threat to India's environment if not
Deforestation is the removal of trees and forests for non-forest uses such as agriculture and urban development. Since the industrial age, about half of the world's original forests have been destroyed. Deforestation has major environmental impacts such as increased soil erosion, disruption of water cycles, reduced biodiversity, and climate change. It also disrupts livelihoods and causes disasters like landslides. Potential solutions include corporations implementing anti-deforestation policies, governments enacting ambitious forest protection policies, and individuals reducing paper usage and educating others.
The document discusses environmental issues related to natural resources like forests and water. It provides definitions of environment and discusses the scope of environmental science. It then describes the major uses and ecological importance of forests, as well as causes and impacts of deforestation such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Specific case studies on desertification and disappearing tea gardens are mentioned. Impacts of mining, dams, and water resources are also summarized. The document stresses the need for public awareness and participation to properly address environmental problems.
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
Forests cover approximately 30% of the Earth's land and provide important resources but are also under threat. They store large amounts of carbon, harbor much of the world's biodiversity, and provide economic and social benefits. While deforestation rates have slowed somewhat globally, forests continue to be damaged by fires, diseases, and human activities like agriculture and development. Management of forests varies around the world, with some regions showing more sustainable practices than others. Protecting forests will help mitigate climate change and conserve ecosystems.
Deforestation is a major problem in Bangladesh that has accelerated in recent decades due to population growth, poverty, and land conversion. Illegal logging and the conversion of forest lands to agricultural and commercial uses are the ultimate underlying causes of deforestation in Bangladesh, particularly of Sal forests. About 50% of the country's original forest cover has been cleared, including much of the Sal forests. Population growth and poverty have increased pressure on forest resources by limiting alternatives for sustenance and income. Weak land tenure policies have also contributed by failing to protect customary forest access rights and encouraging forest conversion.
Consequences Of Deforestation On Rural Household Income.docxResearchWap
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stands of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on the biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation; logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up 5% of deforestation.
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions, the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labour, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.
This document discusses deforestation in India. It provides background on deforestation and its impacts. Key points include:
- India is losing 1.3 million hectares of forest per year to deforestation.
- Deforestation leads to loss of topsoil, fewer food grains produced, more flooding, and disruption of ecosystems like in the Himalayas.
- Major causes of deforestation in India include overgrazing, shifting cultivation, fuelwood collection, forest fires, timber extraction, and infrastructure development.
- Increased population is also a driver of deforestation as more land is needed for housing and agriculture.
- Deforestation poses a serious threat to India's environment if not
Deforestation is the removal of trees and forests for non-forest uses such as agriculture and urban development. Since the industrial age, about half of the world's original forests have been destroyed. Deforestation has major environmental impacts such as increased soil erosion, disruption of water cycles, reduced biodiversity, and climate change. It also disrupts livelihoods and causes disasters like landslides. Potential solutions include corporations implementing anti-deforestation policies, governments enacting ambitious forest protection policies, and individuals reducing paper usage and educating others.
The document discusses environmental issues related to natural resources like forests and water. It provides definitions of environment and discusses the scope of environmental science. It then describes the major uses and ecological importance of forests, as well as causes and impacts of deforestation such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Specific case studies on desertification and disappearing tea gardens are mentioned. Impacts of mining, dams, and water resources are also summarized. The document stresses the need for public awareness and participation to properly address environmental problems.
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
Forests cover approximately 30% of the Earth's land and provide important resources but are also under threat. They store large amounts of carbon, harbor much of the world's biodiversity, and provide economic and social benefits. While deforestation rates have slowed somewhat globally, forests continue to be damaged by fires, diseases, and human activities like agriculture and development. Management of forests varies around the world, with some regions showing more sustainable practices than others. Protecting forests will help mitigate climate change and conserve ecosystems.
The document acknowledges and thanks several individuals who helped with the completion of the author's project work, including their project guide and principal. It expresses gratitude to the project guide for their valuable guidance and encouragement. It also thanks other team members for their kind cooperation and help with the project. The document is a certificate stating that a project titled "FOREST IN ANDHRAPRADESH" was completed in partial fulfillment of an Environmental Sciences coursework by the author. It was certified by the head of the department.
Deforestation -National Level and its Impactsglorysunny
Deforestation is a major problem in India, with forest cover falling below recommended levels. Several factors contribute to deforestation, including mining, fires, paper production, overpopulation, logging, agriculture expansion, livestock ranching, and climate change. Deforestation has significant negative impacts such as increased carbon emissions, changes to global and regional climates like monsoons, reduced hydrological functioning and soil quality, loss of biodiversity, and economic and social impacts. While some states have gained forest cover, many others have experienced losses, especially of very dense and moderately dense forests. The Indian government has implemented various laws and programs to promote forest conservation, but deforestation remains an ongoing challenge.
The document discusses deforestation and its impacts on climate change. It notes that approximately 30% of the Earth's land is covered by forests. Deforestation is driven by both anthropogenic factors like increasing wood fuel collection and urbanization as well as natural factors like drought and fires. Deforestation is defined as the removal of forests where the land is converted to non-forest use. The impacts of deforestation include increased carbon emissions, degradation of peatlands, and forest fires, all of which contribute to climate change. Countries like Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and India are discussed in terms of their high deforestation rates and vulnerability to the effects of climate change.
Forest Dependence, Livelihoods and Poverty - Class AssigmentAshish Bharadwaj
Importance of Forests is globally recognized not only as important source of subsistence, employment, revenue earnings, raw materials to a number of industries but also for their vital role in ecological balance, environmental stability, biodiversity conservation, food security and sustainable development of a country Deforestation per se is not a problem and in fact may be a necessary condition for economic development. Unsustainable deforestation activities, however, result in environmental degradation.
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: Chapter 2:Natural ResourcesBasudeba Behera
This document discusses natural resources, focusing on forest resources. It begins by listing the major natural resources: forests, water, minerals, food, energy, and land. It then discusses forests in depth, describing their commercial and ecological uses and importance. It notes that overexploitation and deforestation have led to degradation of forests. Specific causes of deforestation mentioned include shifting cultivation, fuel and material needs, development projects, and overgrazing. The impacts of deforestation include threats to wildlife, loss of biodiversity, and effects on rainfall and soil. Case studies on deforestation in various regions are also discussed.
Importance of Forests, Functions of Forests, Deforestation, Sustainable Fores...Fatima Laraib
A simple yet comprehensive way to know about the importance of Forests, solutions, consequences & causes of deforestation, facts and figures concerning deforestation & sustainable forestry
Deforestation involves clearing forests and converting the land to non-forest use, mainly for agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation, while commercial agriculture accounts for 32% and logging 14%. Deforestation reduces biodiversity and impacts the climate, water cycle, soil health and more. It is a major threat but forests continue to be cleared and degraded.
Accommodating the Interest of Local Community in Resolving ConflictsRidho Taqwa
This document discusses a case study of conflicts between a local community and the government over the development of a wildlife area in Bentayan, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The establishment of the wildlife area restricted the community's access to natural resources they had traditionally used. Several conflict resolution attempts were made but failed to satisfy both parties. The study proposes a new conflict resolution model developed through dialogue between stakeholders to better accommodate the interests of the community and government through the Natural Resources Conservation Center. This model aims to provide a framework for managing forests and wildlife areas that considers the needs of local societies.
A Review On Effects Of Deforestation On Landslide Hill AreasTony Lisko
1) The document discusses the effects of deforestation on landslides in hill areas. It notes that deforestation removes vegetation that stabilizes slopes and removes water from the ground, increasing landslide risks.
2) The main causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, fuel wood removal, and human population pressures. Deforestation for agriculture expansion is a major direct cause.
3) Removing trees increases landslide risks because tree roots reinforce soil and slopes, canopies reduce rainfall impact, and root death after logging leaves soil vulnerable to oversaturation.
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Lo...ijtsrd
Environmental Pollution EP has become a global issue as the impacts are mainly crucial threats to man and biodiversity especially in Africa and other developing countries. In addition to humans and biodiversity, the effects of EP are intense on plants, animals, soil, water and air. As population increases, human needs for food, clothes, mobility and shelter get elevated which in turn require higher use of technology and energy resources vis à vis anthropogenic activities are the primary causes of the rising challenges of EP. This work is aimed at reviewing the roles of anthropogenic activities as key drivers of environmental pollution and loss of biodiversity. In order to achieve this aim and justify the work, the following specific objectives were developed including to i identify and review relevant literature on anthropogenic activities prevalent in Africa. ii examine the impacts of the major anthropogenic activities on the environment including human health, soil, water, air, flora and fauna biodiversity. iii proffer sustainable solutions to curb the menace. Primary findings reveal the significant and adverse effects of anthropogenic activities on environmental risks, health and biodiversity due to increase in waste generation and use of non renewable resources. Urgent need is necessary to create awareness among the various sectors of the society and to sensitize the people on the sustainable ways for waste generation and management. The paper recommends need for the comprehensive development and establishment of appropriate laws and policies to ameliorate EP and its associated menace. Justin Okorondu | Nasir A. Umar | Chukwuemeka O. Ulor | Chinwe G. Onwuagba | Bridget E. Diagi | Susan I. Ajiere | Chukwudi Nwaogu "Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50142.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/50142/anthropogenic-activities-as-primary-drivers-of-environmental-pollution-and-loss-of-biodiversity-a-review/justin-okorondu
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document is a laboratory report submitted by two students, Puteri Nur Syuhaidah and Siti Aisyah, for their Basic Chemistry I course. It details Experiment 4 on stoichiometry and limiting reactants. The report includes sections on materials, procedure, results, discussions, and conclusions and follows a checklist for grading that allocates 100 total marks.
Tropical deforestation in Southeast Asia is driven by a combination of factors. Population growth increases pressure for agricultural land, leading to clearing of forests for crops, plantations, and cattle grazing. Improved infrastructure like roads facilitates access to remote forest areas. Large-scale agriculture like palm oil and rubber plantations replaces significant areas of forest. Logging operations and wood exports also contribute to deforestation. Poverty is an underlying factor, as shifting cultivation and subsistence farming in forested areas results in tree loss. Hydroelectric dams flood large forest areas. Overall the causes of deforestation are complex and multifactorial rather than a single driver.
The document acknowledges and thanks several individuals who helped with the completion of the author's project work, including their project guide and principal. It expresses gratitude to the project guide for their valuable guidance and encouragement. It also thanks other team members for their kind cooperation and help with the project. The document is a certificate stating that a project titled "FOREST IN ANDHRAPRADESH" was completed in partial fulfillment of an Environmental Sciences coursework by the author. It was certified by the head of the department.
Deforestation -National Level and its Impactsglorysunny
Deforestation is a major problem in India, with forest cover falling below recommended levels. Several factors contribute to deforestation, including mining, fires, paper production, overpopulation, logging, agriculture expansion, livestock ranching, and climate change. Deforestation has significant negative impacts such as increased carbon emissions, changes to global and regional climates like monsoons, reduced hydrological functioning and soil quality, loss of biodiversity, and economic and social impacts. While some states have gained forest cover, many others have experienced losses, especially of very dense and moderately dense forests. The Indian government has implemented various laws and programs to promote forest conservation, but deforestation remains an ongoing challenge.
The document discusses deforestation and its impacts on climate change. It notes that approximately 30% of the Earth's land is covered by forests. Deforestation is driven by both anthropogenic factors like increasing wood fuel collection and urbanization as well as natural factors like drought and fires. Deforestation is defined as the removal of forests where the land is converted to non-forest use. The impacts of deforestation include increased carbon emissions, degradation of peatlands, and forest fires, all of which contribute to climate change. Countries like Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and India are discussed in terms of their high deforestation rates and vulnerability to the effects of climate change.
Forest Dependence, Livelihoods and Poverty - Class AssigmentAshish Bharadwaj
Importance of Forests is globally recognized not only as important source of subsistence, employment, revenue earnings, raw materials to a number of industries but also for their vital role in ecological balance, environmental stability, biodiversity conservation, food security and sustainable development of a country Deforestation per se is not a problem and in fact may be a necessary condition for economic development. Unsustainable deforestation activities, however, result in environmental degradation.
Ensuring effective forest services to mankind implications for environmental ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Assessing the sustainability of forest plantations in Mezam Division of the N...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The study examined the sustainability of plantation forestry in Mezam Division of the North West Region. Methodology and results: Respondents drawn from a cross-section of plantation owners in five (5) sub-divisions (i.e. Tubah, Bali, Bafut, Santa and Bemenda central) of Mezam Division. Fifty- (50) plantation owners selected through a system of random sampling. Data collected through the administered questionnaires were on social, economic, ecological, profitability, management strategies and constraints to plantation forestry in the study area. Structure questionnaires were instrument used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistic including tables, means, and percentages to describe the socio-economic characteristic of respondents, while chi-square and Benefit Cost Ratio models were used to determined profitability and opinion of plantation owners respectively. The results reveal that majority of plantation owners were men 84.5% and widows make up 15.5% of the respondents. They all owned families. Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated was 0.7 (B/C . 1) this results implies that plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they was a marginal profit of eight thousand five hundred francs 8500f ($ 17 USD) for the sale of one acre of plantation. Chi-square test of equal probability showed that they were no significant difference at 0.05% probability level for private plantation owners. The main constraints confronting plantation forestry business in the study area are access to finance, followed by wildfires, unfavorable government policies and finally bad road networks leading to their plantation. The Benefit Cost Ratio B/C calculated (B/C . 1) mean plantation business is not profitable compared to an alternative land use system, although they were marginal benefits. The study therefore recommend that private plantation be encourage to ensure less dependence on natural forest and to also mitigation climate change and through this jobs created and livelihood improved to the rural communities
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: Chapter 2:Natural ResourcesBasudeba Behera
This document discusses natural resources, focusing on forest resources. It begins by listing the major natural resources: forests, water, minerals, food, energy, and land. It then discusses forests in depth, describing their commercial and ecological uses and importance. It notes that overexploitation and deforestation have led to degradation of forests. Specific causes of deforestation mentioned include shifting cultivation, fuel and material needs, development projects, and overgrazing. The impacts of deforestation include threats to wildlife, loss of biodiversity, and effects on rainfall and soil. Case studies on deforestation in various regions are also discussed.
Importance of Forests, Functions of Forests, Deforestation, Sustainable Fores...Fatima Laraib
A simple yet comprehensive way to know about the importance of Forests, solutions, consequences & causes of deforestation, facts and figures concerning deforestation & sustainable forestry
Deforestation involves clearing forests and converting the land to non-forest use, mainly for agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation, while commercial agriculture accounts for 32% and logging 14%. Deforestation reduces biodiversity and impacts the climate, water cycle, soil health and more. It is a major threat but forests continue to be cleared and degraded.
Accommodating the Interest of Local Community in Resolving ConflictsRidho Taqwa
This document discusses a case study of conflicts between a local community and the government over the development of a wildlife area in Bentayan, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The establishment of the wildlife area restricted the community's access to natural resources they had traditionally used. Several conflict resolution attempts were made but failed to satisfy both parties. The study proposes a new conflict resolution model developed through dialogue between stakeholders to better accommodate the interests of the community and government through the Natural Resources Conservation Center. This model aims to provide a framework for managing forests and wildlife areas that considers the needs of local societies.
A Review On Effects Of Deforestation On Landslide Hill AreasTony Lisko
1) The document discusses the effects of deforestation on landslides in hill areas. It notes that deforestation removes vegetation that stabilizes slopes and removes water from the ground, increasing landslide risks.
2) The main causes of deforestation discussed are agriculture, logging, fuel wood removal, and human population pressures. Deforestation for agriculture expansion is a major direct cause.
3) Removing trees increases landslide risks because tree roots reinforce soil and slopes, canopies reduce rainfall impact, and root death after logging leaves soil vulnerable to oversaturation.
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Lo...ijtsrd
Environmental Pollution EP has become a global issue as the impacts are mainly crucial threats to man and biodiversity especially in Africa and other developing countries. In addition to humans and biodiversity, the effects of EP are intense on plants, animals, soil, water and air. As population increases, human needs for food, clothes, mobility and shelter get elevated which in turn require higher use of technology and energy resources vis à vis anthropogenic activities are the primary causes of the rising challenges of EP. This work is aimed at reviewing the roles of anthropogenic activities as key drivers of environmental pollution and loss of biodiversity. In order to achieve this aim and justify the work, the following specific objectives were developed including to i identify and review relevant literature on anthropogenic activities prevalent in Africa. ii examine the impacts of the major anthropogenic activities on the environment including human health, soil, water, air, flora and fauna biodiversity. iii proffer sustainable solutions to curb the menace. Primary findings reveal the significant and adverse effects of anthropogenic activities on environmental risks, health and biodiversity due to increase in waste generation and use of non renewable resources. Urgent need is necessary to create awareness among the various sectors of the society and to sensitize the people on the sustainable ways for waste generation and management. The paper recommends need for the comprehensive development and establishment of appropriate laws and policies to ameliorate EP and its associated menace. Justin Okorondu | Nasir A. Umar | Chukwuemeka O. Ulor | Chinwe G. Onwuagba | Bridget E. Diagi | Susan I. Ajiere | Chukwudi Nwaogu "Anthropogenic Activities as Primary Drivers of Environmental Pollution and Loss of Biodiversity: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50142.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/50142/anthropogenic-activities-as-primary-drivers-of-environmental-pollution-and-loss-of-biodiversity-a-review/justin-okorondu
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document is a laboratory report submitted by two students, Puteri Nur Syuhaidah and Siti Aisyah, for their Basic Chemistry I course. It details Experiment 4 on stoichiometry and limiting reactants. The report includes sections on materials, procedure, results, discussions, and conclusions and follows a checklist for grading that allocates 100 total marks.
Tropical deforestation in Southeast Asia is driven by a combination of factors. Population growth increases pressure for agricultural land, leading to clearing of forests for crops, plantations, and cattle grazing. Improved infrastructure like roads facilitates access to remote forest areas. Large-scale agriculture like palm oil and rubber plantations replaces significant areas of forest. Logging operations and wood exports also contribute to deforestation. Poverty is an underlying factor, as shifting cultivation and subsistence farming in forested areas results in tree loss. Hydroelectric dams flood large forest areas. Overall the causes of deforestation are complex and multifactorial rather than a single driver.
This document discusses methods for determining the optimal time to replace equipment, using an urban bus fleet as a case study. It summarizes the economic life cycle and lifespan models. The economic life cycle model aims to minimize total average costs over the asset's lifetime. The lifespan model determines replacement when operating costs exceed maintenance costs plus the cost of a new asset. The document outlines the variables considered in the models, such as acquisition costs, maintenance costs, operating costs, withdrawal value, inflation rate, and capitalization rate. It also discusses methods for estimating the withdrawal value, such as linear depreciation. The document applies the uniform annual income method using the fleet's data to calculate the optimal replacement time, but notes the analysis is challenging due
The document provides an overview of the automotive industry, including its structure, global production and sales trends, economic contribution, and current state. It notes that while a limited number of large multinational companies dominate production, the industry's vast global supply chain includes thousands of suppliers, particularly small and medium enterprises. The industry is facing deep transformation due to various megatrends that could impact employment, skills needs, and conditions of work going forward.
This document discusses how technologies developed for aerospace and space applications have been transferred to the automotive industry. Several key technologies are highlighted:
1) Composite materials used in rocket nozzles led to the development of carbon brake systems that are more reliable and reduce pollution.
2) Sensors and pyrotechnic charges developed for airbags in spacecraft have been adapted for use in car airbags and seatbelt tighteners.
3) Simulation software used to design spacecraft is now used by car manufacturers to simulate vehicle dynamics and diagnose vibration problems.
4) A textile developed for flame protection on rockets is now used in cut-resistant fabric covers for cargo containers.
This document discusses the taxonomy and classification of computer worms. It is divided into four sections:
1) Worm structure classification based on components like infection propagation, remote control interface, life cycle manager, payload, and self-tracking.
2) Worm attack classification based on how it finds targets through scanning or pre-generated lists, its target spaces like the internet or email, propagation methods, and activation methods.
3) Worm defense classification based on techniques like being monomorphic, polymorphic, metamorphic, or using polymorphic exploitation to avoid detection.
4) User defense classification on techniques for users to defend against worms.
The document discusses a study that aimed to identify components of customer satisfaction with public bus services in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Factor analysis was used to analyze responses to 24 questions about minibus and transit bus attributes. For minibuses, respondents were most satisfied with feeling secure at terminals and convenience/low fares, and least satisfied with overcrowding and safety issues. For transit buses, top attributes were also security, fares and condition, while bottom attributes related to safety, timeliness and accessibility. The study seeks to provide guidance to transportation authorities on improving quality of life for public transport users.
Vanya introduces himself as Uncle Vanya, noting the negative connotations of the word "uncle". He describes different archetypes at a restaurant - the schlemiel who spills soup, the schlimazel it gets spilled on, and the "schmo", an uncomfortable outsider. Vanya says he's not the schmo, but rather "Yet Another Other Guy" who isn't even at the restaurant but obsessively thinks about it. The Professor, Pickles, Sonia and Ella return from a walk, with the Professor praising Sonia's garden, though noting it's not as beautiful as the Swiss Alps.
1) The session discussed the importance of historical records and long-term datasets for understanding ecological patterns and processes in the Anthropocene. Historical records like explorers' reports, land surveys, photographs, and long-term measurement plots provide valuable long-term ecological data.
2) Digitization efforts like those by the National Phenology Network, iDigBio, and the Smithsonian are making more historical records accessible online, including field journals, photographs, specimens, and films. These resources allow researchers to address new questions and test theories with long-term data.
3) Engaging students with natural history collections through education initiatives can help develop research skills and quantitative literacy while highlighting the interdisciplinary and place-based nature
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
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An Overview of Deforestation Causes and Its Environmental
Hazards in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa
Muhammad Tariq*
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
E.mail: muhammadtariq299@gmail.com
Riffat Aziz
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Pakistan
Abstract
The current review study is design to highlight the facts, main causes and impacts of deforestation and forest
degradation in Khyber Puthtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study is based on literature review. According to the
findings of the current study the people are dependent on these forests and contribute to deforestation in one of
different ways. The study shows that the extensive deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa occurred for household
needs such as cooking, furniture, heating, earning etc. Another growing cause is the role of black marketing and
stake holders on these forests. Meanwhile the ineffective management and ignorance of the forest department is
one of the major contributing factors in deforestation. In addition to this, the nonscientific grazing is a key point
in the deforestation. Unemployment and poverty is another attractive factor in the degradation of these forests.
The most adverse impacts of deforestation in Pakistan are flooding, climatic changes, land sliding, land
degradation, soil erosion and desertification. The underlying causes of deforestation in Pakistan need the
attention of government authority to resolve these causes, implementing strong rules regulations in order to
mitigate the adverse impacts of deforestation and save this ecosystem.
Keywords: Deforestation, Causes, Environmental hazards, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa.
Introduction
A forest can be defined as a land with canopy cover more than 10%, straddling an area greater than 0.5 hac,
including the trees with height larger than 5m (Ahmad and Abbasi, 2011). Forests provides carbon storage and
other benefits while delivering a lot of environmental and social benefits, such as timber and biomass resources,
clean water, wildlife habitat, and recreation (Malmsheimer et al., 2011). Forests cover was just 4 billion hac
(30% of land) in 2005, 36% of which are classified as primary forests. About two third of known land-based
species are in forests but now these are going to extinction. Approximately 8000 tree species which make 9% of
the total number of tree species are under threat of extinction (Liaison, 2012).
Deforestation is the removal of the existing natural vegetation cover, especially where the native cover
is largely forest (Mawalagedara and Oglesby, 2012). Deforestation is the clearing away of forests by a process in
which an area depleted its existing natural forest vegetation and resources (Abere and Opara, 2012). The
conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested land use such as agriculture, grazing or urban
development is called deforestation (Chakravarty, 2012).High rate of deforestation is one of the major problems
in Pakistan. According to different studies and surveys it is stated that forests are spread over less than 4.6 M hac
of total area. These forests undergo rapid degradation especially in the mountain area and the deforestation rate
is nearly 1.5% which is very high alarming and threat to ecosystem (Ali et al., 2006).
Description of the study area
Khyber Pukhtunkhwa is one of the five provinces of Pakistan, which is more prone to climatic changes and
deforestation due to the presence of climate-sensitive sectors. “Khyber Pukhtunkhwa is located in the North West
corner of the country. The province has an area of about 28,773 mi² (46,295 km2
) with estimated population of
about 21 million, and most of its territory link with Iranian plateau. The climate is extreme with intensely hot
summers to freezing cold winters. Despite these extremes in weather, agriculture remains important and viable in
the area. The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the
exception of Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall. The southern
zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scanty rainfall. Its snow-capped peaks and lush
green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism. The air is generally very dry and
consequently the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large. Rainfall also varies widely. Although large
parts of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of Pakistan in its
eastern fringe (Powenski, 2012).
Khyber Pukhtunkhwa is very important province for the country from the environmental and climatic
point of view. A large portion of the country’s forests are in K.P.K, and majority of the people of this area are
related with agriculture and forest sector. “According to an estimation K.P.K contribute 40% of the total forest in
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the country” (Ahmad et al,. 2012). But the rate of deforestation in this area is also high and thus at more risk to
climatic changes such as flooding, drought, ice caps melting, decline in biodiversity, etc. The flooding of 2010 in
Pakistan represents an example of climatic changes all over the world. Out of the 1767 deaths in 2010 flooding,
1156 were occurred in K.P.K and 1193 injured out of the 2701. Similarly only in K.P.K 200,799 houses were
damaged and 43, 659, 09 people were affected (Kroonstad et al,. 2010). As we know that all these changes occur
mainly due to the deforestation in K.P.K and northern areas. The highest rate of deforestation is of conifer forests,
which are mainly located in Dir, Swat, Mansehra etc. These forests are found at altitude of 1000 to 4000 meters
(Ahmad et al,. 2012).
Causes of Deforestation
Fuel wood and Timber: Shahbaz and Ali, (2010) studied that in Mansehra 90% of the respondents were using
the forest wood for cooking. However 56% of the respondents were using forests for timber in the same villages.
In Swat district, 96% of the respondents were using fuel wood for cooking purposes, and 84% of the respondents
used forests for their timber needs. Ali et al,. (2005) studied that fuel wood is an important component of house
hold economies. In Pakistan fuel wood covers about 53% of total annual domestic energy. This dependence on
fuel wood is expected to remain high in Pakistan in the future, because the economy of our country is not so
strong that shift the traditional fuel wood to modern fuels. It is estimated that the population growth and fuel
wood consumption will increase by 3% per year. The high demand for domestic fuel wood is believed to be
rapidly depleting the forests. Tariq et al,. (2014) conducted a research study and stated that lack of alternate
resources for fuel wood, timber and fodder are the main and first causes of deforestation in Dir Kohistan.
According to them 83% of survey respondents the main cause of deforestation in Dir Kohistan is lack of alternate
resources in which the main item is fuel wood. Kissinger et al,. (2012) stated that findings on global patterns of
deforestation indicate that timber consumption and logging activities account for more than 70% of total
deforestation. Fuel wood collection, charcoal production, and to a lesser extent, livestock grazing in forests are the
most important drivers of deforestation. Angelsen and Kaimowitz, (1999) predicted that deforestation rates may
increase because the population is growing and needs more land for food, fuel wood, timber, or other forest
products. Saddozai, (1995) estimated that average house hold need for fire wood is 15.43 kg/day in summer and
31.94 kg/day in winter, while average timber needed for a house construction is 364 cft. It is also estimated that
30% of the population migrates to lower areas during winter season and 85% of the total needs of people met
from the forests. Ali et al,. (2006) observed that in northern areas, the forest wood is intensively using for the
construction of new and repair of existing houses as was informed by 73% of the respondents. Most of the houses
in all of the villages are made of wood. Even if the house is made of mud/stones or brick yet timber is need for the
construction.
Poverty and Unemployment: Tariq et al,. (2014) investigated that 75% of survey respondents the second main
cause of deforestation in Dir Kohistan is unemployment. The literacy rate of Dir Kohistan is low which results in
the unemployment of local people. To fulfill their daily basic needs and requirements the unemployed and jobless
people of the area use these forests as a source of income by illegal manners. Chakravarty et al,. (2012)
determined that poverty and over population are believed to be the main causes of forest loss according to the
international agencies such as FAO and intergovernmental bodies. Zaman et al,. (2011) investigated that poverty,
population and pollution (3Ps) are interlinked. As the population growth and poverty increases, the area is getting
more polluted and the natural environment is degrading.
Policies and Management: Tariq et al,. (2014) researched that 63% of survey respondents, one of the causes of
deforestation in Dir Kohistan is non judicial policies/rules and ineffective management. During the survey, most
of the local people in Dir Kohistan complained that only the stake holders get benefit from these forests and the
share (60%) of total sale proceeded from the forests goes to them. To fulfill their requirements and basic needs
the local people are unable to follow the rules of local community and government. They get the benefits from
the forests by illegal means. Ali et al,. (2006) studied that deforestation result in northern areas is due to the
ineffective forest management strategies and bad governance by the provincial forest department. The forestry
extension service offered by the department is quite ineffective and doesn’t address the real problems. Saddozai,
(1995) stated that in 1972 it is decided that all forests in Dir Kohistan belong to the state. Before this, out of the
total sale proceed only 15% was paid to the stake holders /right holders, which is now 60%. In 1975 the Forest
Act 1927 was implemented and the forests were declared as protected forests. Shahbaz and Ali, (2010) stated
that in district Swat 28% of the respondents used forests for qalang and 44% of the respondents got royalty from
the forests in the past.
Medicinal plants and fodder: Shahbaz and Ali, (2010) stated that only 20% of the respondents in Mansehra used
forests for the collection of medicinal plants for household needs. There were 42% of the respondents who
collecting fodder from the forests for their livestock. There were 50% of the respondents who were using forest
lands as pastures. Similarly in district Swat, about 42% of the respondents were collecting medicinal plants from
the forests for domestic use. In this village, 22% of the respondents told that they cut the trees from the forests and
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sell the wood to earn the cash income.
Black marketing: Tariq et al,. (20104) stated in his work that according to the 53% of survey’s respondents one f
the main causes of deforestation in Dir Kohistan is black marketing of timber. The people complained that the
staff of FDC, Sheringal is not honest in their duty and take bribes from the smugglers. Ali et al,. (2006) also
indicates that the foresters take bribe from the villagers and outsiders are allowed to cut trees. Similarly the higher
forest officials take heavy amount of money from the timber smugglers and allow them to cut the trees.
Agricultural activities and access: Tariq et al,. (2014) determined that after the construction of road and enhance
in the agricultural activities, a dramatically increased occurred in the rate of deforestation. Congressional Budget
Office, (2012) estimated that the destruction and degradation of forestland, caused mainly by expanded
agricultural activity in tropical developing countries, currently accounts for an estimated 12 percent of global
greenhouse gas emission.
Mawalagedara and Oglesby, (2012) carried out that greater access such as roads, rivers and railroads, to
forests and markets accelerates deforestation. Besides this forest fragments are more accessible than large
compact forests and forests in coastal areas and islands are more accessible than others. All those forests which
are far at 2 or 3 kilometers from roads are declining at slow rate of deforestation.
Poverty: Zaman et al,. (2011) estimated that about 62 million people in Pakistan live below the poverty line
during 2008-09. The relationship between population growth, poverty and environmental degradation is very
closed and interlinked. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of population growth and
environmental degradation and reversely population growth is the major cause of poverty and environmental
degradation such as pollution and deforestation. Poverty, population growth and other factors such as bad
governance, income inequality and weak economic growth are the main causes responsible for environmental
degradation and deforestation. In Pakistan poverty has been increased more in rural areas as compare to urban
areas. Poverty rose more harshly in the rural areas in the 1990s, and in 1999 the rural poverty (36.3 %) was
higher than urban poverty (22.6 %). According to the latest estimates, poverty head count ratio was 29.2% in
2004-05 which increased to 36.1% in 2008-09.
Livestock grazing: Tariq et al,. (2014) determined that according to the 50% of respondents one of the main
causes of deforestation in Dir Kohistan is livestock grazing and trampling. The natural small vegetation is the
only main source for livestock grazing in Dir Kohistan. The livestock affect the forests by two means, one by
using the vegetation as a fodder and grazing. Secondly, large number of cattle and herds crush and trample the
small vegetation. Thus over grazing and trampling of livestock contributes to deforestation and has adverse
effects on forests in Dir Kohistan. According to the F.A.O, (2012) report the link between deforestation and cattle
ranching are strongest. Forest area has been reduced by almost 40 percent over the past 40 years. Over the same
period, pasture areas and the cattle population increased rapidly.
Deforestation triggered Environmental hazards in Pakistan
Floods: Congrong et al,. (2014) defined that flood is a natural event of too much water that badly affects people
and the environment. In other words, a flood is too much water in the wrong place. A flood is generated by a
combination of heavy rainfall causing river / oceans to over flow their banks, and can happen at any time of the
year. Similarly Zaman, (2012) stated that flooding is the unusual presence of water on land to a depth which
affects normal activities. Flooding can arise from overflowing rivers, heavy rainfall over a short duration, or an
unusual inflow of sea water onto land. Ocean flooding can be caused by storms such as hurricanes, high tides,
seismic events or large landslides.
Tariq et al,. (2014) carried out a research study in Dir Kohistan and found that as the rate of
deforestation increased, the flood is also increased. Gilbuena et al,. (2013) determined that element which are at
more risk during floods are structures situated within a flood plain, earth buildings or masonry with water-
soluble mortar, buildings with shallow foundations or weak resistance to lateral loads or impact, roads and
bridges, basements or underground buildings, machinery and electronics, including industry and
communications equipment, food stocks, cultural artifacts, fields and orchards, confined livestock fishing boats
and other maritime industries.
Alderman et al., (2012) reported that floods are the most common natural disasters and significant flooding
events have often resulted in increased morbidity, mortality and environmental impacts throughout the world.
Among the natural disasters flooding is the most harmful and havoc disaster which affect everything specially
agriculture sector. Khan and Mohmand, (2011) reported that flood have devastating effects especially in the
developing countries like Pakistan. Floods in Pakistan during the year 2010, was one of the most damaging in
the history of the country. Rainfall with unexpected intensity started by the end of the month of July and
continued until September. These high intensity rainfall victimized Pakistan of the devastating floods in 2010,
which were the worst since 1929, for its extensive devastation across the country. The death rate was nearly
2000, 1 million houses were either damaged or destroyed, and devastated cultivated land was 5 m acres while
more than 20 m people were displaced.
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Land sliding: Tariq et al,. (2014) mentioned in their work that deforestation caused landsliding in Dir Kohistan.
Khan, (1994) also mentioned in his worked that deforestation causing landsliding. Khan, (1999) stated that like
most parts of the world, Pakistan has been frequently subjected to a variety of natural hazards like land sliding.
Throughout the mountainous part of Pakistan, Murree is considered to be the worst slide-affected areas. Pearce,
(1987) stated that landslide hazard in Murree, therefore, has been a cause of great concern for the safety of life
and property since the earliest times.
Khan, 1994 also stated that during the last three decades, the extent and severity of the adverse effects
of landslides have increased tremendously. Considerable damage has occurred to housing, roads, communication
lines, electricity and water supply, as well as the retaining structures, in the recent years. Field studies revealed
that more than 70% of houheholds in the area have been directly or indirectly affected by landslide hazards.
Land degradation and Soil erosion: Lal, (2003) stated that deforestation in northern areas of Pakistan has an
important role in soil erosion and land degradation. Tariq et al,. (2014) also mentioned that as the rate of
deforestation increased with the passage of time, the land degradation and soil erosion also increased in Dir
Kohistan. The albedo are more expose to soil erosion and land degradation and thus forest and vegetation helps
to reduce these adverse impacts.
Climate change: Pakistan contributes very little but receives great impacts of climate changes such as floods,
droughts, increase in temperature, melting of ice caps, etc. The main reason of such great impacts of climate
changes is that the economy of Pakistan mainly depends on climate sensitive sectors such as forests and
agriculture sectors. The GHGs emissions rank the Pakistan at 135th
but in the sense of impacts of climatic
changes, Pakistan is at 12th
position all over the world (Shahid and Paracha, 2010). Similarly the rate of
deforestation is also high, which is 4.6%, and ranked the Pakistan on 2nd
position in deforestation all over the
globe (Ahmad et al,. 2012). From the above few lines we can easily understand that deforestation and climatic
changes are closely linked with each other. As the rate of deforestation increases, more climatic changes will be
occurring. Since the beginning of the 20th
century, in Pakistan the annual mean surface temperature raise from
0.6o
C to 1o
C, the winter and summer rainfall decrease at the rate of 10 to 15 %, monsoon rainfall increase at the
rate of 18 to 32%, humidity decrease by 5% and an increase occur in the solar radiation by the rate 0.5% to 0.7%
over southern part of Pakistan (Farooqi et al,. 2005).
According to an estimation of World Bank and Asian Developing Bank, the flooding of 2010 in
Pakistan, causes more than $ 9.7 billion damages, affected about 20 million Pakistani, one fifth of the country,
which make a size of Florida, was submerged, eight million people were displaced, more than 3000 were injured
and approximately 2000 people were killed in this havoc flood. The heavy rainfall & flooding was started around
July 22, 2010 and last for the whole month of August and September. As the rain water of northern areas
downpours to the southern parts of Pakistan, this adds a large amount of water to the Indus River which became
more than 40 time of their normal size. The huge amount of flood water breaches the levees of Indus River and
its tributaries, and reached to the urban and rural house plains (Kroonstad et al,. 2010).
Conclusion
Lack of alternate resources, unemployment, ineffective forest management and government policies, Livestock
grazing, black marketing of timber are main causes of deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The most adverse
impacts of deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa are flooding, climatic changes, land sliding, land degradation
and soil erosion. The underlying causes of deforestation in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa need the attention of
government authority to resolve these causes by implementing strong rules regulations, environmental awareness
and provision of alternate resources, in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of deforestation and save this
ecosystem.
Suggestion and Recommendation
It is imperative to know that there is no such thing as a small, insignificant act when it comes to defeating
deforestation. No matter how small your deed maybe, the important thing there is 'every act can make a
difference'. Deforestation can be prevented and you can be an active force in achieving that. As remedies the
following steps should be taken to stop deforestation and its adverse impacts.
Government should employ more and more people for plantation in forest department.
Government and NGO arrange workshop for public awareness about forest importance.
Government should formulate effective policies and enforce wise and judicial rules/regulations.
Government must take steps to stop the bribery in whole Pakistan by the forest department and prevent
the smuggling and punish the timber mafia.
Those plants should be used for fuel wood which can easily grow and have high mass density.
We should grow such species of plants which are more suitable for the climatic, geographical and
topographical condition of the particular area.
Government should provide facilities to the local community for seeking different skills to find sources
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of livelihood other than just forests cutting.
Environmental awareness groups that would help in reforestation in the area.
Instead of using firewood, use other sources to heat up your fireplaces during the winter season.
Support the laws or programs that were made to protect the forests and to stop any form of deforestation.
Children should be taught to plant trees as hobbies.
Reduce the usage of wood for construction, furniture and products. Choose alternative material.
Government should provide funds, skill, to restore the degraded agriculture land.
Safety measure should adopt specially along the river side agriculture land.
Woody trees should be grown along the river/water body to reduce the water velocity during flood.
Small dam should be constructing to store flood water and reduce flood chances.
Use simple and effective method of land reclamation.
Slops of the agriculture land should be minimizing.
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