This document discusses techniques and tools of cybercrime. It defines various types of malware like viruses, worms, Trojans, and ransomware. It also explains social engineering techniques used by cybercriminals like phishing and pretexting to trick users into revealing private information. The document also covers categories of computer crimes and provides tips on protecting yourself from computer crimes like using antivirus software, having strong passwords, and avoiding opening suspicious attachments or clicking links from unknown sources.

1. Module 2.2
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2. Module 2.2
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3. Introduction
Techniques and tools of cybercrimes
Categories of computer crime
Protecting yourself against computer crime
Test and improve
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4.  Potential hazards and threats
 Malware
 Social engineering
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5. Any attempt to manipulate or ‘con’ someone into
giving out confidential information (password or
account number) which can be used to impersonate
them, to install malware, etc.
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Any software that is written with negative intentions.

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7. It refers to attempts from
people to con the user into
giving out personal and
confidential details such as PIN
numbers and passwords, etc. by
posing as a legitimate
organisation, usually via e-mail.
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Phishing

8. Scamming practice where user is
redirected to another (fake) website even
when the user types in a ‘valid’ URL in
their browser. The criminal can then use
any data the user enters.
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9. An attack where a site appears to one
thing but your clicks are redirected to do
something else.
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CLICK

10. E-mail spoofing is the forgery
of an e-mail header so that
the e-mail appears to be from a
different origin (or person).
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11. Technique or software that tries to
monitor and track the way you use
your computer and then reports this
information to a third party.
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12. Kind of spyware that records your
keystrokes as you type (even the
movements of your mouse, screenshots
of what is displayed on your screen) in
an attempt to discover your usernames
and passwords.
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13. Malware written to disrupt the normal
functioning of a person’s computer
without their knowledge or consent.
 Used to turn your computer into a ‘bot’
 to spread malware or
 to create security loopholes for other
programs to exploit.
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14. A computer worm is malware that is able
to distribute itself over a network,
normally via e-mail, without a person
having run an infected program.
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15. Type of malware which is a destructive
program disguised as a useful
application. Could delete files on your
computer, scan your computer
for personal information.
They rely on you to activate them.
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16. Malware that encrypts data (making it
unavailable) until you pay a ransom fee.
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PAY UP!

17. Software that downloads onto your
computer and bombards your computer
with adverts that pop-up whenever you
are connected to the internet.
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18. A computer that has been compromised
(or infected) and can be controlled
remotely when it is on and connected to
the internet. Also called a ‘zombie’.
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Cyberstalking Spam
Uploading unauthorised pictures on
the Web
Cyberbullying

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Attacks on
businesses –
problems with
conducting
business online
Attacks on
websites –
defaces
websites
Cyberterrorism- attacks
parts of a country’s IT
infrastructure
Denial of
service attacks
(DoS) – uses
bots to flood
servers with
requests.

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Bandwidth
Identity
Processing time and power
Money
Copyrighted material
Data/Intellectual property

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Anti-virus software
Scans files for different kinds of malware (viruses,
Trojans, keyloggers, spyware etc.) and eliminate it.
Runs in the background.

25.  Be careful when installing ‘free’ software.
 Check e-banking and e-commerce sites are
encrypted for security (https:// and small
closed lock)
 Have good password policies.
 Stay informed – reports in media and tips on
banking websites.
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26.  Don’t give out personal information such as
ID number.
 Don’t click on links in pop-ups. Close it
immediately.
 Don’t click on links in phishing emails.
 Don’t open attachments or programs unless
you are sure of what they are.
 Don’t perform financial transactions on
public computers.
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27.  If your workplace/school has computer usage
policy you have accepted, other people might
have access to your files
 If you work on someone else’s computer, they
can claim access to your data files
 Free online services can use your data as
adverts (Instagram, email).
 Online services such as Facebook own
everything you post to the site.
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