5
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢ
[<access_specifier>] [<modifier>] <data_type><variable_name1>
[,
<variable_name2>] ...;
public āđāļāđāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļģāļēāđāļāđāļāđāļāļąāļ Class āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ
āđāļāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĄāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđ
private āđāļāđāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļ Class āļāļĩāđāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļ
āļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ Method āļāļąāđāļāļāļķāđāļāļĄāļē
protected āđāļāđāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļ° Class āļāļĩāđāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļ
āļāļķāđāļāļĄāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļāļāļāļ (Inheritance) āđāļāļĒāļāļāļāļīāđāļāđāļāļąāļ Base
Class
static āđāļāđāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļļāļ Method
āđāļ Class
final āđāļāđāļāļīāļĒāļēāļĄāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļĩāđ
(Constant) āļāļķāđāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļēāđāļāđ
12
class test
{ publicstatic void main(String[] args)
{ String fname = "Chutimond";
int n = fname.length();
System.out.println("Length of name = " + n);
String a = fname.substring(0,1);
System.out.println("First character of name = " + a);
String lname = "Bunmark";
String b = lname.substring(2-1,4);
System.out.println("3 char. of lname from position 2 = " + b);
int m = lname.length();
String c = lname.substring(m-1,m);
System.out.println("Last character of surname = " + c); } }
19
// Arithmetic AssignmentOperators : Integer
public class IntArithAssOper
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ int x = 1;
System.out.println("Arithmetic Assignment Operators : Integer");
x += 2; System.out.println("x += 2 is " + x);
x -= 2; System.out.println("x -= 2 is " + x);
x *= 2; System.out.println("x *= 2 is " + x);
x /= 2; System.out.println("x /= 2 is " + x);
x %= 2; System.out.println("x %= 2 is " + x); } }
20.
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// Arithmetic AssignmentOperators : Float
public class FloatArithAssOper
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ float y =1f;
System.out.println("Arithmetic Assignment Operators : Float");
y += 2; System.out.println("y += 2 is " + y);
y -= 2; System.out.println("y -= 2 is " + y);
y *= 2; System.out.println("y *= 2 is " + y);
y /= 2; System.out.println("y /= 2 is " + y);
y %= 2; System.out.println("y %= 2 is " + y); } }
21.
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//Increment and DecrementOperators
public class TestIncDecOper
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ int a, b, x = 1, y = 1;
a = x++; b = ++y;
System.out.println("x = 1 , y = 1");
System.out.println("a = x++ , b = ++y");
System.out.println("x+ = " + x+" , +y = " +y);
System.out.println("a+ = " + a+", +b = " +b); } }
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//Assignment Operators
public classTestAssOper
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ int x, y;
x = y = 1;
System.out.println("x = y = 1");
System.out.println("x = "+ x + ", y = " + y);
x = (y = y + 1) + 1;
System.out.println("x = (y = y + 1) + 1");
System.out.println("x = "+ x + ", y = " + y); } }
23.
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Bitwise Operators
Boolean BitwiseOperators
~ (Bitwise Unary Not) & (Bitwise And)
| (Bitwise Or) ^ (Bitwise Exclusive Or)
>> (Shift Right) << (Shift Left)
>>> (Shift Right Zero Fill)
Assignment Bitwise Operators
&= (Bitwise And Assignment)
|= (Bitwise Or Assignment)
^= (Bitwise Exclusive Or Assignment)
>>= (Shift Right Assignment)
<<= (Shift Left Assignment)
>>>= (Shift Right Zero Fill Assignment)
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//Bitwise Operators
public classTestBitwiseOper
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ int A = 6, B = 7;
System.out.println("A = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A));
System.out.println("B = " + Integer.toBinaryString(B));
System.out.println("~A = " + Integer.toBinaryString(~A));
System.out.println("A & B = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A&B));
System.out.println("A | B = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A|B));
System.out.println("A ^ B = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A^B));
System.out.println("A << 1 = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A<<1));
System.out.println("A >> 1 = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A>>1));
System.out.println("A >>> 1 = " + Integer.toBinaryString(A>>>1));} }
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Relational Operators
== EqualTo != Not Equal To
> Greater Than < Less Than
>= Greater Than or Equal To
<= Less Than or Equal To
Logical Operators
Boolean Logical Operators
& Logical And | Logical Or
^ Logical Exclusive Or ! Logical Unary Not
Short-Circuit Logical Operators
     && Short-Circuit And || Short-Circuit Or
Assignment Logical Operators
     &= And Assignment |= Or Assignment
^= Exclusive Or Assignment
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//Relational Operator
public classTestRelationalOper
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ boolean a = true, b = false;
System.out.println(" a = " + a);
System.out.println(" b = " + b);
System.out.println(" a & b = " + (a & b));
System.out.println(" a | b = " + (a | b));
System.out.println(" a ^ b = " + (a ^ b));
System.out.println(" !a = " + (!a)); } }
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// Logical OperatorāđāļāđāļŠāļģāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļ Operands āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ boolean āđāļāđāļģāļāļąāđāļ
public class TestBooleanLogicalOper
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ boolean a = true, b = false;
System.out.println("a = true : a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = false : b = " + b);
System.out.println();
// āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđ 1 Boolean Logical Operators
System.out.println("1. Boolean Logical Operators");
// Logical And
System.out.println("Logical And => a & b = " + (a & b));
// Logical Or
System.out.println("Logical Or => a | b = " + (a | b));
// Logical Exclusive Or
System.out.println("Logical Exclusive Or => a ^ b = " + (a ^ b));
// Logical Unary Not
System.out.println("Logical Unary Not => !a = " + (!a));
System.out.println();
} }
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public class TestShortandAssLogicalOper
{public static void main(String args[])
{ boolean a = true, b = false;
System.out.println("a = true : a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = false : b = " + b);
System.out.println();
// āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđ 2 Short-Circuit Logical Operators
System.out.println("2. Short-Circuit Logical Operators");
// Short-Circuit And
System.out.println("Short-Circuit And => a && b = " + (a && b));
// Short-Circuit Or
System.out.println("Short-Circuit Or => a || b = " + (a || b));
System.out.println();
// āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđ 3 Assignment Logical Operators
System.out.println("3. Assignment Logical Operators");
// And Assignment
System.out.println("And Assignment => a &= b = " + (a &= b));
// Or Assignment
System.out.println("Or Assignment => a |= b = " + (a |= b));
// Exclusive Or Assignment
System.out.println("Exclusive Or Assignment => a ^= b = " + (a ^= b)); } }
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Conditional Operators
(<condition>) ?<expression 1> : <expression 2>
//Conditional Operator
public class TestCondOper
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ int x = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
int y = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
//input x = 5, y = 3
System.out.println((x > y)? x : y); } }
30.
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āļĨāļģāļģāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļģāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨāļāļāļ Operator
āļĨāļģāļģāļāļąāļ OperatorāļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļ Assoc.
1 ()
2 ++ (Increment), -- (Decrement)
!
~ (Complement)
(type_cast)
āļāļģāļĢāļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļ
boolean
integer
āļāļļāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļ
R
R
R
R
3 *, /, % āļāļģāļĢāļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļ L
4 +, - āļāļģāļĢāļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļ L
5 << (Left shift), >> (Right shift),
>>> (Zero fill)
āļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄ L
6 <, <=, >, >=, Instanceof() āļāļģāļĢāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ
object
L
7 ==, != āļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļ·āđāļāļāļģāļ
āđāļĨāļ° object
L
31.
31
āļĨāļģāļģāļāļąāļ Operator āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļAssoc
.
8 & (Bitwise AND) āļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄ L
9 ^ (Bitwise XOR) āļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄ L
10 | (Bitwise OR) āļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄ L
11 && (AND) boolean L
12 || (OR) boolean L
13 ?: boolean R
14 =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, >>>=,
&=,
^=, !=
āļāļ·āđāļ āđ R
32.
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āđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨāļŦāļģāļāđāļģāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļāđ
a * bâ c != a / b â c && --a > b++ || b % --c > 0
1. Increment āđāļĨāļ° Decrement Operator
2. āļāļąāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļģāļāļģāļāļāļāļīāļāļĻāļģāļŠāļāļĢāđ *, /, %
3. āļāļąāļ§āļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļģāļāļģāļāļāļāļīāļāļĻāļģāļŠāļāļĢāđ -
4. Relational Operator
5. āđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļģāļāļąāļ
6. &&
7. ||
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3
4 4
5
6
7
34
3. āļāļģāļĢāđāļāļĨāļāļāļāļīāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļĒāđāļāđ TypeWrapper
āđāļāđāļāļāļģāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļģāļ Object āļāļķāđāļāļĄāļģāļāđāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļ Method āļĄāļģāđāļāđāļāļģāļ
public double doubleValue()
public float floatValue()
public int intValue()
public long longValue()
public String toString()
35.
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// Type Conversion: Implicit
public class TestImplicit
{ public static void main(String args[ ])
{ int a = 15/5;
System.out.println("int a = 15/5 => " + a);
// method āļāļ·āđāļ toBinaryString āļāļģāļ Class āļāļ·āđāļ Integer āđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨ Integer
āđāļŦāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļđāļ Binary
System.out.println("a = " + Integer.toBinaryString(a));
System.out.println();
// int b = (15/5)*(float)2;
float b = a * (float) 2;
// byte c = c*2;
byte c = 5;
System.out.println("float b = a * (float) 2 => " + b);
System.out.println("byte c = 5");
System.out.println("b/c => " + b/c);
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/* method āļāļ·āđāļfloatToIntBits āļāļģāļ Class āļāļ·āđāļ Float āđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨ Float
āđāļŦāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļđāļ Bit āļāļāļāļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄāđāļāļ Integer */
System.out.println("Integer.toBinaryString(Float.floatToIntBits(b/c))");
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(Float.floatToIntBits(b/c)));
System.out.println();
double d = 10.0d;
System.out.println("double d = 10.0d");
System.out.println("(b+c)/d => " + (b+c)/d);
/* method āļāļ·āđāļ doubleToLongBits āļāļģāļ Class āļāļ·āđāļ Double āđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨ Double
āđāļŦāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļđāļ Bit āļāļāļāļāļģāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļĄāđāļāļ Long
method āļāļ·āđāļ toBinaryString āļāļģāļ Class āļāļ·āđāļ Long āđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨ Long āđāļŦāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļĢāļđāļ Binary
*/
System.out.println("Long.toBinaryString(Double.doubleToLongBits((b+c)/d))");
System.out.println(Long.toBinaryString(Double.doubleToLongBits((b+c)/d))); }}
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// Type Conversion: Explicit āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ Type Casting
public class TestExplicit
{ public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ char A = '0';
int B = 2;
System.out.println("char A = '0' => "+(int)A);
System.out.println("int B = 2");
System.out.println("(int) (A/B) => " + (int) (A/B)); } }