The document discusses how human needs are met through economic activities and industries that utilize resources. It describes the four main types of economic industries - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary - and how they have developed in South Africa. Location factors like infrastructure, resources, markets, and policy influence where industries choose to operate. The South African government has implemented various policies and programs since 1994 to encourage more equal distribution of industries and reduce unemployment, including GEAR, RDP, and AsgiSA.
2. In order for people to fulfil their needs they need Resources.
What type of human needs that should be fulfilled daily?
Commercial needs
Food supply
Provision of services
3. Resources: Are all commodities that are material or non-material which
are valuable to humans.
Renewable Resources: Are commodities that will not run out if they are
well taken care of nature replaces them after exploitation.
Non-renewable resources: Are natural commodities that can not be
replaced by nature after exploitation.
5. Human needs are met through the engagement of people in various human
activities.
1. Primary economic activities or industries
2. Secondary economic activities (or industries)
3. Tertiary economic activities (or industries)
4. Quaternary economic activities (or industries)
6. Primary economic industries: Are those human activities that uses the
earth’s natural resources to provide raw material to related industries.
i.e. farming, mining, quarrying, etc.
Secondary economic industries: These are human activities that change
raw material into usable products which have more value. The finished
products of secondary industries are called Value added goods.
7. Tertiary economic industries: These are
human activities that are linked to business and
labour specialization; those are companies and
people that specialize in a specific activity:
most of whom provide services to people. i.e.
doctors, accountants, geologist etc.
Quaternary economic industries: This is the
new sector of economy, these are human
activities that are dealing with research and
development; this is the hi-tech sector. i.e.
Scientist, Medical research professionals etc.
8. Distribution and location
of human activities
Developing countries have the greater portion of their
population employed by the Primary sector.
People employed by this sector live close to the
resource they work on.
Secondary industries are located at the site of the raw
material or close to the market it serves.
9. Tertiary industries are found close to area
where services are needed.
Quaternary industries are not linked to
resources or market; they are affected by:
1. Access to a university
2. Availability of investment
3. Good communication infrastructure
All human economic activities contribute to
the country’s GDP & GNP
10. Contribution of human activities in the
RSA’s economy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary
Industries
Secondary
Industries
Tertiary
Industries
Quaternary
Industries
11. Factors affecting human
activities location
Physical factors:
•Flat land for development
•Reliable water & electricity supply
•Proximity to raw materials
•Temperate climate suitable
Economic factors:
• Access to money to invest
•Government support
•Crime rate
•Market needed
•Exchange rate import or exports
•Well developed & efficient transport network
•Good communication systems
Social factors:
•Health of workers
•Education & skills development
•Impact of HIV & AIDS
•Immigration Issues
•Split of families as a result of migrant labour
•Life style (e.g. to work in JHB but live in CPT)
Political factors:
•Political stability – favourable for investors
•Government policy (labour laws & Tax)
•Import/Export duties – tax on goods
•Micro-economic policies e.g. GEAR in RSA
12. Decision-markers on the location
of Human activities and
industries
In South Africa the location of human activities is
influenced by the National Government and the Private
Enterprise.
The pattern where by certain human activities are located
close to each other which is referred to as Industrial
Agglomeration.
This has lead to the centralisation of human activities in
four regions of South Africa, i.e.:
1. Johannesburg and it surroundings (Gauteng)
2. Durban-Pinetown area (KwaZulu-Natal)
3. Cape Town (Western Cape)
4. Nelson Mandela Metropolis, PE-Uitenhage (Eastern Cape)
13. Centralisation of human activities
(industries)
Industries turn to attract other functions or services close to them
(functional prestige).
This lead into the formation of the Industrial Central core
This has certain benefits:
1. Easy service provision i.e. water and electricity
2. Large labour source
3. Greater variety of job opportunities
4. Well developed transport infrastructure
5. Provision of social services i.e. Education, medical centres
6. Communication network also exist i.e. Telephone, internet
14. Decentralisation policy
Decentralisation: It refers to the process where by functions or human
activities are moved from the central core and distributed to other areas to
reduce agglomeration.
Reasons for decentralisation during the Apartheid era:
1. This was to attract industries to accomplish the government’s policy of
separate development.
2. Industries were given incentives to move to black/non-white area. In the
1960s
15. Decentralisation Policies during the apartheid era
o 1960 Industrial Location and Border Development
It aimed at moving human activities close to homelands and black areas
o 1975 National Physical Development Plan
It aimed at erecting physical structures for human activities willing to
decentralise.
o 1981 Good Hope Plan
Aimed at decentralising most of the Cape region human activities close to
the former Xhosa homelands
o 1991 Regional Industrial Development Programme
Aimed at forming regional decentralised human activity clusters
16. Economic policies after 1994
GEAR:
An abbreviation for:
Growth Employment And Redistribution
It was aimed at the equal distribution of the country’s human activities.
To decrease unemployment
Successes between 1996 - 2000
Welcomed by investors and business people.
Reduced inflation from 14% down to 4%.
Increased economic growth from 1% to 4%
Failures
Never really decrease unemployment
The country’s wealth was not equally distributed
17. RDP:
An abbreviation for:
Reconstruction and Development Programme
It was a plan to redress the socio-economic disparities created by
Apartheid.
Aimed at improving the standard of living for the majority of the
population.
It was based on providing:
1. Housing
2. Basic services
3. Education
4. Health care
This was a plan to provide and distribute human
activities to the greater RSA population
18. ASGIsa
Abbreviation for:
Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa
o It was an economical programme tabled by Trevor Manuel (RSA Minister of
Finance) in 2006.
It aimed at increasing the number of human resource that could be a
labour source for the Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary human
activities.
Projected at decreasing unemployment by 50% by 2014 and the increase
the economic growth by 6%.
19. Development programmes
after 1994 The RSA National government aimed at ensuring sustainable industrial
development at economical potential growth areas.
This was to be achieved through the development of:
1. Infrastructure
2. Tourism
3. Farming &
4. Industries
o This was to be done through the creation of Spatial Development Initiative
(SDI)
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