The document discusses the agro-processing sector in Ethiopia. It notes that agriculture is a key part of Ethiopia's economy and the government has implemented strategies to develop agro-industries. However, investment in agro-processing has not matched Ethiopia's large potential. The document outlines opportunities for investment along commodity value chains in food industries like cereals, pulses, oilseeds, dairy, livestock, and fruits/vegetables as well as non-food industries. It provides background on Ethiopia's commodity production and processing.
Food Processing Industries (A support system for Non Farm Activities in Rural...iosrjce
“The prosperity of India lies in the prosperity of Villages”--- Mahatma Gandhi
As there is a lot of change in the occupational structure of India since independence. But change in the overall
economy did not have a pronounced effect on rural economies as Indian population still depends largely on
agriculture sector. So, pressure on land should be reduced by giving priority to Rural Non-Farm
Activities(RNFA). Food Processing is one of the such Non-Farm Activity (NFA) which can play a crucial role in
reducing unemployment, poverty and enhances development activities in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to
explain about the significance and performance of important non-farm activity – The food processing industry
(FPI) in India. Further it highlights the major problems faced by FPI. At last it concludes with some remedial
measures for improving their performance
Trend in private food in agriculture sector and global food chain.newDewasish Ghoshal
This document discusses trends in the private food and agriculture sector and global food chain. It notes that India has significant agricultural resources but low levels of food processing. The global processed food industry is valued at $2.5 trillion and growing. Changing consumer preferences around health, convenience and value are driving demand. There are opportunities for both manufacturers and retailers to address consumer needs for healthy, convenient products. The Indian food processing industry is growing but has potential for much higher growth through increased investment and processing levels.
The document discusses strategies for sustainable dairy production in India. It notes that India has vast dairy resources and is the world's largest milk producer. However, its share of the global milk trade is very small. It argues that concerted efforts should be made to help unorganized smallholder dairy farmers adopt newer technologies to significantly increase milk output. This would boost export earnings and returns for dairy farmers while also improving domestic milk consumption.
The role of Agriculture in Economic DevelopmentPenjaniBanda
This document summarizes the agricultural-led growth theory and its critics. The agricultural-led growth theory proposes that investment in agriculture is necessary for national economic growth, as agriculture provides surplus labor, food, markets, savings, and foreign exchange to support industrialization. However, critics argue that in open economies, high agricultural productivity can squeeze out manufacturing and that trade openness, not agriculture, drives growth by allowing countries to import food and export manufactured goods. Both agriculture and trade are important for economic growth, but agriculture's role decreases as industry increases, and open trade is also a key factor.
Over 58% of rural Indian households depend on agriculture as their primary livelihood. Agriculture contributes significantly to India's GDP and exports. However, Indian agriculture faces several challenges including small fragmented land holdings, lack of mechanization, soil erosion, inadequate storage facilities, and lack of capital. The government has introduced several programs to address issues in Indian agriculture and boost production, such as investing in fertilizer plants, dairy projects, and allowing foreign investment of $50 million from an Israeli agrochemical company.
This presentation was delivered at SIAL Food Show, Paris on 21st October, 2008. The presentation lets you get an insight on Indian Food Industries, key segments and entry strategy
The document discusses key indicators of the Indian economy and agriculture sector. It provides statistics showing India's GDP growth rate, exports, imports, foreign exchange reserves, and FDI inflows have all been increasing in recent years. However, agriculture still faces major problems like low productivity and farmers' debts. The 11th five-year economic plan aims to boost agricultural GDP growth to 4% annually through a second green revolution and increasing irrigation.
This document discusses agriculture economics and policy. It notes that while agriculture makes up a small share of GDP in developed countries, food is a large global business sector. Government intervention in agriculture is common through policies aimed at protecting domestic farmers, ensuring food security and availability, and stabilizing markets. However, wealthier countries tend to subsidize agriculture more while poorer countries tax it more. The document then examines the objectives and early failures of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy to support prices. It raises issues around agricultural income statistics and the need for clear property rights and support for small farmers.
Food Processing Industries (A support system for Non Farm Activities in Rural...iosrjce
“The prosperity of India lies in the prosperity of Villages”--- Mahatma Gandhi
As there is a lot of change in the occupational structure of India since independence. But change in the overall
economy did not have a pronounced effect on rural economies as Indian population still depends largely on
agriculture sector. So, pressure on land should be reduced by giving priority to Rural Non-Farm
Activities(RNFA). Food Processing is one of the such Non-Farm Activity (NFA) which can play a crucial role in
reducing unemployment, poverty and enhances development activities in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to
explain about the significance and performance of important non-farm activity – The food processing industry
(FPI) in India. Further it highlights the major problems faced by FPI. At last it concludes with some remedial
measures for improving their performance
Trend in private food in agriculture sector and global food chain.newDewasish Ghoshal
This document discusses trends in the private food and agriculture sector and global food chain. It notes that India has significant agricultural resources but low levels of food processing. The global processed food industry is valued at $2.5 trillion and growing. Changing consumer preferences around health, convenience and value are driving demand. There are opportunities for both manufacturers and retailers to address consumer needs for healthy, convenient products. The Indian food processing industry is growing but has potential for much higher growth through increased investment and processing levels.
The document discusses strategies for sustainable dairy production in India. It notes that India has vast dairy resources and is the world's largest milk producer. However, its share of the global milk trade is very small. It argues that concerted efforts should be made to help unorganized smallholder dairy farmers adopt newer technologies to significantly increase milk output. This would boost export earnings and returns for dairy farmers while also improving domestic milk consumption.
The role of Agriculture in Economic DevelopmentPenjaniBanda
This document summarizes the agricultural-led growth theory and its critics. The agricultural-led growth theory proposes that investment in agriculture is necessary for national economic growth, as agriculture provides surplus labor, food, markets, savings, and foreign exchange to support industrialization. However, critics argue that in open economies, high agricultural productivity can squeeze out manufacturing and that trade openness, not agriculture, drives growth by allowing countries to import food and export manufactured goods. Both agriculture and trade are important for economic growth, but agriculture's role decreases as industry increases, and open trade is also a key factor.
Over 58% of rural Indian households depend on agriculture as their primary livelihood. Agriculture contributes significantly to India's GDP and exports. However, Indian agriculture faces several challenges including small fragmented land holdings, lack of mechanization, soil erosion, inadequate storage facilities, and lack of capital. The government has introduced several programs to address issues in Indian agriculture and boost production, such as investing in fertilizer plants, dairy projects, and allowing foreign investment of $50 million from an Israeli agrochemical company.
This presentation was delivered at SIAL Food Show, Paris on 21st October, 2008. The presentation lets you get an insight on Indian Food Industries, key segments and entry strategy
The document discusses key indicators of the Indian economy and agriculture sector. It provides statistics showing India's GDP growth rate, exports, imports, foreign exchange reserves, and FDI inflows have all been increasing in recent years. However, agriculture still faces major problems like low productivity and farmers' debts. The 11th five-year economic plan aims to boost agricultural GDP growth to 4% annually through a second green revolution and increasing irrigation.
This document discusses agriculture economics and policy. It notes that while agriculture makes up a small share of GDP in developed countries, food is a large global business sector. Government intervention in agriculture is common through policies aimed at protecting domestic farmers, ensuring food security and availability, and stabilizing markets. However, wealthier countries tend to subsidize agriculture more while poorer countries tax it more. The document then examines the objectives and early failures of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy to support prices. It raises issues around agricultural income statistics and the need for clear property rights and support for small farmers.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
The document summarizes a fodder and feed development scheme for rural areas like Konnur village. It notes that 63% of the village population engages in farming and the main crops are paddy and red gram. Livestock rearing and fishing are secondary activities. The scheme aims to improve fodder availability by developing grasslands, distributing fodder seeds, assisting fodder block making units, and providing subsidies for hand driven chaff cutters. This would benefit the village's livestock farmers and improve soil quality.
The document discusses the agricultural sector in Turkey. It notes that around 1/3 of the population lives in rural areas and agriculture makes up 8-10% of national income. It states that agricultural policies need to be harmonized with industrial policies during the EU accession process. The document also discusses Turkey's economic advantages for agriculture, including climate and natural resources. It notes targets for Turkey to increase agricultural production to $150 billion by 2023 and exports to $30 billion.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
The document discusses the growth of India's economy, with a focus on the agricultural and services sectors. It notes that agriculture currently contributes around 18% to India's GDP but employs over half the population. The services sector now accounts for over half of GDP and has grown rapidly, especially in IT and IT-enabled services. Key challenges for agriculture include low productivity, resource degradation, and wide disparities across regions. Rapid growth in services has not been evenly distributed or matched by equivalent job growth.
Food processing infrastructure in IndiaOwais Ashraf
India is the second largest producer of food globally and the food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India, accounting for 32% of the total food market. The industry contributes 9-10% to India's GDP and is expected to attract $33 billion in investment and generate 9 million jobs over 10 years. The industry covers agriculture, fisheries, and manufacturing of edible products. Though large in size, only 2% of India's total agricultural production is processed. Major segments of the industry include dairy, fruits and vegetables, grains, meat and poultry, packaged foods, and beverages. The dairy and poultry industries have shown significant growth trends in recent years.
Impact of globalization on food industry in india - by Centre for Processed F...chetanlh
This document discusses the impact of globalization on the Indian food industry. It begins by defining globalization as the integration of the world economy through reduced trade barriers and increased capital and information flow. Globalization has significantly impacted India since the 1990s when economic reforms opened up the country.
For the food industry, globalization presented both challenges in meeting new international standards, as well as opportunities for increased exports, investments, and adoption of new technologies. While some argue globalization benefits development, others worry it could harm small farmers and businesses. Overall, the food industry has adapted to globalization by improving quality systems, welcoming foreign partnerships, and gaining access to global markets.
1. The food processing industry in India is a growing sector that accounts for 32% of the country's total food market and has attracted $2.15 billion in foreign direct investment in 2015.
2. The size of the food processing industry is estimated to reach $258 billion by 2015 and $482 billion by 2020, growing at a compounded annual growth rate of 11% from 2010-2014.
3. The industry faces challenges such as a decline in land holdings, poor market linkages, a lack of adequate processing capacity and technology, and insufficient infrastructure and supply chains. However, the government is increasingly supporting the sector through policies aimed at tripling investment and exports of processed foods by 2015.
Recently, IMF said that India will grew at 7.5% overtaking China as the fastest growing economy in 2015-16 due to recent policy initiatives made by government of India.But the prospects could change depending on the implementation of the reforms of the new Modi government.
FICCI - Technopak Report On Indian Food IndustrySanjay Sethi
Report prepared by Sanjay Sethi, Vice President - Food and Agriculture, Technopak Advisors in association with FICCI and released by Minister of Food Processing Industries at Food World, Mumbai
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
India has the 10th largest arable land in the world and is one of the largest producers of agricultural products globally. The agriculture sector saw growth of 3% in 2017-18 and food grain production reached a record 279.51 million tonnes. Private consumption expenditure is also growing and expected to reach $3.6 trillion by 2020. The food processing industry in India is large and growing, with processed food sales increasing significantly across categories like oils, dairy and snacks. Exports of agricultural and processed foods have also been rising steadily over the past decade.
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of different sectors in the Indian economy, including a detailed section on the agriculture and allied industries sector. It notes that agriculture contributes around 20% of India's GVA and over half of rural households depend on agriculture as their primary livelihood. Key points covered include that India is a major global producer and exporter of many agricultural goods like milk, tea, coffee, shrimp; and that the government has initiated several programs to support the agriculture sector through subsidies, insurance schemes, and infrastructure development.
Dairying is one of the livestock productions practiced almost all over Ethiopia, involving a vast number of small, medium, or large-sized, subsistence or market-oriented farms. However, the structure and performance of dairy sectors and its products marketing both for domestic consumption and for export is generally perceived poor in Ethiopia due to different challenges. These challenges vary across different production system to another and/or from one location to another. Among other challenges seasonality of production, spoilage (lack of milk collecting facilities), poor animal health and management, inadequate supply of quality feed, low productivity and genetics ,quality problem, weak vertical integration, absence processing plant, inadequate permanent trade routes and other facilities like feeds, water, holding grounds, lack or non-provision of transport, lack of access to land, ineffectiveness and inadequate infrastructural and institutional set-ups, prevalence of diseases, lack of credit and inadequate market information are dominant in Ethiopia. Therefore, market infrastructure facilities, producers cooperative, feed quality and quantity provision system need to be strengthen for effective dairy value chain development.
This document provides a review of beef cattle production systems, marketing, and constraints in Ethiopia. It discusses the following key points:
1. The main beef cattle production systems in Ethiopia are traditional extensive systems, by-product based feedlot systems, and the Hararghe intensive fattening system.
2. Beef cattle are typically marketed through traditional routes, passing from primary to secondary to tertiary markets. Livestock also experience cross-border exports.
3. The major constraints to beef cattle production in Ethiopia include feed shortages, diseases/parasites, drought, lack of grazing land, poor market access, insufficient veterinary and extension services, and inadequate infrastructure.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
The document summarizes a fodder and feed development scheme for rural areas like Konnur village. It notes that 63% of the village population engages in farming and the main crops are paddy and red gram. Livestock rearing and fishing are secondary activities. The scheme aims to improve fodder availability by developing grasslands, distributing fodder seeds, assisting fodder block making units, and providing subsidies for hand driven chaff cutters. This would benefit the village's livestock farmers and improve soil quality.
The document discusses the agricultural sector in Turkey. It notes that around 1/3 of the population lives in rural areas and agriculture makes up 8-10% of national income. It states that agricultural policies need to be harmonized with industrial policies during the EU accession process. The document also discusses Turkey's economic advantages for agriculture, including climate and natural resources. It notes targets for Turkey to increase agricultural production to $150 billion by 2023 and exports to $30 billion.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
The document discusses the growth of India's economy, with a focus on the agricultural and services sectors. It notes that agriculture currently contributes around 18% to India's GDP but employs over half the population. The services sector now accounts for over half of GDP and has grown rapidly, especially in IT and IT-enabled services. Key challenges for agriculture include low productivity, resource degradation, and wide disparities across regions. Rapid growth in services has not been evenly distributed or matched by equivalent job growth.
Food processing infrastructure in IndiaOwais Ashraf
India is the second largest producer of food globally and the food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India, accounting for 32% of the total food market. The industry contributes 9-10% to India's GDP and is expected to attract $33 billion in investment and generate 9 million jobs over 10 years. The industry covers agriculture, fisheries, and manufacturing of edible products. Though large in size, only 2% of India's total agricultural production is processed. Major segments of the industry include dairy, fruits and vegetables, grains, meat and poultry, packaged foods, and beverages. The dairy and poultry industries have shown significant growth trends in recent years.
Impact of globalization on food industry in india - by Centre for Processed F...chetanlh
This document discusses the impact of globalization on the Indian food industry. It begins by defining globalization as the integration of the world economy through reduced trade barriers and increased capital and information flow. Globalization has significantly impacted India since the 1990s when economic reforms opened up the country.
For the food industry, globalization presented both challenges in meeting new international standards, as well as opportunities for increased exports, investments, and adoption of new technologies. While some argue globalization benefits development, others worry it could harm small farmers and businesses. Overall, the food industry has adapted to globalization by improving quality systems, welcoming foreign partnerships, and gaining access to global markets.
1. The food processing industry in India is a growing sector that accounts for 32% of the country's total food market and has attracted $2.15 billion in foreign direct investment in 2015.
2. The size of the food processing industry is estimated to reach $258 billion by 2015 and $482 billion by 2020, growing at a compounded annual growth rate of 11% from 2010-2014.
3. The industry faces challenges such as a decline in land holdings, poor market linkages, a lack of adequate processing capacity and technology, and insufficient infrastructure and supply chains. However, the government is increasingly supporting the sector through policies aimed at tripling investment and exports of processed foods by 2015.
Recently, IMF said that India will grew at 7.5% overtaking China as the fastest growing economy in 2015-16 due to recent policy initiatives made by government of India.But the prospects could change depending on the implementation of the reforms of the new Modi government.
FICCI - Technopak Report On Indian Food IndustrySanjay Sethi
Report prepared by Sanjay Sethi, Vice President - Food and Agriculture, Technopak Advisors in association with FICCI and released by Minister of Food Processing Industries at Food World, Mumbai
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
India has the 10th largest arable land in the world and is one of the largest producers of agricultural products globally. The agriculture sector saw growth of 3% in 2017-18 and food grain production reached a record 279.51 million tonnes. Private consumption expenditure is also growing and expected to reach $3.6 trillion by 2020. The food processing industry in India is large and growing, with processed food sales increasing significantly across categories like oils, dairy and snacks. Exports of agricultural and processed foods have also been rising steadily over the past decade.
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of different sectors in the Indian economy, including a detailed section on the agriculture and allied industries sector. It notes that agriculture contributes around 20% of India's GVA and over half of rural households depend on agriculture as their primary livelihood. Key points covered include that India is a major global producer and exporter of many agricultural goods like milk, tea, coffee, shrimp; and that the government has initiated several programs to support the agriculture sector through subsidies, insurance schemes, and infrastructure development.
Dairying is one of the livestock productions practiced almost all over Ethiopia, involving a vast number of small, medium, or large-sized, subsistence or market-oriented farms. However, the structure and performance of dairy sectors and its products marketing both for domestic consumption and for export is generally perceived poor in Ethiopia due to different challenges. These challenges vary across different production system to another and/or from one location to another. Among other challenges seasonality of production, spoilage (lack of milk collecting facilities), poor animal health and management, inadequate supply of quality feed, low productivity and genetics ,quality problem, weak vertical integration, absence processing plant, inadequate permanent trade routes and other facilities like feeds, water, holding grounds, lack or non-provision of transport, lack of access to land, ineffectiveness and inadequate infrastructural and institutional set-ups, prevalence of diseases, lack of credit and inadequate market information are dominant in Ethiopia. Therefore, market infrastructure facilities, producers cooperative, feed quality and quantity provision system need to be strengthen for effective dairy value chain development.
This document provides a review of beef cattle production systems, marketing, and constraints in Ethiopia. It discusses the following key points:
1. The main beef cattle production systems in Ethiopia are traditional extensive systems, by-product based feedlot systems, and the Hararghe intensive fattening system.
2. Beef cattle are typically marketed through traditional routes, passing from primary to secondary to tertiary markets. Livestock also experience cross-border exports.
3. The major constraints to beef cattle production in Ethiopia include feed shortages, diseases/parasites, drought, lack of grazing land, poor market access, insufficient veterinary and extension services, and inadequate infrastructure.
Hand Wash Basins and Water Closets factorySemereTiruneh
The purpose of this study is to secure 20 hectares of land and establish a manufacturing facility for Hand Wash Basins and Water Closets in Ethiopia. The government's economic reform plan aims to transform the country into an industrialized lower-middle-income nation by 2030, necessitating private sector growth due to limited public sector financing capacity.
In recent years, Ethiopia has experienced significant economic growth, with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growing at an average rate of 9% between 2005 and 2018.
This document proposes establishing a manufacturing facility in Ethiopia to produce hand wash basins and water closets. It notes Ethiopia's rapid economic growth and expansion of the construction sector, which heavily relies on ceramic tile imports. The proposed project aims to capitalize on construction demand and contribute to Ethiopia's economic development goals. It recommends the facility produce 100 basins and closets per day, establish sales offices, and offer discounts to gain market share in the growing local industry.
Livestock in Ethiopia: Tailwinds and Headwinds to 2050ILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on trends and projections for Ethiopia's livestock sector between 2010 and 2050. It finds that while growing demand for livestock products creates opportunities for producers, climate change and other challenges threaten supply. Quantitative models project that under a "business as usual" scenario, meat and milk supply will exceed demand by 2030 but climate impacts introduce uncertainty. Timely actions are needed to improve productivity, develop markets, and manage resources to ensure the sector's resilience and growth.
Envisioning the future of African agriculture and the renewed role of farmer’s organizations
Organized by the Panafrican Farmer’s Organisations (PAFO), the ACP-EU Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), African Union Commission (AUC)
This Briefing is linked to the Brussels Briefings organized by the CTA, EC/DGDEVCO, ACP Group and Concord every two months on key issues related to agriculture in ACP countries.
More information: http://brusselsbriefings.net
Assessment of Dairy Marketing in Assosa District, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The important roles of livestock in the developing countries within the agricultural sector in contributing to rural livelihoods and particularly those of the poor are well recognized. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development due to its large livestock population, the favorable climate for improved, high-yielding animal breeds, and the relatively disease-free environment for livestock. This study was initiated to Assessment of Dairy Marketing in Assosa District, Ethiopia. The focus of the study was to identify actors and their roles in dairy marketing chains; and to identify the challenges and opportunities of dairy marketing chains in the study area. The type of data use for assessment is cross sectional data. Different variables were hypothesized to determine dairy marketing. The daa was supplemented by primary and secondary sources. Primary survey was conducted in Assosa district to obtain the total number of households that have dairy animals in the three selected kebeles for dairy production. The secondary data is generated from both published and unpublished documents. Descriptive statistics has been used to assess the generated data. The results obtained from this assessment indicate absence of training service and lack of transportation service were found to be the most important significant variables influencing dairy marketing in the district. Therefore, providing training and improving transportation facilities to strengthen the vertical and horizontal linkages among the marketing agents are recommended to develop and strengthen information on dairy marketing in the study area.
Pastoral growth study policy retrospective paper 1 final p1haramaya university
This document summarizes a report on pastoral economic policies in Ethiopia from 1991-2008. It finds that reliable data and information on the pastoral economy is lacking, leading to an undervaluation of the sector's contributions. Pastoralism is estimated to contribute over 16% to Ethiopia's GDP, over 50% more than the commonly cited figure, as official statistics do not account for home consumption of products. Better data is needed on production, marketing, trade, and linkages to other sectors to improve policymaking.
Livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs account for a significant portion of global protein consumption and nutrition. Livestock also provide important functions beyond food, including draft power, fertilizer from manure, and serving as assets and a form of savings. Livestock integration into crop farming systems can improve sustainability through nutrient recycling and complementarities between the two. Ethiopia relies heavily on livestock for food, income, assets and agricultural activities.
ETHIOPIA: AN EMERGING MARKET OPPORTUNITYBisher Yousfi
Description of Assignment:
Using the information available in the case, plus your work in the pre-work (economic analysis on Ethiopia) to support your arguments, make a recommendation as to whether any of the companies in the case should enter Ethiopia, and explain why.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...PriyankaKilaniya
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Ethiopia has a growing economy and offers attractive incentives for investment in various sectors such as manufacturing. The leather industry in particular is seen as an opportunity due to Ethiopia's large livestock population and low labor costs. However, the leather sector faces constraints around infrastructure and access to finance that need to be addressed. The document recommends focusing investment on opportunities within the leather industry that take advantage of Ethiopia's strengths and address current challenges.
A Series of Studies on Industries in Ethiopiavisitethiopia
This document provides an overview of a series of studies conducted by the Embassy of Japan in Ethiopia on various industries in Ethiopia, including the floriculture industry. It summarizes that Ethiopia's floriculture industry has grown significantly in recent years due to factors like suitable climate, low labor costs, and government support. Exports of roses have increased from $0.3 million in 2001 to $22 million in 2006. The industry employs over 38,000 people directly and helps create over 100,000 jobs. The Ethiopian government actively supports the industry through tax exemptions and preferential land leasing to promote further growth.
Agro processing involves conservation and handling of agricultural produce to make it usable as food, feed, fiber, fuel or raw material. Value addition is the process of changing a raw commodity into a more valuable state. In India, only a small percentage of agricultural produce is processed. There is potential to increase value addition through food processing. Food processing offers opportunities to meet growing consumer demand, improve productivity and utilize technological advances.
1. Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, with over 65 million cattle, 40 million sheep, 51 million goats, and 49 million chickens.
2. Livestock play a vital role in the Ethiopian economy by providing food, draft power for cultivation, manure for fertilizing farmland, transportation, and a means of storing wealth.
3. However, the livestock sector faces several challenges including limited availability of feed, disease, low genetic potential, lack of water, and lack of marketing infrastructure. Addressing these constraints is key to sustainably developing the livestock industry in Ethiopia.
The document provides information about Ethiopia, including its demographics, major exports and imports, impact of GDP, country infrastructure, and factor endowments. It notes that Ethiopia has a population of over 115 million people and is growing at around 2.7% annually. The country relies heavily on agriculture but is trying to increase industrialization and manufacturing. Ethiopia faces challenges in developing its infrastructure, especially in the power sector, and will require significant investment to meet development targets.
Ethiopia has experienced strong economic growth over the past decade due to its large agricultural sector. Agriculture accounts for over 40% of GDP and employs the majority of the population. However, agricultural productivity remains low, with opportunities to boost yields and commercialize smallholder farms. The Agricultural Growth Program aims to transform Ethiopia's agriculture through improving productivity, increasing market access, and developing value chains in priority regions. Public-private partnerships could support activities like infrastructure development, input supply, financial services, and outgrower schemes to strengthen agricultural systems and smallholder incomes.
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistan's economy, accounting for 21.4% of GDP and employing nearly half of the workforce. Major agricultural products include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, milk, beef, and poultry. Agriculture provides raw materials to industry, stimulates domestic demand, and generates income in rural areas where most Pakistanis live. However, problems like water shortages, poor irrigation, lack of funds, and outdated farming practices present challenges to the sector.
1. AGRO-PROCESSING SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA
SNAPSHOT BY: EAGATE FOREIGN TRADE AUXILIARY PLC
Ethiopia being an agrarian economy, developing agro-industry that makes use of the agricultural proceeds and the
available resources is high on the Government of Ethiopia’s agenda. Consequently, Ethiopia has put in place the ALDI
(Agricultural Led Development Industry) that is aiming to spearhead the country’s economy by focusing on agriculture
and rural development, by encouraging agriculture-led, export-oriented labor-intensive industries. In this perspective,
the Government of Ethiopia has committed to allocate 10% of annual budget to this effect. Despite this, investment in
the agro-processing sector in Ethiopia is not matching the large potential that the country offers.
Considering agro-processing to be all produce originating from agricultural farm, livestock, aquaculture and forestry to
which value has been added; the scope of agro-processing industry encompasses all operations and activities from
harvesting until produce reaches the end consumer. Agro-processing prospects become manifold when potential is
exploited along the life cycle of the commodity. For example, maize flour or maize starch processing provides maize
germs; gluten, feed and other byproducts that can be further processed or marketed. Similarly, in livestock based
products, processing can be made of meat, bone, hide, skin and wool.
Agro-processing is the largest manufacturing industry in Ethiopia, and it is dominated by the food and beverages
industry. In addition to the size of the sector becoming significant, its growth trend reveals future opportunities. The
development of the agro- processing industry in Ethiopia is closely linked with the availability of agricultural raw
materials (see Agricultural sector in Ethiopia snapshot by Eagate) and abundant and cheap labor. Aside from the
availability of raw material and abundant labor, other factors make Ethiopia a good destination for agro industry
investment. In fact, the Government of Ethiopia apart from creating favorable agricultural conditions is providing the
necessary infrastructure (transportation, power, water…) so that industries can set up in the area where the raw
material is produces.
Other government led efforts have resulted in the formation of the ECX (Ethiopian Commodity Exchange), and the
QSAE (Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia). The ECX is intended to reduce transaction costs, improve
market efficiency and develop a modern trading system whereas the QSAE is the national standards body that follows
international norms. The organization is a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and
Code Alimentarius Commission (CAC).
Country Data (2012-13)
Population (million inhabitants) 93.9
Labor force (million) 45.6
GDP (billion USD) 43
GDP Growth 7.0%
Exports (billion USD) 3.2
Imports (billion USD) 10.7
Exchange rate for 1 USD 19.9
Estimated N. of EU investors 299
Sector Data (2012-13)
Share of the GDP (< than) 4.0%
Export earning (million USD) 50.8
Target of export earning (million USD) 300
Production of pulses (tousand quintals) 27
Production of cereals (tousand quintals) 196
Production of oilseeds (tousand quintals) 7
2. 2
By EAGATE Foreign Trade Auxiliary Plc
Livestock feed is a mixture containing protein, minerals,
and other nutrients, which are useful for livestock. The
mix may be varied over a wide range of compositions,
determined by nutritional values required for each type
of livestock.
The lack of animal feed in sufficient quantity
throughout all seasons and in good quality is by far one
of the main setbacks of the meat and poultry industry in
Ethiopia.
Feed determines an important amount of the cost of
running a livestock business. Demand is estimated to be
around 30 000 tons per annum in Ethiopia. Given that
the country does not import animal feed, cattle is
traditionally feed through ruminant grazing… Grazing
is becoming a thing of the past because farmers are
increasingly aware of the bad impact on soil and on
livestock productivity. Most producers engaged in
animal feed production do so primarily for on-farm
consumption. Currently, there are a small dozen animal
feed processing plants. Nevertheless, considering the
size of livestock population and their recommended per
capita annual intake, production of animal feed falls
short. Hence, animal feed production and processing is
a great opportunity.
ANIMAL FEED
The imbalance between demand and supply; price spikes
coupled with the important economic growth has
exacerbated the local demand and has pushed the
Government of Ethiopia to develop alternative sources
for fuel. Ethiopia has potential to develop bio-fuel
industry as it has ample available land, labor, and suitable
climate. In this regard, jatropha plan and castor plan
wildly grow and can be easily developed on large scale in
Ethiopia. Palm tree can also be grown at a competitive
price in Ethiopia to use in the production of bio-diesel.
Moreover, byproducts can be processed out of the
residues of bio-diesel. Seed cake can be used for fertilizer
production; glycerol can be used to produce Propylene
Glycol.
On the other hand, bio-ethanol is already being
produced in Ethiopia mainly under government owned
sugar cane factories. Sugar molasses is used to produce
bio-ethanol, which is then used to mix with benzene.
According to a study conducted by the Ministry of Mines,
Ethiopia has 700,000 hectares suitable for development
of sugar cane plantation. Though the bio-ethanol market
is under government monopoly, there is much room to
develop the industry and there are no entry barriers.
Aside from the considerable potential the country has,
the government also has put in place incentive packages
for bio-fuel development.
BIO-FUEL
SNAPSHOT BY: EAGATE FOREIGN TRADE AUXILIARY PLC
Other incentives and private public partnerships play an important role in vitalizing the agro-processing and industry
sector in Ethiopia.
On the demand side, Ethiopia remains an interesting investment destination due to various reasons. The local demand
for processed agricultural produce is expected to increase with steady population growth, a rising middle class, more
workingwomen and changes in food habits.
Food import dependent countries like Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti mainly drive regional market for
processed goods. For instance, some 60% of food consumption in Somalia is imported. Proceeds from export of semi
and processed foods earned Ethiopia 300 million USD from Somalia, 93 million USD from Sudan and 75 million
from Djibouti in 2013. Overall, the regional market offers even greater shares and there is room to improve export
performances to the East African region. As for the international markets, Ethiopia has many bilateral and other trade
agreements, making the country an interesting investment destination.
Ethiopia imports few food items, the top 3 were wheat and meslin, cane/beet sugar and palm oil amounting to a total
of 1,945 kilo tons (2011). Processed food is hardly imported; about 11 kton (fruit juice 8 kton). The total import value
in 2011 was 1,340 million USD as opposed to 2,009 million USD in export trade value during the same year. The
export of processed food in volume was below 7 kilo ton. According to a study presented at the AGRIFEX
(Specialized International Exhibition in Agriculture and Food) in 2012, local agro-processing output meets only about
13% of the country’s demand.
Ethiopia remains therefore a pertinent choice for agro-industry and agro-processing investments along the value
chain. Hereunder are identified opportunity areas in the non-food and food agro-processing sector in Ethiopia.
3. 3
By EAGATE Foreign Trade Auxiliary Plc
In rural Ethiopia, livestock are breaded for farm input;
they are considered as asset and provide a security
function. Out of the estimated 55 million heads of cattle,
only about 1% are slaughtered per annum by the main
public slaughterhouse and small number of private
establishments of lower capacity. The considerable
potential is hence not exploited due to pending cultural
paradigm and consumer trends. But consumer habits are
changing, demand is increasing both in Ethiopia and
abroad so there is much pressure on the supply side to
revitalize the meat industry.
With approximately 45 million head of poultry, there is
also great potential throughout the value chain from
hatcheries to slaughterhouses and processing units.
Given current prices and return levels, livestock and
meat processing are profitable businesses.
LIVESTOCK AND MEAT
Ethiopia has one of the largest numbers of cows, but
average milk yield is low and the country is far from
being one of the major producers in Africa. The
projected local urban market for liquid milk is estimated
at 60 million liters in 2015. To meet the demand,
additional 35 million liters should be produced. Thus,
the bridge between supply and demand for the local
market needs to be filled. Currently, a large portion of
produced milk is consumed on farm, 1/3 is processed
and the rest is directly marketed. Processing of milk
covers the transformation into butter, yogurt or cottage
cheese. Investment potential exists in all the steps of the
supply chain and in the processing of new products like
powdered milk or cream. In Ethiopia, the major lacking
components in the development of dairy industry are
veterinary, pharmaceutical services, feed supply,
transportation and hardware supply.
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Grain production contributes to major shares of the
Ethiopian agricultural production; grain is also the major
food expenditure in the consumer index. The principal
cereals produced are teff (indigenous gluten free grain),
barley, sorghum, millet, maize and wheat on an area that
covers more than 10 million hectares. Annual production
reaches about 18 million metric tons (2012/2013).
Grain trade is under the strict supervision of the
Government of Ethiopia, exports are officially
prohibited; strict control of foreign reserves has pushed
out private traders leaving the government owned EGTE
(Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise) the sole importer of
grains. Nevertheless, in 2012, the Ethiopian government
has vowed to no longer impose export quotas on
commercial farm outputs and processed goods. This was
part of the commitments under the New Alliance for
Food Security and Nutrition to foster private sector
investment.
Generally grains are being processed manually using
mortars or grinding stones or are processed in water or
diesel mills of small size. Although the commercial
processing sector has shown growth in the last 20 years,
there are investment opportunities in the grain
processing sector.
CEREALS
In spite of availability of horticultural produce, a very
minimal amount of fruits and vegetables is being
processed in Ethiopia.
The contribution of fruits and vegetables to the country's
export earnings is small. Nearly all the fruits and
vegetables produced are consumed domestically. The
exports that do take place are mainly going to Djibouti
(more than 60%). Other destinations of Ethiopia's fruits
and vegetables during off-seasons are Yemen, Sudan,
Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Italy, Saudi Arabia,
France and Russia. Fruits production in Ethiopia amounts
to about a million tons a year (2011). Nevertheless, in the
fruit processing sub sector there are only a handful of
companies and they import a good amount of their raw
materials (fruits or concentrates). Ethiopia also produces
more than seven hundred tons of vegetables annually
(2011). Despite the availability of the raw materials, there
is only one processing factory which is Upper Awash Agro
Industries. The 30 year old state owned factory produces
tomato paste and juice for local market.
In a nutshell, there are tremendous opportunities in the
processing of fruits and vegetables for both local and
international markets if challenges in the supply chain are
overcome. One way of doing so is by integrating the
downstream components of the value chain.
SNAPSHOT BY: EAGATE FOREIGN TRADE AUXILIARY PLC
FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES
4. By EAGATE Foreign Trade Auxiliary Plc
OIL SEEDS AND PULSES
Major oilseeds in Ethiopia produced in Ethiopia are
Niger seeds, sesame seeds; linseed, sunflower seeds,
rapeseeds and groundnut. The main pulse crops include
various types of beans and peas (such as fava beans,
chick peas, and lentils).
The ending fiscal year report (2013/2014) has shown oil
seeds exports outweighing coffee. Export generated
919.9 million USD from export of oil seeds. An increase
in demand for oil seeds and greater private involvement
in the sector are the driving forces of this successful
performance. Sesame seed forms an important crop
among oil seed exports and its rapid expansion has
made Ethiopia the second largest exporter after India.
Some sesame seeds processing companies in Ethiopia
are engaged in organic produce. Value is added to the
sesame seeds through cleaning and dehulling process.
Production of pulses is below potential in Ethiopia due
to low input and limited availability of variety seeds.
Export market is underdeveloped due to weak links
between producers and exporters. Thus, realizing the
potential of the pulses value chain will generate greater
revenue when adding value through processing.
DISCLAIMER: This document has been prepared in good faith on the basis of information available at the date of publication without any
independent verification. EAGATE Foreign Trade Auxiliary Plc does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or
currency of the information in this publication nor its usefulness in achieving any purpose. Readers are responsible for assessing the relevance and
accuracy of the content of this publication. EAGATE Foreign Trade Auxiliary Plc will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense
incurred or arising by reason of any person or company using or relying on information in this publication.
:.
East Africa Gate (EAGate) is a dynamic French/Ethiopian business
partnership founded by Ms. Tigist Getachew Araya and Mr. Olivier
Poujade. The two partners graduated from Toulouse University (France)
and together combine more than 15 years of experience in emerging
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(www.eastafricagate.com). EAGate has rapidly become a reference for
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For more information, contact us at: contact@eastafricagate.com
Report on Large and Medium Scale Manufacturing and Electricity
Industries Survey, Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, August 2011
SNAPSHOT BY: EAGATE FOREIGN TRADE AUXILIARY PLC
DOCUMENT SOURCES:
Photos: FanaBC/ Text and figures: Food processing in
Ethiopia by Wageningen UR/ The bio-fuel development and
utilization strategy of Ethiopia by the Ministry of Mines and
Energy/ FAO/ Food and agriculture in Ethiopia by P. Dorosh
and S. Rashid/ Ethiopia grain and feed annual report by
USDA/ IFPRI: Pulse value chain potential in Ethiopia/ ILRI:
farmer circumstances and improvement of animal feed
resources/ Ethiopian News Agency/CSA
UNDERSTAND
NETWORK
ACT
Manufacturer*Food
Production Ethiopia 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Lemonade* 322,407 100 47 101 90 156
Flour7(wheat) 314,053 100 81 88 150 181
Beer* 293,847 100 111 137 161 188
Sugar 283,205 100 70 102 107 97
Mineral7Water* 217,306 100 101 110 128 485
Biscuits 193,773 100 134 283 185 1,858
Molasses 83,730 100 84 142 138 203
Bread 70,765 100 142 129 126 292
Macaroni7and7Pasta 43,691 100 110 105 80 124
Fafa,7Dube,7Edget,7Meten,7etc 37,971 100 82 78 75 261
Malt 26,754 100 75 112 46 179
Milk7pasteurized* 24,256 100 83 90 99 150
Animal7Feed 19,392 100 63 42 127 147
Sweets 14,625 100 260 227 295 796
Liquors* 14,336 100 104 112 92 200
Flour7(Others) 13,644 100 3,880 2,863 4,577 6,688
Edible7Oil 10,881 100 58 51 50 95
Tea 9,538 100 111 107 134 146
Oil7Cakes 9,455 100 30 24 21 14
Wine* 5,734 100 103 96 102 112
Alcohol* 4,978 S777777777 100 79 55 246
Meat 4,449 100 128 128 168 2,099
Tomato7Paste 4,292 100 103 131 163 240
Orange7Juice 1,824 S777777777 100 15 21 33
Coffee7(milled) 1,708 100 9 17 12 10
Galetta7(kind7of7Buiscuit) 1,707 100 124 133 838 992
Butter7and7Ghee 982 100 60 62 104 167
Vegetable7soup 870 S777777777 100 122 100 81
Zigin7&7Shiro7wet 834 100 214 140 164 220
Cheese 185 100 393 193 221 152
Marmalade S777777777777777777777 100 487 566 S777777777777777777 S777777777777777777
*******Index*growth