LICH Landscape Hawaii Magazine Jul Aug 2014 Issue

LICT PROGRAM
REIGNITES ON MAUI
12 years since Maui’s Last LICT Test
Landscape Industry
Council of Hawai’i
P. O. Box 22938
Honolulu HI 96823-2938
Landscape Industry
P. O. Box 22938
U.S. POSTAGE PAID
HONOLULU, HI
PERMIT NO. 1023
PRESORTED
STANDARD
JULY | AUGUST 2014
T h e V o i c e o f H A W A I’ S G R EN I N D U S T R Y $5.00
Banyans
under attack
Food of
the Gods
Lobate Lac Scale
Spreading
The most popular fruit
you have never heard of

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Proudly self published by
THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY
DEPARTMENTS
4 PRESIDENT COLUMN
12 CERTIFICATION CORNER
18 Water Plants
22 turfgrass
30 TOOL TIPS
FEATURES
2 MEMBERSHIP
5 LICH NEWS
6 MAUNA KEA
9 AUSTRALIAN TREE FERN
10 DRYWELL
14 GREEN(ING) OUR CITY
20 CORPSE FLOWER
21 IDEA HOUSE
COVER STORIES
13 LICT PROGRAM REIGNITES ON MAUI
24 BANYANS UNDER ATTACK
26 FOOD OF THE GODS
20
Formed in June 1986, the Landscape Industry Council
of Hawai’i is a state wide alliance representing Hawaii’s
landscape associations: Aloha Arborist Association,
American Society of Landscape Architects Hawaii
Chapter, Hawaii Association of Nurserymen, Hawaii
Island Landscape Association, Hawaii Landscape
and Irrigation Contractors, Hawaii Society of Urban
Forestry Professionals, Kauai Landscape Industry
Council, Maui Association of Landscape Professionals,
Professional Grounds Management Society, Big Island
Association of Nurserymen, and the Hawaii Professional
Gardeners Association.
Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’i
P. O. Box 22938, Honolulu HI 96823-2938
Editor
Christopher A. Dacus
chris.dacus@gmail.com
Advertising Sales
Michael Roth
rothcomm@lava.net
Membership
Cheryl M. Dacus
cheryldacus@yahoo.com
Designer
Darrell Ishida
Cover Photo
Photo by Garrett Webb
2 0 1 4 Boa r d o f Di r ec tors
Chris Dacus Brandon Au
President Vice President
Matt Lyum Rick Quinn
Treasurer Secretary
Norman Allen Clifford Migita
Orville Baldos Dorothy Mulkern
Chuck Chimera Karen Ostborg
Carl Evensen Edmundo Reyes
Randy Liu Mark Suiso
Christy Martin Josh Sand
Chris McCullough
Director Emeritus
Jay Deputy Steve Nimz
Lelan Nishek Boyd Ready
Garrett Webb
Hawaiiscape.com 3
26

PRESIDENT’S COLUMN
Aloha Members and Friends,
It’s time to grow…
The Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii has come a long way in the past 14 years
and we continue to provide leadership and services to promote our industry and our
communities.
In order to continue to deliver the state’s foremost landscape professional training,
research, policymaking, certification and networking, it is occasionally necessary to
increase our membership fees.
The LICH Board of Directors gave thoughtful consideration to the issue of increas-ing
membership dues and effective June 30, 2015, LICH membership dues increase
to $40 for individuals and $250 flat rate for corporate membership that includes all
company staff. Keep in mind that we have not asked our members for a dues increase
for more than a decade. It’s time to grow.
LICH will continue to deliver these valued member benefits:
Provide a communications network through the self published Landscape Hawaii
magazine.
Maintain liaison with PLANET and conduct LICT test administration.
Develop industry leading national standards and guidelines including
invasive species, irrigation water conservation, construction
specifications, and plant spacing guidelines.
Technological platforms including online resources at www.hawaiiscape.com
and breaking news at www.facebook.com/hawaiiscape.
Policymaking and industry representation at the state capitol.
Annual statewide landscape conference & tradeshow
10% discount on LICH event fees
Provide event insurance to registered landscape organizations
LICH Ohia logo window decal
Let’s continue to grow by being part of something larger than ourselves, support
your community, use the membership form in this issue or hop online and complete
your membership or your corporate membership at www.hawaiiscape.com/join-lich/.
It’s time to grow :)
Chris Dacus
LICH President
4 LANDSCAPE HAWAII JULY | AUGUST 2014
lich
NEWS
Whats Happening
Inspire
What inspired me to
become a Landscape
professional?
By Dr. Carl Evensen
I grew up with a horticulturist/nurs-eryman
grandfather and a botanist
mother and have enjoyed plants and
gardens my whole life. After studying
botany in college and serving as a hor-ticultural
volunteer in the Peace Corps
in Kenya, I decided to spend my career
working in agriculture.
I joined CTAHR in 1993 as an Ex-tension
Specialist in Environmental
Quality. In addition to working with
Hawaii’s farmers on environmental
protection, I have also taught children
and communities about managing
soils, plants and water.
As a member of the LICH Board
and with my recent appointment as
Director of Lyon Arboretum I feel
that I have returned to my “roots” in
botany and my appreciation of planted
landscapes.
Upcoming
Issues:
Tell a great story! Email the editor
at chris.dacus@gmail.com.
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2014
Theme: Resort Landscaping/LICH
Conference
Story Deadline: August 1
NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014
Theme: Equipment & Vehicles
Story Deadline: October 3
Mahalo to Landscape Industry Council of HAWAII SPONSORS
Platinum Sponsors Website Sponsors

Local Landscape Architect,
Tom Witten honored as ASLA Fellow
to establish a professional degree
program at the University of Hawai’i. He
works in an island ecosystem where the
people have long valued the land and its
resources. And he has built a reputation
as the very best in planning communities
and landscapes that address cultural and
environmental sensitivities effectively
while delivering complex, high quality
projects to developers, landowners, and
state and county agencies. He has suc-cessfully
raised the position and role of
landscape architecture for projects of all
sizes with his extensive knowledge and
professionalism. His BLA is from Univer-sity
of California, Berkeley.
The designation of Fellow is conferred on
Tom in recognition of exceptional accom-plishments
over a sustained period of time.
Congratulations Tom Witten, FASLA!!
03-10-09/0000229489
3009 PMP-PENARO Proofed By: jmahoney
KOOLAU SEEDS & SUPPLY R 2.00 X 2.00
Susan Owen
Manager
Contact
(808) 239-1280 Office
(808) 239-2151 Fax
E-mail
owens001@hawaii.rr.com
48-373 G Kamehameha Hwy
Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744
ASLA elevates 32
landscape architects to
the Council of Fellows
The American Society of Landscape
Architects has elevated 32 members to the
ASLA Council of Fellows for 2014. Fel-lowship
is among the highest honors the
ASLA bestows on members and recog-nizes
the contributions of these individu-als
to their profession and society at large
based on their works, leadership and
management, knowledge, and service.
The 2014 class of new Fellows will be rec-ognized
at the 2014 ASLA Annual Meeting
and EXPO, November 21-24 in Denver.
Thomas Witten of PBR HAWAII &
Associates received his nomination
in Leadership/Management from the
Thomas Witten
Hawaii Chapter. He leads a preeminent
design firm skillfully and has advanced
the profession through his fervent ef-forts
Calendar of Events
J U LY / A U G U S T 2 0 1 4
July 16
Netafim Drip Irrgation Introduction
Kauai Nursery & Landscaping,
Kauai
July 17
Chainsaw Safety Training
Kauai Community College, Kauai
July 18
Basic Tree Felling
Kauai Community College, Kauai
July 19
Mangos at The Moana
Moana Surfrider Hotel, Oahu
July 23-25
MidPac Horticultural Conference
& Expo
Waikoloa, Big Island
July 26
Waterlily Workshop
Mulkern Nursery, Oahu
July 27
Kona Daifukuji Orchid Show
Kailua-Kona, Big Island
July 29
LICT Written test: Turf, Oahu
July 30
LICT Written test: Ornamental, Oahu
July 31
LICT Written test: Irrigation, Oahu
August 9
LICT Field Test
Waimanalo Research Station, Oahu
August 18-19
Pesticide Risk Reduction Education
Honokaa, Big Island
September 12-19
Hawaii International Tropical Fruit
Conference
Statewide
October 9
2014 LICH Conference & Tradeshow
Neal Blaisdell, Oahu
October 9-10
The Hawaiian Botanical Forum
Koolau Golf Club, Oahu
THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY Hawaiiscape.com 5

Sacred
Disregard
MBy Christopher McCullough auna Kea is con-sidered
one of
the most sacred
mountains in the
Pacific. Dominat-ing
the Hawai‘i
Island landscape at over 33,000 feet high
when measured from the sea floor to the
summit, it is the tallest mountain in the
world. Mauna Kea is also a place of spiri-tual
contemplation and healing. National
Geographic recently named it as one of
the Holiest Places on Earth
The summit of Mauna Kea represents
many things to the indigenous people of
Hawai‘i. The ancient name of this moun-tain
is Mauna a Wakea (Mountain of Sky
Father). The upper regions of Mauna
Kea reside in Wao Akua, the realm of the
Akua-Creator. It is home of Na Akua (the
Divine Deities), Na ‘Aumakua (the Divine
Ancestors), and the meeting place of Papa
(Earth Mother) and Wākea (Sky Father)
who are considered the progenitors of
the Hawaiian people. Mauna Kea in every
respect represents the zenith of the Na-tive
Hawaiian people’s ancestral ties to
Creation itself.
In the Hawaiian cultural understanding
and cosmology, Mauna Kea is a temple
of the highest order. This temple differs
from other temples because it was not
created by man. Akua built it for man, to
bring the heavens to man. Therefore, the
laws of man do not dictate its sanctity, the
laws of the Creator do. It is here where
the heavens open so that man can be
received, blessed, freed and transformed.
For Native Hawaiians, Mauna Kea is also
a temple connected to Aloha and peace.
A place where Hawaiians of the past and
present engage in ceremonies and cul-tural
practices. In addition, it is the burial
ground of the most revered of Hawaiian
ancestors. It was also a place that Hawai-ians
relied on its former extensive forests
for food and quarried the dense volcano-glacial
basalts to produce the precious
adz stones for wa‘a (canoe) production,
statue carvings, and house construction.
Also located on Mauna Kea is Lake Waiau,
considered one of the most sacred bodies
of fresh water in Hawai‘i. Early Hawaiians
as well as those today, ascended to this
sacred lake to deposit their children’s piko
(umbilicus) there.
When Europeans arrived in the late
18th century, explorers and settlers in-troduced
cattle, sheep and game animals,
many of which became feral and began to
damage the mountain’s ecology. Mauna
Kea can be ecologically divided into three
sections: an alpine climate at its summit,
a māmane–naio forest on its flanks and
a koa–‘ōhi‘a forest, now mostly cleared
by the sugar / ranching industry at its
base. In recent years, concern over the
vulnerability of the native species has
led to court cases that have forced the
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources to eradicate all feral species on
the mountain.
The next violation of this sacred mauna

Find why you should
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Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel, Waikoloa
July 23 - 25, 2014
LICH is offering 4 CEUs for attendance at the 2014 MIDPAC Conference!
Visit www.hena.org or call 808-969-2088 to register today!
Hosted by the
Hawaii Export Nursery Association
in partnership with the
Hawaii Floriculture & Nursery Association
and the
Orchid Growers of Hawaii
Co-sponsored by the
Hawaii Department of Agriculture,
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development,
University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources,
University of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources
Cooperative Extension Service.
Photos: CHRISTOPHER McCULLOUGH
came at the hands of the astronomy
industry. With its high altitude, dry
environment, and stable airflow, Mauna
Kea’s summit is one of the best sites in the
world for astronomical observation, and
one of the most controversial. Since the
creation of an access road in 1964, thir-teen
telescopes funded by eleven coun-tries
have been constructed at the summit
comprising the world’s largest telescope
facilities. The existing astronomy devel-opment
and construction has drastically
altered the once pristine natural environ-ment,
sacred landscape, and tranquility
at the summit. Replete with endangered
species such as the wekiu bug and ongo-ing
Native Hawaiian cultural practices,
these impacts continue to be a topic of
debate and protest.
A new project is being proposed atop
Mauna Kea to construct the Thirty Meter
Telescope (TMT). This enormous obser-vatory
would be over 18 stories high with
a dome over 216 feet in diameter (equal to
2/3 the length of a football field). If built, it

would be the tallest building on the island
and it would excavate over 8 acres of
pristine natural landscape. The industrial
footprint of this massive project would
also be situated amongst the hundreds of
Hawaiian cultural sites and shrines on the
northern plateau. Although a permit was
initially approved by the State of Hawaii
Board of Land and Natural Resources
in February 2011, this has not deterred
concerned Native Hawaiian cultural
practitioners and community members,
opposed to what they see as further de-struction,
desecration, and disturbance of
a sacred as well as environmentally fragile
place. Six petitioners, including Kealoha
Pisciotta of Mauna Kea Anaina Hou,
Paul K. Neves, Deborah J. Ward, E. Kalani
Flores and Pua Case of the Flores-Case
‘Ohana, Clarence Kukauahi Ching and
KAHEA: The Hawaiian-Environmental
Alliance brought attention to the issue
by filing for a contested case hearing and
legal appeals on behalf of the moun-tain.
They have since been referred to in
the community as the Mauna Kea Hui
seeking protection from further develop-ment
and desecration of Mauna Kea and
strongly opposed to the massive new ob-servatory.
At the moment, a legal appeal
of the TMT permit is still ongoing in the
State courts.
The Mauna Kea Hui has also written
an open letter to Intel co-founder Gor-don
Moore, whose Palo Alto nonprofit
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation is
one of the key funders for the proposed
18-story TMT. Caltech, the University of
California and the University of Hawai‘i
also have a stake in the new complex,
along with partners from China, Japan,
India and Canada. According to the
Mauna Kea Hui, the even larger European
Extremely Large Telescope (39 meter)
under construction in Chile, where the
dry, unpopulated Atacama desert pro-vides
equal or better viewing conditions
and makes it less imperative to build on
Mauna Kea that holds many shrines,
burial grounds and other cultural sites
still venerated by Hawaiians.
The unifying cry of the Flores-Case
‘Ohana is “Idle No More Hawai‘i, Warriors
Rising” joining a movement that started
in Canada and spread around the world
in part to protect the land and the water.
Pua Case’s profound message about this
issue can be seen online at YouTube and
Vimeo, Sacred Mountain – Mauna Kea.
Hawai‘i Island recording artist Hawane
Rios, who is a member of the Flores-Case
‘Ohana, wrote the original composition,
Poli’ahu i ke kapu, as a tribute to Poli‘ahu,
snow goddess of Mauna Kea. Hawane
states that her song speaks of the natural
beauty of Mauna Kea and compares the
snowfall, bright stars, soft clouds, cool
mist, and mountain itself to this divine
goddess. This song is a representation of
the unwavering connection to the natural
world that must be rekindled in these
changing times. Hawane advises that it
is our responsibility to protect and care
for this land as we do ourselves. Hawane
released this piece in 2011 on iTunes and
other online music stores to bring aware-ness
about the further desecration of our
sacred and beautiful Mauna a Wäkea that
would occur with the proposed construc-tion
of the TMT on its summit.
As a Hawai’i Island resident of more
than twenty years, I have made many
spiritual journeys to sacred Mauna Kea
and know and have felt its mana. I too am
opposed to any further development of
this sacred place, and have always felt that
the observatories were an unwelcome and
unsightly presence on this sacred mauna.
It feels to me that an astronomy center
was built on the top of a place of wor-ship,
defiling sacred ground. The time has
come for all Hawai‘i to stand together and
oppose high impact desecration of our
precious ‘aina (land).
Christopher McCullough is the Hawaii
Island Landscape Association President, a
Board Member of LICH, Head Horticultur-ist
for DFI Resources LLC, a member of Na
Kalai Wa’a and a supporter of all things
pono in Hawai‘i

AUSTRALIAN
TRE FERN
By AMANDA SKELTON Although many industry
professionals are aware of
the Hawaii Pacific Weed
Risk Assessment (HPWRA)
system, they may not be
aware that the HPWRA
is a dynamic tool. The HPWRA predicts
the likelihood a plant species will become
invasive in Hawaii by using objective, mea-surable
characteristics. The dynamic aspect
is that as our collective knowledge base
grows and we learn more about a plant
species, the HPWRA score can change to
reflect more current information. A good
example of this is the Australian Tree Fern
(ATF), Sphaeropteris cooperi.
During a site visit in Waimanalo last
month, a nursery manager called out the
HPWRA ranking for Australian Tree Fern
(ATF) in comparison to a species they
were marketing. In light of the discus-sion,
Chuck Chimera, Hawaii’s Weed
Risk Assessment Specialist, reviewed
the ATF ranking to see if it accurately
reflected the state-wide impact of the
non-native fern.
“Higher WRA scores don’t always
mean that a plant is going to have more
negative impacts, or be more invasive;
the score sometimes reflects that more
questions were answered due to the avail-ability
of information,” Chimera explains.
UPDATE
“As we learn
more about
a plant’s
characteristics,
we can more
accurately
assess the
species”
“As we learn more about a plant’s charac-teristics,
we can more accurately assess
the species. Over the last decade, we
have learned more about the Australian
tree fern’s invasive qualities and negative
impacts, so the score has increased from
8 to 16,” he added.
The ATF produces thousands of spores
that are dispersed by wind or water. Ac-cording
to the Hawaii Invasive Species
Council website, spores can travel more
than 7 miles from the parent plant; on
Maui, ATF spread from Hana nurser-ies
into Kipahulu Valley. Additionally, it
tolerates shade and diverse environments
and grows and reproduces rapidly. These
traits, among others, have caused the
ATF to spread from landscaped areas into
otherwise pristine native forests.
It is a targeted weed among multiple
conservation organizations state-wide.
LICH advocated for the industry to stop
using ATF, and nurseries all over Hawaii
have ceased propagation and sales, de-spite
popularity as an ornamental plant.
Alternative species to ATF include native
hapu‘u ferns (Cibotium sp. and Glaucum
sp.) and native loulu palms (Pritchardia
sp).
The HPWRA is a tool that enables
industry professionals to make educated
choices about a plant’s potential to harm
the environment, agriculture, or health.
No one wants to be responsible for intro-ducing
a harmful weed or pest. Dialogue
and feedback between the nursery indus-try
and invasive species groups is critical,
and the HPWRA aims to offer the most
accurate and objective data to enable
sound decision-making. More informa-tion
about the HPWRA and assessments
are posted on the Plant Pono website
(www.plantpono.org/hpwra.php) or by
emailing amanda@plantpono.org.
Amanda Skelton is the Plant Pono and
Weed Risk Assessment Liaison

A Micro Scale Storm Water Management Tool DRYWELS
Drywells can help with rain run-off to prevent lawns from puddling and getting soggy.
By Richard Quinn It’s such a simple and old idea that
it can be easily forgotten. Almost
any home with a rain gutter can
incorporate a small drywell to
help mitigate storm water run-off
in urban areas. Landscape design-ers
should look for opportunities to use
them more often in the typical residential
or small commercial projects, as in their
own small way a dry well can do a lot to
help our environment and reduce storm
water pollution. It is also great for the low
spots in lawns that seem to always remain
soggy after a rain or from irrigation. Small
dry wells in urban landscapes are a simple
and practical way to incorporate a Low
Impact Development (LID) tool that can
work with nature to help manage storm-water
as close to its source as possible.
Benefits of drywells can include:
■■ Reduces puddling and keep lawns
from getting soggy
■■ Helps re-charge ground water
■■ Reduces pollutants to streams
and oceans
■■ Provides deep water to plants
and trees
■■ Reduces the potential for soil
erosion
In terms of helping the environment,
a drywell could be considered as a simple
“first flush” device to help remove pol-lutants
(such as oils, fertilizers, and other
chemicals) from paving, lawns, and roof
run-off that would otherwise go into our

percolation rate for the soil, or only have
a limited area for a drywell, than a pre-fabricated
drywell (such as NDS Flo-Well
TM ) may be the way to go, as it would
facilitate a larger cavity and water capac-ity
in the same size drywell area.
Here are some guidelines to using dry-wells
in small landscapes:
■■ Be careful that the drywell is not on
or near a slope, or adjacent to a
retaining wall, as under conditions
of soil saturation a dry well can lead
to failure of the slope, resulting in
a mud slide or slippage of the hillside.
■■ Incorporate a drain outlet over the
drywell, to allow for water and air
to escape without water backing up
into downspout piping.
■■ Wrap drywell in drainage fabric to
prevent infill.
■■ If silting is anticipated, use a settling
box or other means to allow the
occasional clean out of silt and
debris that would otherwise clog
a drywell over time.
■■ Don’t expect drywells to manage
high volumes of storm water, but
consider them as secondary
resources that can have positive
effects on low water storm and
rainfall events (the most common
kind!). Drywells typically cannot
take the place of a properly engi-neered
storm water management
system required to handle major
storm events and to prevent
flooding.
■■ If practical, keep them at least 10
feet away from building foundations.
■■ Do a percolation test to insure
that water will drain from a dry
well. If needed, punch deeper holes
into the sub-soil below a dry well
to improve drainage.
Richard Quinn is a
landscape architect and
is a principal in the firm
of Helber Hastert & Fee
Planners. He has over 30
years of experience with
landscape design in Hawaii and has a
special interest in the use of native Hawaiian
plants in landscaping.
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streams and ocean. A drywell can also
help to recharge our aquifers and provide
sustained moisture to trees and plants in
our garden that better mimicks natural
processes. Diverting roof runoff can make
for a less slippery and soggy lawn in low
spots or areas without adequate slope
to drain well. Drywells can reduce the
need for irrigation for trees by creating a
deep watering system that saturates the
sub-soil resulting in a persistent moisture
source for plants.
The management of storm water is
typically the realm of the civil engineer,
as well it should be, as calculating and
managing large volumns of water can be
a very real public safety issue. But often
times, on a micro scale in residential or
small commercial settings, the use of
small landscaped storm water solutions
can be an opportunity to enhance the
sustainability of a landscape and can
complement the larger scale engineered
solutions. Small efforts can add up and
make a big difference over the long run.
Locations for drywells can vary, but in
general they should be located at least
10ft away from building foundations.
Roof top gutters can be extended into
drywells, rather than day-lighting at the
base of buildings. Gravel borders along
building foundations can have perforated
pipe that leads to drywells. Or a low spot
in a lawn or groundcover area can be a
good location for a drywell. Use a dry-well
to capture water from impermeable
surfaces. Impermeable surfaces are not
just paving and roof tops, but can also be
dense lawn or compacted soils that have
limited permeability. Consider incorpo-rating
a bio-swale or rain garden in with
a drywell to further enhance storm water
management.
The design of drywells can be simple
and affordable. They are basically gravel
filled holes, wrapped in fabric, with a con-nection
to drain lines or surface drains.
They can be buried under soil with grass
or groundcovers on top so that they are
completely invisible.
A river stone swale or groundcover
is a form of surface drywell and can be
connected to a sub-surface drywell for
greater capacity. If you have gravel strips
adjacent to house foundations, be sure to
connect them to drywells or to daylight
to lower areas in the landscape, to insure
that the gravel strips don’t become moats
for water saturation rather than water
elimination.
If you expect a lot of debris that would
clog a simple gravel drywell or a slow

certification
CORNER
GARRETT WEBB
Hawaii, LICT Innovator
Photo courtesy: GARRETT WEBB
Pruning Judge, Elaine Malina and Candidate Tracy Bos, LICT, using a laser at the Pruning Problem
Did you know that an
Hawaii Landscape
Architect, Brenda Lam,
changed the format of
the Timecard the LICT
candidates carry to
navigate the field test and that her format
is now used in every state and Canadian
province that holds LICT Test? Or that
Hawaii was the first state to have a train-ing
program, developed by Diana Duff,
LICT and Garrett Webb, LICM, to help
candidates prepare for the certification
test? The list of innovations continues,
with smaller test revisions that have been
proposed by Hawaii over the years, but
this year a Maui landscaper and Certi-fied
Arborist, Terry Nutt, who taught the
Pruning class in Maui and was a Prun-ing
Judge at the recent Maui LICT test,
made his contribution. For the Pruning
test problem, Terry proposed an alternate
method for the candidate to demonstrate
for the judge where to make cuts on an
established tree using a laser pointer.
This alternate method of testing will be
incorporated by PLANET into all future
tests in the US and Canada. Using the
laser improves on the old method by:
replacing the use of a ladder (possible
safety hazard); and replaces tying flagging
tape where pruning cuts should be made-
-which is time consuming and limits
the number of pruning cuts that can
be shown to the Judge. Hawaii is physi-cally
isolated from the other states and
provinces certifying landscapers, but she
continues to have an impact on the inter-national
landscape certification scene!
LICT Testimonial
Jason Ezell, LICT-Irrigation, recently
wrote about how becoming certified
changed his life here in Hawaii:
“…Wow, what a difference becoming a
Hawaii LICT has made in my life! You have
no idea what a positive effect and lifestyle
change my family has experienced…I be-lieve
that I’m the so-called “poster-child” of
LICH/LICT Certification. My family and I
were about to give up on living in Hawaii. I
was the part-time electrical and plumbing
professional at Lowe’s Home Improvement
making pennies. After obtaining several
Hawaii certifications in 2013, including the
LICT-Irrigation, I am now making a decent
salary and we have purchased a home for
the first time. Once my name was pub-lished
in the Hawaii Landscape magazine, I
have received at least two job offers a week.
I was even one of the four people from
Hawaii that Hunter Industries invited to
attend an all expense paid factory tour at
their facility in California. Crazy!”
Let Landscape Certification bring
changes in your life Get Certified!

• Specimen Trees in Boxes
• Fruiting Trees
• Palms
• Topiaries
• everything else
in Kona
329-5702
LICT Program
Reignites on Maui
It has been twelve years since Maui last staged a Land-scape
Industry Certification Test (LICT). When land-scape
managers from major resorts and businesses
asked the Maui Association of Landscape Profession-als
(MALP) to consider bringing the program back to
Maui, the MALP board responded in a big way. An
LICT Maui Committee was formed; Allison Wright, LICT,
and Sidney Sparkman played key roles in rallying financial
support and volunteers. Norman Nagata, UH Extension
Agent and Advisor to MALP accepted the challenge of
organizing training classes as well as setting up the field at
Maui College as the test site; and Kevin Gavagan, Landscape
Manager at the Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea, became
the Island Chair for the LICT Test.
Twenty two landscapers signed up for the twelve class
training program and registered for the LICT Test. The test
was held on May 24th at Maui College, Kahului. The LICT
test requires a serious commitment by the local landscape
industry and Maui responded in style. Sixteen Judges, two
Judges Technical Advisors (JTAs), a timekeeper and extra
volunteers all contributed to make the test day a memorable
one; a day not only to test and certify but to celebrate our
common purpose as landscapers to work together to raise
the work standards and professionalism of our industry. Ev-ery
participant I talked to, whether Judge or Candidate, was
taken up with the positive energy and enthused about the
future of the LICT program and it’s future on Maui.
Besides the candidates and volunteers, the test’s success
was made possible by an impressive list of Sponsors: Four
Seasons Resort, Hawaii Grower Products, HISCO, Honua
Kai Resort at Kanapali, Irrigation Systems, Inc., Island Plant
Company, LLC, Lokahi Landscaping, Pacific Pipe Company
(Pearl City), Service Rentals and Supplies, Slim’s Power Tools,
SGS Hawaii Inc (Landscape Management), University of
Hawaii-Maui College, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Maui
Cooperative Extension, and the Mayor’s Office of Economic
Development, Maui County. Brand new machinery for the
test was generously supplied by He-Man Landscaping.
New Landscape Industry Certified Technicians in Orna-mental
Maintenance, Maui Test:
Chris Baker, Island Plant Company, LLC
Tracy Bos, Island Plant Company, LLC
Casey Foster, Island Plant Company, LLC
Kassie Haake, Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea
Matthew King, Island Plant Company, LLC
Sauileauo Mamea Jr., Sunshine Landscape Company (Oahu)
Fred Rindlisbacher, Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea
Allison Wright, Island Plant Company, LLC

GREEN(ING)
OUR CITY
The innovative idea
of creating parklet
spaces comes to
Honolulu
Photo courtesy: www.jordoncooper.com
Children enjoying a small parklet in a downtown neighborhood of Vancouver
British Colombia
By Bernice Fielding In February 2014 the City and
County of Honolulu followed the
lead of many other national and
international cities and passed a
resolution to allow for parklets to
become a permanent fixture on our
city streets. That’s great news, very innova-tive,
but what does that ultimately mean? …
What is a parklet? How do they work? And
why do we want them in our city?
What is a Parklet?
The term parklet originated in San
Francisco to describe the process of
converting a parking space into a small
public “park.” Parklets are an extension
of the sidewalk into the street, essentially
exchanging a private or public auto space
for a public gathering space.

It all started in 2005, when ReBar, a
San Francisco based design company,
descended on a downtown parking stall,
fed the meter and created a pop-up park
complete with grass, benches and shade
trees. The entire event took only a couple
of hours, but it went viral immediately
and has since been credited for launching
PARK(ing) Day. PARK(ing) Day is now a
worldwide annual event, which occurs on
the third Friday of September and during
which, anyone can create a one-day mini-park.
The enormous success of PARK(ing)
Day led San Francisco planners to con-sider
longer lasting, permanent parklets,
and that led the city to adopt a formal
“Pavement to Parks” program in 2009.
“Pavement to Parks” is a program that
utilizes underused areas of urban land
by quickly and inexpensively converting
them into new, pedestrian friendly spaces.
San Francisco cut the ribbon on its first
permanent parklet in March 2010, and to-day,
the city boasts 27 completed parklets
with another 40 in the pipeline. Parklets
have sprung up in New York, Phoenix,
Philadelphia, Oakland, Los Angeles, San
Jose, Dallas, Seattle, Vancouver and now
Honolulu can be next forward think-ing
city to implement these creative and
dynamic public gathering spaces!
How do Parklets work?
Parklets can be either permanent
fixtures, or a temporary addition to an
urban space. They are designed to provide
a public place for passersby to relax and
enjoy the atmosphere of the city around
them, in locations where either cur-rent
urban parks are lacking, or where
the existing sidewalk width is not large
enough to accommodate vibrant street
life activities.
For the most part, parklets are an
extension of a private business and are
component of public/private partner-ship
between cities and private business
owners. Officials in different cities began
working with local businesses to convert
parking spaces into public usable green
spaces. The business owners pay for the
construction and maintenance of the
parklets, while cities help with the red
tape and give up their metered parking
revenues. For businesses, it’s a way to
beautify their block and help attract more
foot traffic, while cities see it as a next-to-nothing
investment for new innovative
public spaces. “For very little or no dollars,
we can change the shape of our city,” says
Andrew Stober, chief of staff in the May-or’s
Office of Transportation and Utilities
in Philadelphia, “It’s part of a larger move-ment
in the city as we think about how to
make it a more livable place.”
Why do we want parklets
in our city?
The streets of our cities and towns
are an important part of the livability of
our communities. Urban dwellers across
the country are starting to recognize
the ‘green’ potential of their neighbor-hoods,
and the citizens of Honolulu have
ackowledged that they could benefit
greatly from the implementation of green
infrastructure such as Parklets. Between
the years of 2003 to 2012, 262 people were
killed while walking in Hawai`i, and this
is partially due to the design of our city.
Much of Honolulu is designed for cars,
not for people, so by introducing ‘green’
spaces such as parklets, we are promoting
more walkable, livable communities and
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in return make it a safer city by helping to
reduce automobile usage.
Parklets are, in effect, functioning “Art”,
each one unique, thus can become a
tourist attraction and have the potential
to make a great impact on a city. Many
cities choose to install them in order to
create more public space by implement-ing
“places for people to sit, relax and
enjoy the city.” The Vancouver 2013
Parklet Pilot Program Guide explains
parklets’ purpose and design as “ a benefit
to local businesses, residents, and visitors
by providing unique public spaces that
attract customers and foster community
conversation.
Parklets can be an educational tool for
citizens to help them learn about the value
of public spaces. They foster a sense of
belonging by providing a welcoming locale
for people to stop and appreciate their city.
A network of these “mini-parks” can cre-ate
metropolitan cohesion by connecting
neighborhoods and can become integrated
into the urban lifestyle, making com-munities
more useable and livable. They
add an over all social life, street culture
and initiate a sense of care and ownership
within individual neighborhoods. They
can also make cities a safe place to live, by
becoming the “eyes of the street”, instead
of otherwise being unused spaces.
“The best aspect of parklets is that,
because they’re so simple and inexpen-sive,
cities can easily experiment with
what works and what doesn’t”, says David
Alumbaugh, the director of the city de-sign
group in the San Francisco Planning
Department. “The beauty of parklets is
that they’re very transformative yet not
very difficult.” Alumbaugh notes that the
city renews each parklet’s permit annual-ly,
although so far none has been revoked.
“It’s a chance for us to say, ‘Let’s just try it.
If it doesn’t work, we’ll take it out.’”
The author, Bernice Fielding, is the Di-rector
of Design and Project Management
for Ki Concepts Landscape Architecture. On
Mothers day 2013, Ki Concepts, along with
many other local businesses and nonprofits,
helped to initiate the Hele on Kaka‘ako
event that highlighted the need for ‘green’
infrastructure, including parklets. The event
was well attended and appreciated by many,
including Senator Brian Schatz and Gov-ernor
Abercrombie and received so much
positive feedback that it got her thinking …
why not do it again? Stay tuned and watch
for something special from Ki Concepts this
PARK(ing) day Friday September 19th 2014.
References:
(http://pavementtoparks.sfplanning.org)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parklet)
(www.seattle.gov/transportation/
seattleparkingday.htm)
Photo courtesy: www.seattle.gov
Wave - located in Robson Square in downtown Vancouver British Columbia, this
parklet, named picnurbia, is a popular attraction to tourists as well as local residents.
“The beauty of
parklets is that
they’re very
transformative
yet not very
difficult.”
Reach
20,450
Landscape Professionals,
advertise today
Call Michael Roth
Phone: (808) 595-4124
Email: rothcomm@lava.net

Landscape Industry
ARBORICULTURE ISSUE
25TH ANNIVERSARY 2938
96823-HI Honolulu ISSUE
Hawai’i
22938
Box of O. Council P. AUGUST| SEPTEMBER 2011
ADVERTISEMENT VERTICAL HO RIZONTAL THE 1x 3x 6x
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$3.95 ThE VoiCE of hAWAii’S GREEN iNDUSTRY
THE
GOOD
GUYS Creating an inviting
landscape for insects
HIGH RISK
Electrical Hazard Awareness
and Avoidance for Tree Workers
Advertise
with us
LANDSCAPE HAWAI‘I is the most
affordable and the only publication that
reaches the entire professional diversity
and statewide Hawai‘i distribution of the
landscape industry. It is owned, written,
and published by the landscape industry
serving Hawai‘i’s landscape industry for
over 25 years.
The magazine is an educational, profes-sional,
four-color, bi-monthly magazine that
reaches Hawai‘i’s landscape industry pro-fessionals
with a circulation of over 6,000
copies mailed bi-monthly and a statewide
readership of over 20,450. LANDSCAPE
HAWAI readers represent Hawai‘i’s most
active and influential landscape profes-sionals.
LANDSCAPE HAWAI is the one source
for telling your story to Hawai‘i’s landscape
industry.
Advertise with us today, contact
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HILA ACTIVITIES
The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel host
Landscape Maintenance Training classes
KAUAI WORKSHOPS
The promotion of horticultural topics
of interest help educate consumers
MAUI TREE CONFERENCE
Brought together tree care professionals
to promote better tree maintenance
T h e V o i c e o f H A W A I’ S G R EN I N D U S T R Y
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INFESTATION
A new wave of Coqui frogs continue
to arrive on O‘ahu despite best efforts
IN SESSION
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classes to start up soon
LANDSCAPEHAWAII.ORG 17
LICHCELEBRATES
25 YEARSThe seed was planted to
unify the industry in 1985
THE WILD WEST
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Early days in the hard THE VOICE OF HAWAI’S GREEN INDUSTRY

water
LOTUS101 Photos courtesy: Mulkern Landscaping & Nursery
COLUMN
Dorothy Mulkern
Steps for caring for
the symbolic and
mystical lotus flower
Lotus flowers are common sym-bols
of purity, beauty and re-birth
in Buddhism and Hindu-ism.
The lotus also has cultural
significance across Asia and the
Middle East. Although lotuses
are presented with varying colors by artists
throughout the ages, lotus flowers only come
in white, pink, red and yellow.
Lotuses grow in shallow, muddy water.
These plants prefer full sun and hot, still
weather. During the summer they grow
rapidly often filling up their pots with roots.
Lotus is a seasonal plant and will go dor-mant
during the winter. When grown as a
farm crop, ponds are dug up annually and
roots sold at markets as hasu, a starchy root
vegetable similar to a potato. Fields often
regenerate without replanting.
Planting/Re-potting Instructions:
1. Select Tuber: Use water to wash the soil
off roots and gently remove the best tubers.
Cut into pieces with 3 links and make sure
one has new growth on the end. Throw away
any tubers that are soft and rotten.
2. Prep Pot: Fill pot with 1/3 soil and fertil-izer
tablets. Add water to top of pot.
3. Plant Lotus: Place healthy tuber on
surface of soil growth tip up and weight with

large stone or brick. When plants start
growing remove the brick. (Usually after
2 months.)
4. Add Fish: Add a couple guppies to
control mosquitos or use BT product.
5. We recommend planting or repotting
in February before tubers start to sprout
for best success.
Caring for Lotus is simple. Flush your
lotus pot with new water weekly for a
couple minutes to overflow debris that
accumulates on the surface and give
fish some air. Trim off dead leaves a few
inches above the water line as often as
desired – we recommend at least every
two weeks. Fertilize monthly during the
growing season (May – September) with
aquatic fertilizer. Don’t forget to repot
every 2 – 3 years. Just like water lilies, do
not throw lotus away during winter even
if it looks sad, as it may just be sleeping.
Many people mistake lotus for water
lilies but they are very different plants.
Clues for telling the difference between
the two are: leaf texture – water lilies
have a waxy leaf and lotus leaves are like a
fine sand paper; roots – the roots
on lotus look like sausage links
while water lilies have one main
central tuber, and flowers – un-like
water lilies, lotus have a big
seed pod in the center of the
flower that will turn brown
and remain upright after
all the petals have fallen
away.
Last but not least, AL-WAYS
PROTECT THE
AINA. Dispose of aquatic
waste in the green bin or
mulch pile; never throw
waste into local streams or
ponds.
Dorothy Mulkern
is the Assistant Vice
President for Mulkern
Landscaping & Nurs-ery
and a certified Master
Gardener. You can visit
Dorothy at Mulkern Nursery any Saturday
8:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.

Photo courtesy: Honolulu Botanical Garden
By Naomi Huffman CORPSE FLOWER
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hawthornecat.com
Last week was an exciting
one at Foster Botanical
Garden since three of our
Corpse flowers (Amorpho-pallus
titanum) bloomed.
This spectacular plant with
its giant flower and horrid smell is always
a crowd pleaser. Hundreds of people
came to the garden to have this unique
experience.
I will share with you some fun facts
that raised a few eyebrows on our guests.
The Corpse Plant or Titan Arum is in the
same plant family as Taro (Kalo), and it
actually has an edible underground tuber!
Have you ever eaten konnyaku in a Japa-nese
stew or soup? Konnyaku comes from
the tuber of Amorphophallus konjac, a
different species in the same genus as our
Corpse plant.
The unusual flower may be better
understood if you think of an anthurium
flower – another member of this Aroid
family (Araceae). The long pointy part is
called a spadix and the large petal is called
a spathe. Technically, this whole struc-ture
is called an inflorescence as the tiny
true flowers are hidden at the base of the
spadix, protected by the spathe.
Why does it make such a horrible smell?
Similar to other flowers that make stinky
smells, this odor attracts carrion beetles
to pollinate the flowers. Not only does the
plant smell of rotting meat, but it actually
heats up to disperse the aroma! People
most commonly describe the smell to be
like finding a dead rat or rotting fish. In
fact, chemical analysis has shown that the
stench shares similar compounds with
limburger cheese, sweaty socks, and rot-ting
fish.
Why is this a rare event? Corpse plants
do not produce a flower every year. One
plant takes about ten years to gather the
“strength” it needs to send up such an
ornate flower, and for these ten years the
plant produces only a single large leaf
each year. The plant stores energy in its
ever-growing starchy tuber. When it has
reached reproductive size, the plant might
flower every three to five years, with a leaf
produced during non-flowering years.
Please come visit Foster Botanical
Garden to see these amazing plants in the
Conservatory! Even if you missed these
Corpse plants in bloom, you can still see
others in their vegetative or leaf stage. It is
quite an impressive leaf, like a small tree
with a spotted trunk!
Naomi Hoffman is
a Botanist for the
Honolulu Botanical
Gardens (Foster
Lili‘uokalani,
Ho‘omaluhia, Wahiawa,
and Koko Crater Botanical Gardens)
Corpse Flower

IDEA
HOUSEBy Cari Snyder
Sunset Magazine innovative home spotlights
water saving drip irrigation landscaping
Sunset Magazine creates at
least one Idea House each
year to showcase the latest
trends in home building,
interior decor, and landscape
design. The House of Innova-tion
built in Northern California utilizes
a water saving landscape that grows to
maturity much faster, without wasting
water.
Built into an Alamo hillside overlook-ing
Mount Diablo and San Ramon Valley,
this 6,500-square-foot, two-story home
has a beautiful, thoughtful landscape. The
landscape designer chose elements to cre-ate
comfort, ease of maintenance, energy
savings and be stunningly beautiful.
The sloping site of the house has an un-rivaled
sense of place. The towering form
of Mt. Diablo and the tawny-colored hills
punctuated by live oaks have the postcard
look of Northern California. Designed by
NUVIS Landscape Architecture and Plan-ning
of Costa Mesa, the plan divides the
site into different zones and destinations.
Some areas are meant for people, while
others create a backdrop that responds
to the challenges and unique weather
patterns of this very western site. The
plantings are not only good looking, but
also water-conserving.
The single expanse of lawn is a No
Mow Fescue. This fine textured grass
with a distinctive look and feel is popular
in areas that are difficult to mow or with
restrictions on water use. To maximize on
water conservation, but not compromise
on plant health, growth and beauty, NU-VIS
installed Netafim USA’s Techline® CV
dripline, using 0.6 GPH flow rate emit-ters
spaced 12” apart and buried 6” deep
beneath the ground’s surface.
Techline CV subsurface irrigation was
chosen primarily because it conserves
water. “With subsurface irrigation, we
expect to use 50 percent less water when
compared to pop-up sprinklers, because
water seeps into the root zone and isn’t
wasted through evaporation, wind or
overspray,” said Leslie Temple, Vice Presi-dent
of NUVIS. She added, “As an added
bonus, when watering with Techline CV,
landscapes can be irrigated during periods
of drought and stay within the state water
conservation guidelines.”
NUVIS also selected Techline CV
dripline because it is pressure compensat-ing.
That means each dripper supplies the
same amount of water evenly across the
sloping terrain, allowing for uniform cov-erage
Photos courtesy: Netafim USA
and a lush yet water-saving lawn.
Orientation to the sun at different
times of the day was a factor in creating
some outdoor living areas. Early morn-ing
sun strikes the east facing side of the
house – here the designers have placed a
terrace and vegetable garden. For effi-cient
use of water, the vegetable garden
is irrigated with Netafim’s flow-regulated
micro-sprinklers.
Pathways notched into the hill en-courage
exploring the upper property.
At the top of the hill, you can discover a
270-degree view that sweeps from Mt.
Diablo to the east, south down a long val-ley
– and west to the low mountain range
over which the fog winds spill. From this
vantage point you can also see how this
thoughtful landscape plan not only settles
the house into its site but makes it feel a
part of the natural design of the region.
Yet for all its forward-thinking concepts,
the house inconspicuously blends into a
neighborhood filled with custom homes.
Cari Snyder is a District Sales Manager
for the Pacific Northwest/Hawaii for Neta-fim
USA. She has over 20 years of experience
in the landscape irrigation industry.

turf
COLUMN
Its time to bring your lawn out of the
winter and into the summer mainte-nance
mode. If your lawn has become
soft and spongy due to heavy thatch
buildup, removing that excess under-lying
growth by verticutting, followed
by core aeration to improve air and water
penetration on a heavy clay soil, is the first
Spring job to consider. And consider apply-ing
a yearly top dressing of compost to the
lawn. This will help condition the soil, reduce
thatch buildup and provide a long lasting
source of slowly released organic nitrogen.
Spread a layer no more than ½ inch thick,
rake and water in well. This is particularly
beneficial following verticutting and soil aera-tion.
Spring is also the time to fertilize the lawn
and garden. This will help to control new
weeds by encouraging a thick healthy lawn. In
addition, if spraying herbicides, healthy grass
is less likely to be damaged and existing weeds
are more susceptible to herbicides when they
are young and growing rapidly.
Fertilizer requirements for the lawn are
quite different than those of trees, shrubs and
many groundcovers. Because the green leafy
portion of grass is constantly being removed
by mowing, turfgrasses need much more ni-trogen,
which promotes rapid green leafy top
growth. Adequately fertilized grass clippings
maintain a high nitrogen content, which can
be recycled back into the soil if left on the
lawn. Frequent mowing with a mulching ro-tary
mower is very effective. You are throwing
away a good portion of your fertilizer if the
clippings are bagged.
Fertilizers come in many different
formulations. It is best to use one
that contains all three of the major
nutrients of nitrogen (N), phos-phorus
(P) and potassium (K).
The percentage of these nutri-ents
is always given by the three numbers on
the label, such as 27-5-10, representing N, P
& K in that order. Fertilizer formulations for
turf will always contain more N than P & K,
usually by a ratio at least 3:1:1. Use a more bal-anced
ratio for fertilizing trees and scrubs,
15-15-15 is commonly used.
The chemical form of the nitrogen is the
most important consideration when decid-ing
on which turf fertilizer to use. Some
forms of nitrogen, such as ammonium
sulfate, are very water-soluble and can
burn the lawn if over applied or not wa-tered
in well. These types of nitrogen
enter the soil very quickly and result
in a rapid burst of green leafy top
growth, which will require more
frequent mowing for a while.
In four or five weeks the nitro-gen
levels will decrease and
the grass will begin to grow
more slowly, lose some of
its nice green color and
you need to fertilize
again. These “peaks and
valleys” in growth rate
are common when
the fertil-izer
con-tains
all of
the
FERTILIZING LAWNS
Frequent mowing
with grass clippings
left on lawn will
maintain a high
nitrogen content.
Jay Deputy

nitrogen in the very soluble forms of am-monium
sulfate or urea.
To avoid these problems, many turf
fertilizers contain a form of nitrogen that
does not rapidly dissolve when watered.
These are called time release or slow
release nitrogen sources. This type of
fertilizer can be applied at a higher rate
without the danger of burning the grass,
will be released slowly producing a more
even growth rate, and will last much
longer. There are several forms of slow
release nitrogen. The most commonly
used form is sulfur coated urea or SCU.
Other forms are the urea-formaldehydes
such as MU and UF, and IBDU. The total
ingredients of a fertilizer are always listed
on the back of the bag. Look for the sec-tion
called “Analysis”. Many formulations
will contain a combination of water-soluble
nitrogen such as ammonium
sulfate and slow release forms. Look for
those that have a high percentage of slow
release N, usually in the form of SCU.
Fertilizer application requirements are
different for each species of turf. Bermu-dagrasses
nitrogen, zoysiagrasses, St Augustine-grass
and seashore paspalum are inter-mediate,
least. Each application should contain
one pound of nitrogen for every 1000
square feet of lawn. The actual amount
of fertilizer will depend on the percent-age
of N and the total area of lawn. If
using 25-5-5 on 2000 sq ft for example,
you will need 8 pounds of fertilizer. Slow
release forms can be applied at more
than one pound N/1000 and less often.
The main purpose of fertilizing
your lawn is to maintain a slow steady
growth and nice green color. Over-fertilizing
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with N will require more
frequent mowing and can lead to rapid
thatch buildup.
A few other hints: Always use a spread-er
to apply the fertilizer. Hand spreading
on grass always results in uneven applica-tion
and usually results in areas that
are burned and others that do not get
covered at all. Water the grass well im-mediately
after application, particularly
if using a water-soluble type of N. Best
results are produced when fertilizer is ap-plied
one day after mowing. If you want
just a green up without increased growth
rate, use an application of iron. It is avail-able
in granular and liquid forms.
Jay Deputy is a Direc-tor
Emeritus of the LICH
Board of Directors.
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t

BANYANS
UNDER ATACK By CAROL KWAN
For years, banyans have been
huge, tough trees that were
almost impossible to kill –
even when you wanted to,
like in the case of the inva-sive
Chinese banyan (Ficus
microcarpa). Well, now the strangler that
sometimes engulfs other trees is under
attack itself.
There are currently three pests that are
commonly found on Chinese banyans on
Oahu: 1) the leaf gall wasp that was first
discovered in 1989 and does relatively
minor damage, 2) the stem gall wasp that
was discovered in 2012, and 3) Lobate
Lac Scale (LLS), also discovered in 2012.
The stem gall wasp in particular has been
killing Chinese banyans. It attacks and
kills the young stems, giving trees a thin,
sparse look with a grayish tinge to the
crown. The stem gall wasp was found
throughout Oahu, in Kahului on Maui,
and in Hilo on the Big Island as of late
2012. It likely has spread since then.
In addition to the Chinese banyan,
many weeping banyans (Ficus benjimina),
have been dying on Oahu due to LLS.
Bernarr Kumashiro, insect taxonomist for
Hawaii Department of Agriculture, has
been asking arborists and other landscape
professionals to report locations on Oahu
where they’ve found LLS and on what
species. So far it has been found from
Waikiki to Ewa Beach, in Mililani and Ha-leiwa,
and in Kaneohe. He believes that
it’s likely to be all over Oahu at this point.
If you know of other areas and species,
please pass the information on to Aloha
Arborist Association (AAA) at info@
alohaarborist.com. AAA is compiling the
reports for Bernarr. Because the popula-tion
of LLS is particularly high around
the Honolulu International Airport,
landscape professionals on the Neigh-bor
Islands are asked to pay attention to
plants around their airports. Weeping
banyans seem to be a sentinel plant for
LLS, since that seems to be a preferred
species. It’s possible that LLS may be on
the Neighbor Islands already but the trees
aren’t symptomatic as yet. Black sooty
Dead and dying weeping banyan with Lobate Lac Scale along Monsarrat Avenue.
These trees were scheduled to be removed shortly after this photo was taken.
mold in the crown can be a sign of LLS
infestation. This usually proceeds dieback
of branches. Many Oahu trees have died
even after treatment, but that may be
because they were too far gone by the
time the pest was detected. There’s more
likelihood of saving trees with early de-tection
and treatment. Regular irrigation
in addition to treatment seems to help in
long term survival of trees.
So if these are new pests, how do we
know how to treat them? There’s been
some trial and error going on for Oahu
trees, but fortunately we have Zhiqiang
Cheng, Ph.D. who works with turfgrass
and urban landscape pest management
for the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Cheng has been conducting research to
determine what pesticides work best us-ing
45 Chinese banyans at the UH Manoa
campus. He began testing injections of
imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate
in July 2013, for treatment of the leaf and
stem gall wasps, both with and without
phosphorous acid as a tree nutrient.
The infestations on leaves and stems are
being evaluated monthly for up to two
Photo: CAROL KWAN
years after treatment. Preliminary results
indicate that “1) both imidacloprid and
emamectin benzoate have effects against
stem gall wasps, but emamectin benzo-ate
is more effective than imidacloprid;
2) imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate
have similar effects against leaf gall wasp;
3) phosphorous acid as tree nutrient did
not provide additional benefit to trees
against both wasps.” (Cheng, personal
correspondence)
Cheng is also researching the effective-ness
of pesticides in combatting LLS. Be-ginning
in December 2013, five weeping
banyans were injected with imidacloprid
and five were left uninjected as a control,
followed by monthly measurements of
the LLS infestation levels up to one year
after the injection. “Our results so far
have shown that imidacloprid delivered
through truck injection is effective in
controlling lobate lac scale on weeping
banyan trees.” (Cheng, personal corre-spondence)
While the long term survival of ban-yans
being treated regularly for these
pests is possible, how many clients are

willing to devote the resources necessary
to do this indefinitely? Many organiza-tions,
including the military and Hawaii
Department of Transportation, have
just been letting the trees die and then
cutting them down. This has a devastat-ing
impact on our urban forest but is
an economic reality, particularly during
times of budgetary constraints. At this
point, I cannot recommend planting
either the Chinese banyan or weeping
banyan, or even other Ficus spp. for that
matter, since other Ficus have been found
to be infested with LLS and their long
term survival outcomes are unknown at
this point.
So what else can we plant? Monkey-pods,
which have a similar height and
spreading crown like the Chinese and
weeping banyans, are already overused in
our landscapes. No one has been planting
Indian coral trees since the Erythrina gall
wasp (EGW), although the native wiliwili
(Erythrina sandwicensis) is an option
since HDOA released the EGW biological
control and significantly reduced the pest
populations. It generally doesn’t get as
large as a banyan, however, to effectively
take its place in the landscape. Kamani
Photo: CAROL KWAN
Close up of a Chinese banyan twig with
Lobate Lac Scale, leaf gall wasp damage,
and stem gall wasp damage.
could be another option, but only in areas
where the round fruits won’t be a fall haz-ard.
Earpod might work but it is a much
larger tree and needs a larger planting
space. Narra is another option, although
it is more vertical and has significantly
less spread. Perhaps it’s time to revisit
our botanical gardens and arboretum for
new ideas for landscape plants. Monocul-ture
is never a good thing, as history has
taught us with the EGW and now these
banyan pests. Planting native species is
no guarantee of success either, because
LLS has been found on over 20 species
in Hawaii, including koa and the native
white hibiscus.
We should also be pushing our legis-lature
to increase funding to HDOA, the
Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC)
and the other organizations who protect
our state from new pests. Considering
the damage costs that our government
and private organizations are incurring, it
seems ‘penny wise, pound foolish’ to not
adequately fund the pest detection, pre-vention,
and eradication efforts that pro-tect
our environment and our economy.
Carol Kwan is the President
of Carol Kwan Consulting,
a Certified Arborist, and a
Director of Aloha Arborist
Association and the West-ern
Chapter International
Society of Arboriculture.
0% for 42 months. Expires August 29, 2014
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808-682-8282 808-961-6673 808-329-5574 808-246-0097 808-242-4664

low hanging
FRUIT
Pataxte and Cupuaçu
are relatives to the
popular Cacao, is a
fleshy, heavenly fruit
Food of the gods… sounds
tempting, doesn’t it? Well
this isn’t some creative
metaphor of mine or another
literary hyperbole meant to
exaggerate an obscure rare
fruit. Its actually a direct translation for
the genus, Theobroma, Latinized but
apparently derived from Greek, mean-ing
“God” (theo) and “Food” (broma). If
you’re even remotely interested in reading
this article there’s a good chance you’ve
probably already heard of this genus’
most famous member, the one Linnaeus
anointed with the divine title Theobroma
cacao. Yes, I am talking about xocolātl,
the heavenly food we call chocolate! Ok,
so you hardcore chocolate lovers out
there already knew the botanical name
for your sweet indulgence, and maybe
you already knew it meant “food of the
gods.” But did you know that T. cacao is
only one of some twenty different species
in the genus? (The number of species
varies depending on whose taxonomy
you trust). Of course I’m not writing
this article about Cacao; that would be
way too ordinary for a column dedicated
to non-ordinary fruits. I am hoping to
Photo: ADAM M. WILLIAMS
expand your horizons and introduce you
to two of Cacao’s relatives: Pataxte and
Cupuaçu. For too long these two great
fruits have taken a backseat to Cacao, and
are certainly deserving of wider recogni-tion
beyond their native ranges. Besides,
there is already so much information out
Cupuaçu, after cracking open with hammer to reveal pulp
Photo: ADAM M. WILLIAMS
Pataxte fruit split open revealing its tasty innards
ADAM M. WILLIAMS
Food of theGODS

there on Cacao and every aspect of its his-tory,
cultivation, processing into choco-late,
etc. Which is actually why this first
fruit is so interesting, not just because it’s
delicious, but because of its close histori-cal
relationship to Cacao, dating back to
pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica.
Theobroma bicolor has gone by many
different names over the course of its
long association with people. Like all the
species of Theobroma it originates in the
humid tropics of the Americas, where
it can grow up to twenty-five to thirty
meters tall as a component of either open
or dense rainforest. The tree prefers wind
protection and some shade, especially
when young, and typically grows best in
well drained or loamy clay soil. Scientists
haven’t decided exactly where in tropical
America it is native, with some believing
its from Central America, others saying
South America, as it is found growing
from Southern Mexico all the way down
to Brazil. The center for diversity of the
genus is the Amazon Basin, but just like
Cacao, T. bicolor has been cultivated and
closely associated with the indigenous
peoples of Mesoamerica for millennia.
Pataxte seems to be the most common
name for the tree and its fruit (pro-nounced
with a soft x, like Patashte; also
sometimes spelled this way), but this
remarkable fruit has picked up all kinds
of other names across its wide range, like
Macombo, Cacao Silvestre (Wild Cacao),
Cacao Blanco (White Cacao), and most
interestingly Balamte, from Mayan mean-ing
Jaguar Tree.
I was first turned on to this delectable
obscurity from Frankie’s Nursery in
Waimanalo. I knew it was a Cacao relative
from the botanical name, but the tree
and its fruit look quite different from
Cacao. The leaves are dark green on top,
and grayish white below (probably the
reason for the specific epithet, bicolor),
while the bizarre fruit looks something
like a brain. It’s about the size and shape
of a nerf football, greenish in color, but
ripening to yellow green or fully yellow,
with deep grooves and fissures. When ripe
the fruit simply falls off the tree, and its
super thick “shell” is very hard, requir-ing
a hammer to crack open (or perhaps
a long fall from the upper canopy of a
rainforest!). Upon opening one finds five
rows of seeds covered by tasty pulp and
arranged around a central core; in this
respect it is quite like Cacao (and all the
other Theobroma species). But unlike
Cacao, which only has a thin mucilagi-nous
veneer around its seeds, the Pataxte
seeds are padded thickly with plenty of
delicious flesh. Tender, sweet, creamy and
mild, perfect for eating fresh, exactly the
kind of fruit I love.
In my naïveté I had thoroughly en-joyed
the fresh fruit and discarded the
seeds, thinking that was all there was to
it. Not until years later, researching this
article, did I come to find out that in fact
this fruit can provide much more than a
sweet, tasty treat. When the Spanish had
first arrived in Mexico they had found
Pataxte fruits being sold along side Cacao
in the Aztec (Mexica) markets, but for
some reason had dismissed it as merely
an inferior version of Cacao, having much

the same uses but being of lesser quality.
There is some speculation that this may
have actually been a bias of the Aztec to-wards
a fruit that was more important to
peoples whom the Aztec themselves had
conquered. But whether it was an Aztec
bias, or just a misinterpretation of the
Spanish, Pataxte was in fact a very impor-tant
crop and had been cultivated and ap-preciated
by many Mesoamerican peoples
as its own unique plant, valued like Cacao
for both medicinal and sacred properties.
Its prominence is further exemplified
through archaeological and ethnographic
evidence, and even a mention in the
famous Mayan creation myth, the Popol
Vuh. In most of the historical references
Pataxte is rarely mentioned alone, but
usually in association with Cacao, such as
“Pataxte and Cacao,” further supporting
the idea of similar but separate. Again,
like Cacao, the seeds were oftentimes
ritually used to prepare frothy drinks as
either the primary ingredient, or blended
with Cacao. In fact both the seeds and the
flesh can be prepared in a variety of differ-ent
traditional drinks and desserts.
Despite having been relegated to obscu-rity
in favor of Cacao over the centuries
since European conquest, Pataxte contin-ues
to be cultivated throughout much of
its original range in mixed agroforestry
plantings and home gardens. What I had
first taken to be a nice fresh fruit has
seen recent international interest for the
potential of its beans as an alternative to
cacao for the production of chocolate (or
chocolate-like confections), or as an addi-tive
in artisan chocolate delicacies. Cacao
and Pataxte are the only Theobroma spe-cies
to contain caffeine, but Pataxte has
less alkaloids overall compared to Cacao,
and chocolate made from its white seeds
is said to be much milder, even preferred
by some because of its lack of bitterness.
As the local Hawaiian chocolate industry
continues to develop, will the popularity
of Pataxte blossom as well? It is certainly
cultivated by occasional rare fruit enthu-siasts
across the islands, though I have
never seen the plant or its fruits for sale.
I would love to see this tree cultivated
more widely alongside cacao, and the
development of a local market for both
its unique fresh fruit as well as processed
Pataxte chocolate.
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflo-rum)
may be one of the most popular
fruits that the average American has
never heard of. I had been told about
this amazing fruit, had someone who
has visited its native Brazil describe to
me the otherworldly deliciousness of
the juice made from its flesh, but had
never actually seen it in person till just
recently. I was at a Farmer’s market on
Kaua‘i and on one particular vendor’s
table I spotted a strange fruit that I didn’t
recognize among the Mangoes, Avocados,
Bananas, and Rambutan. Out of the piles
of familiarity was what appeared to be a
most unremarkable oblong brown fruit,
roughly 8” long. No ridges or furrows,
it looked something like a giant smooth
russet potato crossed with a melon. Upon
inquiring what it was the vendor con-fessed
she didn’t know its name, other
than that it was sour. I had a feeling that
it might be the legendary Cupuaçu, but
wasn’t sure till I got it home and cracked
it open with my hammer. Ahhhh yes, the
familiar appearance of a Theobroma, and
yes, very sour. But when the pulp was
stripped from the seeds and blended with
a little water and a lot of sugar, voila! A
complex yet sublime flavor difficult to de-scribe:
hints of chocolate with pineapple,
passionfruit, and bananas.
Native to the Amazon basin, Cupuaçu
has been cultivated by indigenous peoples
of the area for a very long time. And like
Cacao and Pataxte, it has traditional uses
as food, medicine, and sacrament. But in
the last several decades its popularity has
apparently exploded across Brazil. The
pulp is used for making fresh juices and ice
creams, and processed into every manner
of candies, jellies, preserves, and powders.
Although the tree has been introduced to
a few countries outside of Brazil (Colom-bia,
Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Costa Rica),
within Brazil the demand far outstrips the
supply. And even as production expands
across the rural states, so too does the
demand in the country’s urban centers.
Thus almost all the fresh fruit continues
to be consumed domestically, there is little
to no supply beyond the areas of produc-tion,
and it remains a very profitable crop
for farmers small and large.
Not only is this fruit delicious, it sup-posedly
is the hottest new “superfood”
too. Personally, I disdain nutritional fads,
and feel that a healthy diet with plenty
of fresh fruits and vegetables is all the
“superfood” one needs. That being said,
Cupuaçu has a very favorable nutrient
profile, extremely high in vitamins, anti-oxidants,
and flavonoids, and also comes
fully loaded with all kinds of health claims
relating to immune system, libido, and
circulation, among many others. You can
probably find supplements in your local
health food store.
But although juices and such made
from the pulp are wildly popular, just

and Pataxte, the seedlings and young trees
will do their best with protection from
wind and hot sun. Even as an adult the
tree will be happier with some shade in
hot, dry climates. Eventually the trees may
reach up to twenty meters in the wild, but
typically only eight meters or less in culti-vation.
Plant into fertile, well-drained soil,
and expect to wait five to six years before
getting fruit. However, you might achieve
fruiting faster if you are able to obtain a
plant grown from either cuttings or grafts.
With all of the supposed health benefits
of Cupuaçu, the extremely high demand
for all of its many potential products,
and the limited supply of fresh fruits in
Hawai‘i, I don’t see why this can’t be the
next big thing. No one else is exporting it,
and once the word gets out how good Cu-puaçu
is the demand will probably spread
like wildfire just like it has in Brazil.
Adam M. Williams is an avid gardener,
native plant advocate, and tropical fruit
enthusiast.
References and further reading:
Kufer, Johanna, and Cameron L. Mc-neil.
The Jaguar Tree (Theobroma bicolor
Bonpl.). In Chocolate in Mesoamerica. Ed.
Cameron L. Mcneil. Gainesville: Univer-sity
Press of Florida. 2009. Print.
Lim, T. K. Theobroma bicolor. In Edible
Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Vol-ume
3, Fruits. Ed. T. K. Lim. Netherlands:
Springer. 2012. 204-207. Print.
Hellmuth, Nicholas M. Introduction
to the Pataxte form of cacao in Mayan
Ethnobotany. www.Maya-Archaeology.
org. 13 January, 2010. Web. 10 June,
2014. <http://www.maya-archaeology.
org/Mayan_anthropology_ethnog-raphy_
archaeology_art_history_ico-nography_
epigraphy_ethnobotany/
pataxte_pataste_pataschte_Belize_Mex-ico_
Guatemala_Honduras_sacred_flow-ers_
fruits_religion_cacao_choco-late_
Theobroma_bicolor_balamte_jag-uar_
tree.php>
Giacometti, D. C. Cupuaçu (Theobroma
grandiflorum). In Neglected Crops: 1492
from a Different Perspective. Ed. Hernán-do
Bermejo and J León. Plant Production
and Protection Series No. 26. Rome: FAO.
1994. 205-209. Online. Accessed 10 June,
2014. <http://www.hort.purdue.edu/new-crop/
1492/cupuacu.html>
like other Theobroma species the seeds
can also be processed into another kind
of chocolate. Locally known as cupulate,
there are various initiatives across Brazil
to develop a Cupulate industry. Interest-ingly,
Japanese business interests have
also seized on this opportunity and there
are even some international patent con-flicts
involving cupulate and the market-ing
of products with the name Cupuaçu,
or even the methods of fat extraction
from the seeds (more on that at http://
www.amazonlink.org/biopiracy/cupuacu.
htm). Doubtless the health claims for Cu-puaçu
figure into the marketing of cupu-late,
promoting it as a healthy alternative
to chocolate. I have never seen Cupulate
for sale in Hawai‘i, but I would certainly
be eager to try it. However, I would still
prefer a fresh exotic fruit to a processed
form of chocolate, but that’s just me.
This time, I saved my Cupuaçu seeds
and have them happily growing in pots.
All the Theobroma species produce
recalcitrant seeds so don’t save them too
long or let them dry out. Keep them moist
and, after removing the pulp and cleaning
them, plant as soon as possible into evenly
moist, well drained media. Just like Cacao

TIPS tool
IQ?
Remember those power equip-ment
questions from the last
issue? Let’s see how well you
did, and review some engine
basics.
Question 1—2 cycle engines don’t have
valves. True/False
FALSE—Do you know if your 2-cycle
engine has valves? Traditional 2-cycle
engines do not have valves. However, in
order to meet EPA compliance regula-tions
some manufacturers have designed
a 2-cycle engine with valves. (These are
called hybrid 2-cycle engines. They still use
mixed fuel.) Essentially, it is an attempt to
create a “cleaner burning, reduced emis-sions,
more fuel efficient engine” without
sacrificing torque and the power and
versatility of the 2-cycle engine. However,
these engines are heavier, and require ad-ditional
maintenance. Because they have
more moving parts, there are more parts
that need to be checked and potentially be
replaced.
Most buyers do not realize (because they
do not read the operator’s manual) that the
valve adjustments must be checked after
specified hours of usage. For commercial
users, this means that valve adjustments
must go on the list of maintenance items to
be checked. (Valve cover gaskets should be
stocked so when the valve cover is removed,
the gasket should be replaced regardless of
whether the valves need to be adjusted.)
Question 2—All small engines require
air, fuel, spark, and compression to operate
properly. True/False
TRUE, TRUE, TRUE! The absence of
any of these means that your machine
either will not start and/or will not run.
These should be a guide for troubleshoot-ing
the machine. Each should be evalu-ated
in a systematic fashion. When going
through the process of troubleshooting
your machine, each of these components
must be checked for any problems, and
replaced/repaired if necessary. Check-ing
some of these factors require special
tools which should be made available to
the mechanic so that he can do his job
adequately.
Question 3 – All small engines require
at least 100 lbs. of compression to operate
properly. True/False
TRUE – Hint: small engines will not
start with low compression (under 100
lbs). First, do you have a compression
tester? (They are available at most auto-motive
stores.) Hint 2: Your recoil starter
can be difficult to pull, but the engine still
may not have sufficient compression. If
your compression is low this is probably
an indication of internal engine problems,
which will require repair. In some cases a
short-block replacement (if available) is a
more practical alternative than just a top-end
rebuild.
Question 4 – No mower, riding or walk-behind,
with a 4-cycle engine, should be
used on a slope greater than 45 degrees.
True/False
PHY L L I S JONES
WHAT’S YOUR POWER EQUIPMENT

Again,TRUE,TRUE – This is a safety, as
well as a mechanical issue. When driv-ing
on Pali Highway, I frequently see the
state’s road crew on their riding mowers
mowing the grass on the slope. They are
hanging on to the roll cage frame with one
hand, and steering with the other. How
long will the engine last? Four-cycle
engines are not meant to be used
on applications with slopes greater
than 45 degrees, no matter what
the application. The greater the
incline, the less lubrication to the
engine parts; the greater the risk
for engine damage.
Question 5—The operation-al
life expectancy of any piece
of equipment will depend on
frequency of use; the applica-tion;
regularity of a maintenance
program. True/False
Always
TRUE – This
question relates
to the purchasing of equipment, and the
developing of a maintenance program
by people who are knowledgeable and
will diligently maintain the maintenance
program. NOTHING LASTS FOREVER,
but you will get longer life when there is
greater attention paid to the maintaining
of the equip-ment.
When purchasing equipment make a
list of things you need based on time us-age,
and application. Then, when talking
to the salesman, ask questions based on
your list. Check on those things, which
are the most important to your particu-lar
situation. Ask to see the operator’s
manual, which will give you an idea of
the maintenance routine each machine
requires. (Should warranty issues arise,
maintenance routines are critical when
determining whether or not a warranty
will be approved.)
How did you do?? These questions
were meant to draw your attention
to some basic engine principles,
that have a huge impact on your
equipment. In a future article we
will address another misunder-stood
topic—warranty.
PERMEABLE PAVERS MAKE PROJECTS POSSIBLE
and the quality and
Phyllis Jones is with A to
Z Equipment and Sales,
formally A to Z Rental
Center, in business for
over 25 years.
GO GREEN WITH THE AQUAPAVE PERMEABLE ON SITE STORMWATER SOURCE CONTROL SYSTEM
WHEN IT POURS …… IT STORES
BENEFITS
 NO SLOPING REQUIRED
 INFILTRATES UP TO 354 INCHES OF RUNOFF AN
HOUR
 ROOF WATER MANAGEMENT
 GROUNDWATER TABLE RECHARGING
 WATER HARVESTING
 OIL CONTAMINATES MANAGEMENT
 FILTERING & TREATMENT OF POLLUTANTS
 LOWER CONSTRUCTION & LIFE CYCLE COSTS
 30-40 YEAR LIFESPAN
 SLIP AND SKID RESISTANT
 UP TO 12 LEED POINTS
 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
 CONSIDERED A BMP
 COMPLIES WITH NPDES
 PAVERS CAN BE ENGRAVED FOR FUNDRAISING
APPLICATIONS
 PARKING LOTS
 RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAYS
 COMMERCIAL ENTRANCES
 SIDEWALKS
 PLAZAS
 LOW SPEED RESIDENTIAL ROADS
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT
FUTURA STONE OF HAWAII
WWW.FUTURASTONEHAWAII.COM
841-7433 C23741
THE VOICE OF HAWAI’S GREEN INDUSTRY Hawaiiscape.com 31

Public Works, Irrigation & Landscape Supplies
Hisco is the only authorized irrigation distributor of both Hunter and Rain
Bird on the islands, as well as your trusted source for water gardens, pond
products, fertilizer, landscape lighting, hand tools and power equipment.
Our extensive inventory is available to supply your large or small projects
with same day delivery available on Oahu & shipping to the outer islands.
The proven leader in smart water management.
803 Mapunapuna Street, Honolulu, HI 96819-2086
Tel (808) 833-4567 Fax (808) 833-9346 hiscosales.com

LICH Landscape Hawaii Magazine Jul Aug 2014 Issue

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LICH Landscape Hawaii Magazine Jul Aug 2014 Issue