This document summarizes various ophthalmological conditions including:
- Diabetic retinopathy which can cause retinal changes and is staged from background to proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy are treatments.
- Hypertensive retinopathy graded from mild arteriolar constriction to severe hemorrhages and exudates reflecting hypertension severity.
- Common red eye conditions like conjunctivitis treated with antibiotics, uveitis which is an inflammatory condition treated with topical steroids, and acute angle closure glaucoma needing urgent treatment to reduce pressure.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and approach to evaluating red eye. It begins by listing conjunctivitis, scleritis, ocular foreign body, and angle closure glaucoma as possible causes of red eye. For acute onset painful red eye, common unilateral causes include corneal abrasion, foreign body, and trauma, while bilateral causes include chemical injury, contact lenses, dry eyes, and allergies. Acute painless unilateral red eye may be viral conjunctivitis or subconjunctival hemorrhage, while bilateral causes are blepharitis and allergies. Chronic red eye may result from blepharitis, dry eye, conjunctivitis, contact lenses, or thyroid eye disease.
Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the tissues behind the orbital septum that divides the anterior and posterior orbit. It is mostly caused by infections spreading from the paranasal sinuses, especially the ethmoid sinus. Signs and symptoms include pain, pyrexia, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and limited ocular mobility. Diagnosis is made clinically based on physical exam findings and confirmed with CT scan showing infection. Treatment involves intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics along with oral antibiotics to cover anaerobes, analgesics, and surgery if abscess is present or there is lack of response to antibiotics. Complications can include vision loss if left untreated.
Central retinal vein occlusions are caused by blockages in the central retinal vein that drains the retina. This leads to defective vision in the morning. The blockages can be caused by vascular diseases like diabetes and hypertension in the vein wall, increased coagulability of the blood in the vein itself, or external pressure on the vein from issues like orbital cellulitis. Symptoms include defective vision in the morning. Signs include dilated and sluggish pupils, engorged and tortuous veins, extensive retinal hemorrhages, and macular edema. Complications can include neovascularization and glaucoma. Treatment options include anticoagulants, cyclodiathermy, cyclocryotherapy,
Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the gel-like substance (vitreous) inside the eye. It can develop from retinal vessels and appear as blood in front or within the vitreous. Common causes include retinal tears, detachments, trauma, inflammatory diseases, vascular disorders like diabetes, bleeding disorders, and other conditions. Symptoms are sudden painless vision loss or floaters. Examination shows a reddish mass in the vitreous. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that can be divided into 3 types based on appearance: papillitis, neuroretinitis, and retrobulbar neuritis. Papillitis is most common in children and involves edema and hyperemia of the optic disc. Neuroretinitis also involves the retinal nerve fiber layer and macula. Retrobulbar neuritis most commonly affects adults and the optic disc may appear normal initially. Causes include demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis, infections, immune disorders, and metabolic conditions. Treatment involves steroids like intravenous methylprednisolone to hasten recovery of vision, with the goal of improving outcomes and delaying development of multiple sclerosis
Pinguecula is a common degenerative condition of the conjunctiva that presents as a yellowish white patch near the limbus. It is caused by elastotic degeneration of collagen fibers and deposition of hyaline material in the conjunctiva due to repeated exposure to UV radiation. Pinguecula typically affects males over age 40 who spend significant time outdoors without adequate eye protection. While usually asymptomatic, larger pinguecula can cause irritation, interfere with contact lens wear, or become inflamed. Treatment involves lubrication for irritation and excision only if the pinguecula causes cosmetic or fitting issues.
The document discusses corneal dystrophies, which are a group of inherited corneal diseases that are usually bilateral, symmetric, and slowly progressive. They are not related to environmental or systemic factors. The document provides details on several specific types of corneal dystrophies, including granular dystrophy type 1, granular dystrophy type 2, Reis-Bücklers dystrophy type 1, and macular corneal dystrophy. For each, it describes aspects such as name, age of onset, genetics, clinical features and diagnosis, histology, and recurrence after treatment.
This document summarizes various ophthalmological conditions including:
- Diabetic retinopathy which can cause retinal changes and is staged from background to proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy are treatments.
- Hypertensive retinopathy graded from mild arteriolar constriction to severe hemorrhages and exudates reflecting hypertension severity.
- Common red eye conditions like conjunctivitis treated with antibiotics, uveitis which is an inflammatory condition treated with topical steroids, and acute angle closure glaucoma needing urgent treatment to reduce pressure.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and approach to evaluating red eye. It begins by listing conjunctivitis, scleritis, ocular foreign body, and angle closure glaucoma as possible causes of red eye. For acute onset painful red eye, common unilateral causes include corneal abrasion, foreign body, and trauma, while bilateral causes include chemical injury, contact lenses, dry eyes, and allergies. Acute painless unilateral red eye may be viral conjunctivitis or subconjunctival hemorrhage, while bilateral causes are blepharitis and allergies. Chronic red eye may result from blepharitis, dry eye, conjunctivitis, contact lenses, or thyroid eye disease.
Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection of the tissues behind the orbital septum that divides the anterior and posterior orbit. It is mostly caused by infections spreading from the paranasal sinuses, especially the ethmoid sinus. Signs and symptoms include pain, pyrexia, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and limited ocular mobility. Diagnosis is made clinically based on physical exam findings and confirmed with CT scan showing infection. Treatment involves intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics along with oral antibiotics to cover anaerobes, analgesics, and surgery if abscess is present or there is lack of response to antibiotics. Complications can include vision loss if left untreated.
Central retinal vein occlusions are caused by blockages in the central retinal vein that drains the retina. This leads to defective vision in the morning. The blockages can be caused by vascular diseases like diabetes and hypertension in the vein wall, increased coagulability of the blood in the vein itself, or external pressure on the vein from issues like orbital cellulitis. Symptoms include defective vision in the morning. Signs include dilated and sluggish pupils, engorged and tortuous veins, extensive retinal hemorrhages, and macular edema. Complications can include neovascularization and glaucoma. Treatment options include anticoagulants, cyclodiathermy, cyclocryotherapy,
Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the gel-like substance (vitreous) inside the eye. It can develop from retinal vessels and appear as blood in front or within the vitreous. Common causes include retinal tears, detachments, trauma, inflammatory diseases, vascular disorders like diabetes, bleeding disorders, and other conditions. Symptoms are sudden painless vision loss or floaters. Examination shows a reddish mass in the vitreous. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that can be divided into 3 types based on appearance: papillitis, neuroretinitis, and retrobulbar neuritis. Papillitis is most common in children and involves edema and hyperemia of the optic disc. Neuroretinitis also involves the retinal nerve fiber layer and macula. Retrobulbar neuritis most commonly affects adults and the optic disc may appear normal initially. Causes include demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis, infections, immune disorders, and metabolic conditions. Treatment involves steroids like intravenous methylprednisolone to hasten recovery of vision, with the goal of improving outcomes and delaying development of multiple sclerosis
Pinguecula is a common degenerative condition of the conjunctiva that presents as a yellowish white patch near the limbus. It is caused by elastotic degeneration of collagen fibers and deposition of hyaline material in the conjunctiva due to repeated exposure to UV radiation. Pinguecula typically affects males over age 40 who spend significant time outdoors without adequate eye protection. While usually asymptomatic, larger pinguecula can cause irritation, interfere with contact lens wear, or become inflamed. Treatment involves lubrication for irritation and excision only if the pinguecula causes cosmetic or fitting issues.
The document discusses corneal dystrophies, which are a group of inherited corneal diseases that are usually bilateral, symmetric, and slowly progressive. They are not related to environmental or systemic factors. The document provides details on several specific types of corneal dystrophies, including granular dystrophy type 1, granular dystrophy type 2, Reis-Bücklers dystrophy type 1, and macular corneal dystrophy. For each, it describes aspects such as name, age of onset, genetics, clinical features and diagnosis, histology, and recurrence after treatment.