This document provides an overview of intellectual property rights from a legal perspective. It discusses the history and evolution of intellectual property laws globally and in India. The key forms of intellectual property covered include patents, trademarks, copyright, designs, geographical indications, and plant varieties. International agreements governing intellectual property like the Paris Convention, Berne Convention, and TRIPS agreement are also summarized.

1. Intellectual Property Rights LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS (PGP-1 Term-II 2010-11) Section B | Group 12 Nitesh Kumar | Binny George | Raja Vijay Srikanth Kakumani | Amey Kulkarni

2. Introduction Innovation and creativity has always been the base to solve any problem for human race Intellectual Property (IP) describes a variety of intangible assets like ideas, inventions, technologies, artworks, music and literature It is a commercial application of imaginative thoughts to solving a technical or artistic challenge It is the idea behind a product and describes the way the idea is expressed and the way it is named It is a result of an individual’s creation and inventiveness IP stimulates progress and helps transforming society and adds value to our life

3. The word “property” is used to describe the value IP adds to this world IP applies only to inventions, works and names for which a person or group of persons claim ownership IP results from innovations based on existing knowledge IP is relevant in all times and culture, and it has helped in evolution and progress of the society

4. The History Of Inventions And Intellectual Property The Venetian Law of 1474 was the first systematic approach to protect inventions by a form of patents Sixteenth-century Tudor England also had patent system Statute of Monopolies in 1624 was the first written law which provided for the grant of a monopoly for an invention

5. The History Of Inventions And Intellectual Property (contd..) 18 th century saw many countries establishing their first patent systems First patent law in France was enacted in 1791 which provided for the protection of inventors’ rights In US, the constitution specifically provided for patents and protection of inventions by granting exclusive rights to inventors in 1788 Spread of printing press provoked the need for a copyright law The invention of printing press in 1440 gave birth to first copyright system in the world The Statute of Anne was enacted by British Parliament in 1710, which was one of the inspirations for the intellectual property protection in the US constitution

6. International Framework for IP Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883 First major international treaty to protect intellectual creation Industrial property rights in the form of patents, marks, industrial designs Principle of National Treatment Equal protection between nationals and foreigners Paris Convention, Provision on national treatment (article 2) “ The subjects or citizens of each of the contracting States shall, as regards patents, industrial designs, trade marks and trade names, enjoy the advantages that their respective laws now grant, or may hereafter grant, to nationals. Consequently, they shall have the same protection as the latter and the same legal remedy against any infringement of their rights, provided they observe the formalities and conditions imposed upon nationals by the domestic legislation of each State”

7. International Framework for IP International Literary and Artistic Association Set up in mid 1800s as International Literary Association by author Victor Hugo Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886

8. International Framework for IP Madrid Agreement on Marks 1891 International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 1961 Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure 1977 Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in respect of Integrated Circuits 1989 Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

9. TRIPS Agreement General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round led to WTO Agreement in Marrakesh 1994 WTO commenced operation in 1995 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Administered by WTO Sets minimum standards for national IP systems Dispute settlement on IP issues Came into force on Jan 1 st 1995 WTO members (except Least Developed Countries) were to comply with TRIPS provisions by Jan 1 st 2005

10. WIPO & WTO World Intellectual Property Organisation - Agency of the United Nations Administers intellectual property treaties Paris convention, the PCT, Budapest treaty and the Strasbourg agreement on the IPC Provides technical assistance through its development cooperation program

11. WTO World Trade Organisation – body that supervises international trade Administers the TRIPS agreement WIPO & WTO work together on common responsibilities related to international IP issues

12. Types of intellectual property Industrial property and copyright Trademarks, patents & trade secrets IP shall include rights related to Literary, artistic & scientific works Performance of performing artists & broadcasts Inventions & scientific discoveries Industrial designs Marks and commercial names Protection against unfair competition All rights resulting from intellectual activity in industrial, scientific, literary & artistic fields

13. Intellectual property rights

14. Intellectual property rights

15. Intellectual property rights

16. Common forms of IP Rights Patent:

17. Patent: Cont.

18. Trademark:

19. Trademark: Cont.

20. Copyright and Related Rights (1/2) Bundle of rights given to creators in their literary and artistic works The creator can prohibit or authorize its reproduction in various forms its public performance its broadcasting its translation into other languages The creator can enforce rights in court to obtain an order to stop unauthorized use to obtain damages for loss of financial rewards and recognition

21. Copyright and Related Rights (2/2) Relative rights include Right of a performer in his/her performance, Right of producer of a sound recording in recording Right of broadcaster in broadcasting Time limit of economic rights Copyright Act of 1957  1983  1992  1994  1999 Copyright exists from the moment the work is created Registration has evidentiary value in case of dispute

22. Geographical indications Specific geographic origin and possess qualities or reputation due to place of origin Champagne Darjeeling Tea Geographical indicators can be used strategically to promote regional or national enterprises Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999

23. Designs “ A design is defined as the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, which is the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye ” Indian Patent and Design Act, 1911 The Design Act, 2000 Protects only designs that are aesthetic in nature Novelty and originality are important criteria in design for registration

24. Other Indian IP Laws The Protection Of Plant Varieties And Farmers Rights Act, 2001 Integrated Circuit Layout Designs Act, 2000 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002

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