This document contains information about the spread of COVID-19 cases across African countries as of March 28, 2020. It shows the total confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries for each country. South Africa had the most cases with over 1,000 while smaller countries like Seychelles and Sao Tome & Principe had fewer than 10 cases. The document also discusses how most initial cases in Africa originated from imported cases from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and other regions. Travel restrictions have been implemented across many African countries to help limit local transmission of the virus.
The 2020 China-Africa Critical Issues GuideEric Olander
The document discusses 10 trends that will shape China-Africa relations in 2020. It summarizes that Chinese technology companies now dominate the African market in phones, music streaming, and infrastructure. It also discusses China's new use of social media like Twitter for public diplomacy in Africa and a shift towards a new model of debt financing for infrastructure projects using "swaps" instead of past models.
This handbook is designed to educate journalists and media practitioners about the upcoming Forum on China Africa Cooperation summit in Beijing in September 2018. This guide was produced by The China Africa Project with support from the Africa-China Reporting Project at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Image of Africa in China: The Emerging Role of Chinese Social MediaEric Olander
China and Africa are both developing at a fast pace and consolidating their relationship with each other, constituting another pole of the world, as described by the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to the African Union in May 2014. China is taking a more active lead in terms of this relationship. Its investments in African infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing industry, mining, and trade have brought noteworthy positive impacts on the continent’s social and economic development, but some of them have resulted in controversy and serious local debates due to the Chinese lack of knowledge regarding local customs, legal systems, and lifestyles. Thus how the Chinese perceive Africa and how they receive information about Africa has become a serious factor in this bilateral relationship’s sustainable and mutually beneficial future.
ELLE.vn introduces an all-new digital content marketing package designed to leverage ELLE's strength in reaching Vietnam's most desirable demographic of young, affluent, urban female consumers.
FIPP meets...Eric Olander, director of Ringier LABS | News | FIPP.comEric Olander
Eric Olander is the director of Ringier LABS in Vietnam. He discusses the rapidly changing digital media landscape in Vietnam due to cheaper smartphones flooding the market. This has allowed hundreds of millions of new users to engage with platforms like Facebook and YouTube. Olander says publishers must develop unique strategies for each country in Southeast Asia. He aims to help Ringier's clients better engage with audiences across Ringier's websites and develop branded content strategies through humility and understanding local media consumption.
Workforce localization of chinese construction companies in kenya yating luoEric Olander
Chinese companies make up a significant part of Kenya's construction industry. While workforce
localization is commonly perceived as limited, surveys found that over 90% of employees at Chinese
firms in Kenya are locally hired. However, Chinese construction companies face challenges related to
technical skills, work ethics, soft skills, and logistics of local workers. Obtaining work permits and an
inadequate skilled local workforce were among the top obstacles reported. Formal recruitment systems
are largely absent, and engagement with local stakeholders is limited. While workforce localization has
become a reality, challenges remain in institutionalizing practices and community involvement.
This document contains information about the spread of COVID-19 cases across African countries as of March 28, 2020. It shows the total confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries for each country. South Africa had the most cases with over 1,000 while smaller countries like Seychelles and Sao Tome & Principe had fewer than 10 cases. The document also discusses how most initial cases in Africa originated from imported cases from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and other regions. Travel restrictions have been implemented across many African countries to help limit local transmission of the virus.
The 2020 China-Africa Critical Issues GuideEric Olander
The document discusses 10 trends that will shape China-Africa relations in 2020. It summarizes that Chinese technology companies now dominate the African market in phones, music streaming, and infrastructure. It also discusses China's new use of social media like Twitter for public diplomacy in Africa and a shift towards a new model of debt financing for infrastructure projects using "swaps" instead of past models.
This handbook is designed to educate journalists and media practitioners about the upcoming Forum on China Africa Cooperation summit in Beijing in September 2018. This guide was produced by The China Africa Project with support from the Africa-China Reporting Project at Wits University in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Image of Africa in China: The Emerging Role of Chinese Social MediaEric Olander
China and Africa are both developing at a fast pace and consolidating their relationship with each other, constituting another pole of the world, as described by the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to the African Union in May 2014. China is taking a more active lead in terms of this relationship. Its investments in African infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing industry, mining, and trade have brought noteworthy positive impacts on the continent’s social and economic development, but some of them have resulted in controversy and serious local debates due to the Chinese lack of knowledge regarding local customs, legal systems, and lifestyles. Thus how the Chinese perceive Africa and how they receive information about Africa has become a serious factor in this bilateral relationship’s sustainable and mutually beneficial future.
ELLE.vn introduces an all-new digital content marketing package designed to leverage ELLE's strength in reaching Vietnam's most desirable demographic of young, affluent, urban female consumers.
FIPP meets...Eric Olander, director of Ringier LABS | News | FIPP.comEric Olander
Eric Olander is the director of Ringier LABS in Vietnam. He discusses the rapidly changing digital media landscape in Vietnam due to cheaper smartphones flooding the market. This has allowed hundreds of millions of new users to engage with platforms like Facebook and YouTube. Olander says publishers must develop unique strategies for each country in Southeast Asia. He aims to help Ringier's clients better engage with audiences across Ringier's websites and develop branded content strategies through humility and understanding local media consumption.
Workforce localization of chinese construction companies in kenya yating luoEric Olander
Chinese companies make up a significant part of Kenya's construction industry. While workforce
localization is commonly perceived as limited, surveys found that over 90% of employees at Chinese
firms in Kenya are locally hired. However, Chinese construction companies face challenges related to
technical skills, work ethics, soft skills, and logistics of local workers. Obtaining work permits and an
inadequate skilled local workforce were among the top obstacles reported. Formal recruitment systems
are largely absent, and engagement with local stakeholders is limited. While workforce localization has
become a reality, challenges remain in institutionalizing practices and community involvement.
Zambian Perception of Non-Indigenous Groups: Caucasians, Chinese and IndiansEric Olander
Zambians were surveyed on their perceptions of different non-indigenous groups in their country, including Caucasians, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese, and South Africans. They rated each group on measures of friendship and cultural exchange, justice and equality, contributions to Zambia's development, and levels of intimacy and acceptance. The results showed multidimensional relationships between Zambians and the ethnicities that varied between the different measures. Chinese were assessed as being embedded within the perceptions of other groups, without standing out particularly. The study highlights the need for contextualized, nuanced analysis of topics like China in Africa that considers different perspectives.
LA County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program Application FormEric Olander
To apply for the Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Services Fellowship Program, interested candidates must submit a letter of interest – including career goals and how the fellowship would help him/her achieve those goals – their curriculum vitae, and a list of references, to:
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services
Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program
5850 South Main Street, Room 2214
Los Angeles, California, 90003
Engaging academically with China in Africa – the institutional approach of th...Eric Olander
In 2006 the University of Botswana adopted the Policy on Internationalization which had three objectives: 1) to expand international student and staff exchanges; 2) to expand international research co-operation; and 3) to enhance the internationalisation of all curricula. As a result of the policy, the University has developed a number of academic partnerships in East Asia since 2006. The policy made a commitment to increase the number of university partnerships, not only in the traditional areas of Europe and North America, but particularly within Africa and with key economic powers in Asia, which were identified as China, India, Japan and South Korea. The most intensive academic engagement within East Asia has taken place with China and a strategic institutional approach has been adopted to develop this engagement.
Trends in U.S. and Chinese Economic Engagement in Sub-Saharan AfricaEric Olander
The report examines trends in U.S. and Chinese economic engagement with sub-Saharan Africa from 2001 to 2011. It finds that while both countries have seen substantial growth in trade with the region over this period, China's trade has increased at a faster pace and surpassed U.S. trade in 2009. The report also finds that data on China's foreign assistance and investments in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Case studies of Angola, Ghana, and Kenya show that the U.S. and China emphasize different approaches in their engagement. The U.S. focuses on development assistance, while China pursues increasing engagement through infrastructure loans. Competition between U.S. and Chinese firms is limited, with each concentrated
Job destruction in the South African clothing industryEric Olander
The document discusses job losses in South Africa's clothing industry as a result of rising minimum wages imposed by the National Bargaining Council for the Clothing Manufacturing Industry (NBC). The NBC, supported by a large union and some employers, has been enforcing compliance with higher wages among Chinese-owned factories in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal that employ over 16,000 workers and comprise the most labour-intensive part of the industry. If these factories are forced to close due to inability to pay the higher wages, it could significantly undermine labour-intensive growth in South Africa's clothing sector.
Rethinking the Peripheral: A Study of Chinese Migrants in LesothoEric Olander
This document is the introduction and first chapter of a thesis examining Chinese migration to the country of Lesotho in Africa. It begins by framing the research as seeking to rethink perspectives on peripheral destinations for migration that typically only focus on major economic centers. The introduction then provides background on Lesotho as the field site, describing it as a small landlocked country surrounded by South Africa with a population of around 2 million, many of whom work in South African mines. It notes the presence of a small but established Chinese community in Lesotho and outlines how the thesis will explore more recent migration from Fujian province to Lesotho as a periphery-to-periphery movement.
This document categorizes and describes the different types of Chinese individuals and businesses operating in Ghana. It identifies three main categories: staff of state-owned enterprises, owners and staff of privately-owned companies, and independent traders. It then provides details on the characteristics and behaviors of Chinese state-owned enterprises, privately-owned SMEs, and the isolation and poor treatment of local Ghanaian workers by some Chinese employers. However, it notes trends of improvement through the localization of Chinese businesses and greater involvement of organizations like the Ghana Trade Union Congress and Ghana China Chamber of Commerce to improve labor relations and practices.
FBNC provides various advertising solutions for reaching Vietnam's most affluent audiences, including TV commercials, program sponsorships, corporate and property profiles produced as video segments. Advertising packages can be customized to fit budgets and marketing goals. FBNC's audience includes accomplished professionals and younger aspirational viewers. Rates vary based on content type and air time.
Ho Chi Minh City-based Financial Business News Channel is the ONLY station in the market that broadcasts daily original financial news by a team of experienced journalists in both English and Vietnamese.
Economic statecraft in China’s new overseas special economic zones: soft powe...Eric Olander
China’s rapid expansion of economic and political ties with other developing countries has aroused deep concern in the West and Japan. Much of this apprehen- sion focuses on China’s search for natural resources and its ‘no-political-strings- attached’ stance on official finance. Yet despite the popular unease provoked by China’s growing outward engagement, scholars have done relatively little research on the Chinese government’s strategic employment of its economic instruments overseas.1
Refining Relations: Chad’s Growing Links with China Eric Olander
Chad's relations with China have developed importantly in a relatively short space of time, which has elevated China's importance in the Chadian economy and domestic politics. The core of the Chinese engagement is driven by the China National Petroleum Corporation's Rônier project, a domestic oil-production unit. Departing from Chad's previous experience of foreign oil investment, this appears to enable new economic opportunities for Chad, even to the point of widening the country's industrial potential. In spite of Chad's challenging business environment, relations look set to deepen as efforts are made to pursue an ambitious set of infrastructure and other ventures.
Africa in their words - A Study of Chinese Traders in South Africa, Lesotho, ...Eric Olander
By Terence McNamee with Greg Mills, Sebabatso Manoeli, Masana Mulaudzi, Stuart Doran and Emma Chen
The ‘China in Africa’ story brims with ambivalence and ambiguity. Nowhere is this more evident than on the African street. The influx of Chinese products and the proliferation of small Chinese enterprises are affecting ways of life in African towns and cities, but exactly how and to what extent is hotly contested. Their presence has sparked outbreaks of xenophobic violence, led to increased competition with local businesses and prompted calls for tougher regulation and government intervention. They have become the whipping boy for Africa’s politicians, merchants and labour unions upset by Beijing’s growing ties to the continent. However, Chinese traders have also afforded millions of African consumers the opportunity to purchase a range of goods for the first time. Whilst debate over their impact on Africa’s development escalates, they have remained a largely unknown newcomer, scarcely understood and rarely examined.
The Rise of China's State-Led Media Dynasty in Africa Eric Olander
This document provides an overview of China's rising influence in global media and its strategic focus on expanding its media presence in Africa. It discusses how China views soft power and its motivation to institutionalize media as part of its foreign policy. It traces China's growing media engagement in Africa since the 2000s, including the launch of CCTV Africa in Kenya in 2012. The document aims to understand China's global media strategy and the factors it must consider in expanding its reach into different regions like Africa.
The document discusses challenges facing the movie industry. While revenues are up, attendance is down, showing a problem. High ticket and concession prices make going to the movies expensive. Streaming services like Netflix now account for a large portion of internet traffic, showing a shift in how people watch movies. Piracy through torrents is decreasing as streaming provides a cheaper and easier alternative to downloading movies. The movie industry must innovate how they distribute and monetize their content like other publishers who have faced similar challenges.
Class Notes for Monday, October 24, 2011Eric Olander
Newspaper ad revenue has fallen 41% over the last three years due to factors like Craigslist reducing the classified ad market and lack of innovation. Without newspapers, long-form journalism may disappear and accountability of politicians and corporations could decrease as the shared news experience fades. While paywalls and digital news may provide some solutions, the document suggests newspapers in their current form will likely not survive and a new model for delivering news will need to emerge.
Class Notes for Monday, October 10, 2011Eric Olander
Ratings for nightly news broadcasts on major networks are down and the average age of viewers is up. Cable news networks are seeing higher viewership numbers than the major networks, with Fox News having the most viewers. While television still generates significant revenue, viewers now have more choices and content options beyond traditional programmed TV. Younger audiences in particular are changing their media consumption habits, leading to declines in viewership of traditional television news. However, Spanish-language networks like Univision have seen increased viewership as the US population becomes more bilingual. Overall, fewer people are watching television but more people are consuming video content through online and mobile platforms.
Class Notes for Monday, October 3, 2011Eric Olander
Social media uses web technologies to transform communication into interactive dialogues by blending technology and social interaction for jointly creating value. Facebook has over 800 million users, with 50% logging in daily and 70% of users located outside the US. Photo uploads to Facebook have increased over 100% to 2.5 billion per month, while over 3.5 billion pieces of content are shared weekly on Facebook, increasingly through mobile devices which saw over a 100% increase in usage in six months.
Class Notes for Monday, September 26, 2011Eric Olander
Podcasting involves creating digital audio or video files that are episodic and can be downloaded through an automated feed to portable devices for listening or watching offline. The podcasting workflow includes producing the media file, editing it with metadata, uploading it to a server, distributing the metadata to client software like iTunes, downloading the file manually or automatically, and transferring it to a portable audio device. Podcasting allows users to download files for later listening unlike streaming which requires a constant internet connection.
Class Notes for Monday, September 19, 2011Eric Olander
The document discusses blogging best practices. It defines what a blog is and its benefits, including engaging constituents and expanding reach at low cost. It provides tips for building an effective blog, such as keeping it short and simple with paragraph headings, links, and multimedia. The theory of twos advises captivating readers within the first two words, lines, and paragraphs. Sample blogs are presented that demonstrate these techniques well. Metadata is also defined as data about content that enables database storage and retrieval.
Zambian Perception of Non-Indigenous Groups: Caucasians, Chinese and IndiansEric Olander
Zambians were surveyed on their perceptions of different non-indigenous groups in their country, including Caucasians, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese, and South Africans. They rated each group on measures of friendship and cultural exchange, justice and equality, contributions to Zambia's development, and levels of intimacy and acceptance. The results showed multidimensional relationships between Zambians and the ethnicities that varied between the different measures. Chinese were assessed as being embedded within the perceptions of other groups, without standing out particularly. The study highlights the need for contextualized, nuanced analysis of topics like China in Africa that considers different perspectives.
LA County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program Application FormEric Olander
To apply for the Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Services Fellowship Program, interested candidates must submit a letter of interest – including career goals and how the fellowship would help him/her achieve those goals – their curriculum vitae, and a list of references, to:
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services
Los Angeles County HIV Public Health Fellowship Program
5850 South Main Street, Room 2214
Los Angeles, California, 90003
Engaging academically with China in Africa – the institutional approach of th...Eric Olander
In 2006 the University of Botswana adopted the Policy on Internationalization which had three objectives: 1) to expand international student and staff exchanges; 2) to expand international research co-operation; and 3) to enhance the internationalisation of all curricula. As a result of the policy, the University has developed a number of academic partnerships in East Asia since 2006. The policy made a commitment to increase the number of university partnerships, not only in the traditional areas of Europe and North America, but particularly within Africa and with key economic powers in Asia, which were identified as China, India, Japan and South Korea. The most intensive academic engagement within East Asia has taken place with China and a strategic institutional approach has been adopted to develop this engagement.
Trends in U.S. and Chinese Economic Engagement in Sub-Saharan AfricaEric Olander
The report examines trends in U.S. and Chinese economic engagement with sub-Saharan Africa from 2001 to 2011. It finds that while both countries have seen substantial growth in trade with the region over this period, China's trade has increased at a faster pace and surpassed U.S. trade in 2009. The report also finds that data on China's foreign assistance and investments in sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Case studies of Angola, Ghana, and Kenya show that the U.S. and China emphasize different approaches in their engagement. The U.S. focuses on development assistance, while China pursues increasing engagement through infrastructure loans. Competition between U.S. and Chinese firms is limited, with each concentrated
Job destruction in the South African clothing industryEric Olander
The document discusses job losses in South Africa's clothing industry as a result of rising minimum wages imposed by the National Bargaining Council for the Clothing Manufacturing Industry (NBC). The NBC, supported by a large union and some employers, has been enforcing compliance with higher wages among Chinese-owned factories in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal that employ over 16,000 workers and comprise the most labour-intensive part of the industry. If these factories are forced to close due to inability to pay the higher wages, it could significantly undermine labour-intensive growth in South Africa's clothing sector.
Rethinking the Peripheral: A Study of Chinese Migrants in LesothoEric Olander
This document is the introduction and first chapter of a thesis examining Chinese migration to the country of Lesotho in Africa. It begins by framing the research as seeking to rethink perspectives on peripheral destinations for migration that typically only focus on major economic centers. The introduction then provides background on Lesotho as the field site, describing it as a small landlocked country surrounded by South Africa with a population of around 2 million, many of whom work in South African mines. It notes the presence of a small but established Chinese community in Lesotho and outlines how the thesis will explore more recent migration from Fujian province to Lesotho as a periphery-to-periphery movement.
This document categorizes and describes the different types of Chinese individuals and businesses operating in Ghana. It identifies three main categories: staff of state-owned enterprises, owners and staff of privately-owned companies, and independent traders. It then provides details on the characteristics and behaviors of Chinese state-owned enterprises, privately-owned SMEs, and the isolation and poor treatment of local Ghanaian workers by some Chinese employers. However, it notes trends of improvement through the localization of Chinese businesses and greater involvement of organizations like the Ghana Trade Union Congress and Ghana China Chamber of Commerce to improve labor relations and practices.
FBNC provides various advertising solutions for reaching Vietnam's most affluent audiences, including TV commercials, program sponsorships, corporate and property profiles produced as video segments. Advertising packages can be customized to fit budgets and marketing goals. FBNC's audience includes accomplished professionals and younger aspirational viewers. Rates vary based on content type and air time.
Ho Chi Minh City-based Financial Business News Channel is the ONLY station in the market that broadcasts daily original financial news by a team of experienced journalists in both English and Vietnamese.
Economic statecraft in China’s new overseas special economic zones: soft powe...Eric Olander
China’s rapid expansion of economic and political ties with other developing countries has aroused deep concern in the West and Japan. Much of this apprehen- sion focuses on China’s search for natural resources and its ‘no-political-strings- attached’ stance on official finance. Yet despite the popular unease provoked by China’s growing outward engagement, scholars have done relatively little research on the Chinese government’s strategic employment of its economic instruments overseas.1
Refining Relations: Chad’s Growing Links with China Eric Olander
Chad's relations with China have developed importantly in a relatively short space of time, which has elevated China's importance in the Chadian economy and domestic politics. The core of the Chinese engagement is driven by the China National Petroleum Corporation's Rônier project, a domestic oil-production unit. Departing from Chad's previous experience of foreign oil investment, this appears to enable new economic opportunities for Chad, even to the point of widening the country's industrial potential. In spite of Chad's challenging business environment, relations look set to deepen as efforts are made to pursue an ambitious set of infrastructure and other ventures.
Africa in their words - A Study of Chinese Traders in South Africa, Lesotho, ...Eric Olander
By Terence McNamee with Greg Mills, Sebabatso Manoeli, Masana Mulaudzi, Stuart Doran and Emma Chen
The ‘China in Africa’ story brims with ambivalence and ambiguity. Nowhere is this more evident than on the African street. The influx of Chinese products and the proliferation of small Chinese enterprises are affecting ways of life in African towns and cities, but exactly how and to what extent is hotly contested. Their presence has sparked outbreaks of xenophobic violence, led to increased competition with local businesses and prompted calls for tougher regulation and government intervention. They have become the whipping boy for Africa’s politicians, merchants and labour unions upset by Beijing’s growing ties to the continent. However, Chinese traders have also afforded millions of African consumers the opportunity to purchase a range of goods for the first time. Whilst debate over their impact on Africa’s development escalates, they have remained a largely unknown newcomer, scarcely understood and rarely examined.
The Rise of China's State-Led Media Dynasty in Africa Eric Olander
This document provides an overview of China's rising influence in global media and its strategic focus on expanding its media presence in Africa. It discusses how China views soft power and its motivation to institutionalize media as part of its foreign policy. It traces China's growing media engagement in Africa since the 2000s, including the launch of CCTV Africa in Kenya in 2012. The document aims to understand China's global media strategy and the factors it must consider in expanding its reach into different regions like Africa.
The document discusses challenges facing the movie industry. While revenues are up, attendance is down, showing a problem. High ticket and concession prices make going to the movies expensive. Streaming services like Netflix now account for a large portion of internet traffic, showing a shift in how people watch movies. Piracy through torrents is decreasing as streaming provides a cheaper and easier alternative to downloading movies. The movie industry must innovate how they distribute and monetize their content like other publishers who have faced similar challenges.
Class Notes for Monday, October 24, 2011Eric Olander
Newspaper ad revenue has fallen 41% over the last three years due to factors like Craigslist reducing the classified ad market and lack of innovation. Without newspapers, long-form journalism may disappear and accountability of politicians and corporations could decrease as the shared news experience fades. While paywalls and digital news may provide some solutions, the document suggests newspapers in their current form will likely not survive and a new model for delivering news will need to emerge.
Class Notes for Monday, October 10, 2011Eric Olander
Ratings for nightly news broadcasts on major networks are down and the average age of viewers is up. Cable news networks are seeing higher viewership numbers than the major networks, with Fox News having the most viewers. While television still generates significant revenue, viewers now have more choices and content options beyond traditional programmed TV. Younger audiences in particular are changing their media consumption habits, leading to declines in viewership of traditional television news. However, Spanish-language networks like Univision have seen increased viewership as the US population becomes more bilingual. Overall, fewer people are watching television but more people are consuming video content through online and mobile platforms.
Class Notes for Monday, October 3, 2011Eric Olander
Social media uses web technologies to transform communication into interactive dialogues by blending technology and social interaction for jointly creating value. Facebook has over 800 million users, with 50% logging in daily and 70% of users located outside the US. Photo uploads to Facebook have increased over 100% to 2.5 billion per month, while over 3.5 billion pieces of content are shared weekly on Facebook, increasingly through mobile devices which saw over a 100% increase in usage in six months.
Class Notes for Monday, September 26, 2011Eric Olander
Podcasting involves creating digital audio or video files that are episodic and can be downloaded through an automated feed to portable devices for listening or watching offline. The podcasting workflow includes producing the media file, editing it with metadata, uploading it to a server, distributing the metadata to client software like iTunes, downloading the file manually or automatically, and transferring it to a portable audio device. Podcasting allows users to download files for later listening unlike streaming which requires a constant internet connection.
Class Notes for Monday, September 19, 2011Eric Olander
The document discusses blogging best practices. It defines what a blog is and its benefits, including engaging constituents and expanding reach at low cost. It provides tips for building an effective blog, such as keeping it short and simple with paragraph headings, links, and multimedia. The theory of twos advises captivating readers within the first two words, lines, and paragraphs. Sample blogs are presented that demonstrate these techniques well. Metadata is also defined as data about content that enables database storage and retrieval.