A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency characterized by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate. This was likely due to a reduction in renal blood flow. A patient with drug intoxication presented with dry mouth and dilated pupils, indicating anticholinergic effects from muscarinic receptor blockade. A long-term user of high-dose hydrocortisone showed adrenal cortex atrophy, specifically of the reticular zone.
1. A patient was advised to avoid concentrated bouillon and vegetable decoctions due to their stimulation of gastric secretion through stimulation of gastrin production by G-cells in the stomach.
2. A person felt thirsty after being in heat for a long time due to signals from osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting an increase in body temperature and loss of fluids.
3. A 30-year old person's heart rate increased to 112 bpm during emotional excitement due to activation of the sinoatrial node, which acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to physiology. Question topics include gastric secretion stimulation mechanisms, thirst response pathways, heart rate regulation during emotional excitement, likely blood changes with uterine bleeding, ion movement causing depolarization of excitable cells, effects of vagus nerve irritation, causes of increased energy intake in a boy, substrates oxidized during exercise, brain regions involved in conditioned reflexes, types of muscle inhibition, diets that produce different respiratory coefficients, regulatory mechanisms affecting heart rate and blood pressure during breath holding, platelet function and punctate hemorrhaging, reflexes causing dry mouth during exams, sound frequency perception after inner ear damage, heat emission pathways in different environments, factors affecting increased blood flow during exercise, muscle contraction
The document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to histology and pathology. Some key details that can be summarized:
- Question 1 asks about the type of allergic reaction that underlies allergic stomatitis in a patient who developed mouth swelling after dental work.
- Question 5 describes a patient with thickened nasal mucosa and nodules diagnosed with nasal rhinoscleroma, asking what typical microscopic changes may be seen on biopsy.
- Question 11 presents a case of a confused farm worker found unconscious and asks which drug should be prescribed to treat what is suggested to be organophosphate poisoning based on the symptoms described.
- The questions cover a range of topics relating
A patient presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills after drinking untreated water while in the forest. Laboratory results indicated amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged relaxation of skeletal muscles and inhibited respiration following injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
Krok 1 - 2008 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: symptoms of different digestive disorders; acid-base balance disorders in infants; complications of medications like aspirin and phenobarbital; laboratory tests and their implications for diseases like diabetes and rheumatism; anatomy and functions of the auditory system; stages of protein biosynthesis; reflexes; and more. The correct answer is listed for each multiple choice question.
A patient presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking untreated water from a forest reservoir. Laboratory analysis confirmed amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged muscle relaxation and inhibited respiration in a patient after injection of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
1. A patient experiences nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating rich food, which may be caused by bile acid deficiency.
2. A child is diagnosed with galactosemia revealed by normal glucose levels but deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme.
3. Fatty infiltration of the liver causes disordered fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, which can be enhanced by methionine through increased methylation during phospholipid synthesis.
Krok 1 - 2006 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 39 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms behind various symptoms; types of immunoglobulins involved in allergic reactions; receptors that cause thirst; identifying microorganisms based on descriptions; enzymes involved in certain illnesses; anatomical structures; diagnoses for described patients; medications and treatments for various conditions; and more. The questions range from identifying diseases and conditions to understanding biological and physiological mechanisms and processes.
1. A patient was advised to avoid concentrated bouillon and vegetable decoctions due to their stimulation of gastric secretion through stimulation of gastrin production by G-cells in the stomach.
2. A person felt thirsty after being in heat for a long time due to signals from osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detecting an increase in body temperature and loss of fluids.
3. A 30-year old person's heart rate increased to 112 bpm during emotional excitement due to activation of the sinoatrial node, which acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to physiology. Question topics include gastric secretion stimulation mechanisms, thirst response pathways, heart rate regulation during emotional excitement, likely blood changes with uterine bleeding, ion movement causing depolarization of excitable cells, effects of vagus nerve irritation, causes of increased energy intake in a boy, substrates oxidized during exercise, brain regions involved in conditioned reflexes, types of muscle inhibition, diets that produce different respiratory coefficients, regulatory mechanisms affecting heart rate and blood pressure during breath holding, platelet function and punctate hemorrhaging, reflexes causing dry mouth during exams, sound frequency perception after inner ear damage, heat emission pathways in different environments, factors affecting increased blood flow during exercise, muscle contraction
The document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to histology and pathology. Some key details that can be summarized:
- Question 1 asks about the type of allergic reaction that underlies allergic stomatitis in a patient who developed mouth swelling after dental work.
- Question 5 describes a patient with thickened nasal mucosa and nodules diagnosed with nasal rhinoscleroma, asking what typical microscopic changes may be seen on biopsy.
- Question 11 presents a case of a confused farm worker found unconscious and asks which drug should be prescribed to treat what is suggested to be organophosphate poisoning based on the symptoms described.
- The questions cover a range of topics relating
A patient presented with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills after drinking untreated water while in the forest. Laboratory results indicated amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged relaxation of skeletal muscles and inhibited respiration following injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
Krok 1 - 2008 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: symptoms of different digestive disorders; acid-base balance disorders in infants; complications of medications like aspirin and phenobarbital; laboratory tests and their implications for diseases like diabetes and rheumatism; anatomy and functions of the auditory system; stages of protein biosynthesis; reflexes; and more. The correct answer is listed for each multiple choice question.
A patient presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking untreated water from a forest reservoir. Laboratory analysis confirmed amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebic dysentery. A woman with seasonal rhinitis was prescribed an antihistamine with no effects on the central nervous system, such as loratadine. Prolonged muscle relaxation and inhibited respiration in a patient after injection of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium was caused by a lack of acetylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
1. A patient experiences nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating rich food, which may be caused by bile acid deficiency.
2. A child is diagnosed with galactosemia revealed by normal glucose levels but deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme.
3. Fatty infiltration of the liver causes disordered fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, which can be enhanced by methionine through increased methylation during phospholipid synthesis.
Krok 1 - 2006 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
This document contains 39 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms behind various symptoms; types of immunoglobulins involved in allergic reactions; receptors that cause thirst; identifying microorganisms based on descriptions; enzymes involved in certain illnesses; anatomical structures; diagnoses for described patients; medications and treatments for various conditions; and more. The questions range from identifying diseases and conditions to understanding biological and physiological mechanisms and processes.
Krok 1 - 2014 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains questions from a medical licensing exam covering various topics in medicine. Question 1 asks about the appropriate laboratory test to confirm a suspected diagnosis of dysentery, with the correct answer being microscopic examination of a stool sample. Question 2 asks about the type of enzyme disrupted by drugs used to treat malaria, with the correct answer being FAD-dependent dehydrogenase. Question 3 asks about the immunobiological preparation injected during a Mantoux test for tuberculosis, with the correct answer being tuberculin.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document describes a series of medical cases and questions related to inheritance of diseases, enzyme deficiencies, injuries, and other conditions. Specifically:
1. A man with a hereditary disease had 3 daughters and 2 sons, with all the daughters inheriting the disease. This indicates X-linked recessive inheritance.
2. Glycogenosis is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal glycosidase enzyme.
3. Injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum caused paralysis for two hours due to absence of butyrylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions related to various medical cases and conditions.
This document provides the questions and answers from the AIIMS May 11 paper along with some explanations. It contains 43 multiple choice questions from various subject areas related to medicine. For some questions, the document indicates the answer may be doubtful or missing. It also provides additional context and details for some questions to explain the reasoning behind the correct answers.
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. The questions cover topics such as synaptic transmission, sensory systems, reflexes, pain pathways, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, renal function, liver function, and endocrine system disorders. The correct answer is provided for each question.
Case history of amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicitymohammed sediq
A 75-year-old Sudanese male presented with acute myocardial infarction and was treated including with amiodarone due to frequent PVCs on ECG. He was discharged after improvement but returned two weeks later with shortness of breath, dry cough, and fever. Examination found signs of bilateral lung fibrosis. He was diagnosed with amiodarone-induced interstitial pneumonitis-fibrosis based on radiological findings and improved after stopping amiodarone and receiving steroids and supportive care. Literature review discussed amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity as a serious adverse effect, with interstitial pneumonitis-fibrosis being common, and management involving discontinuing amiodarone and considering steroids
1. A human body cools faster in water than in air due to more efficient heat conduction in water.
2. A trauma patient with reduced urinary output likely has increased vascular permeability, a common secondary effect of shock.
3. Pyruvate turns directly into lactate in myocyte cytoplasm during glucose metabolism.
4. The risk of birth defects from drugs taken before pregnancy is called teratogenic effect.
5. A patient with yellow skin, dark urine, and dark stool likely has increased conjugated bilirubin in their blood from liver dysfunction.
An 8 year old child presents with low-grade fever, arthritis, abdominal pain, and a purpuric rash localized to the lower extremities. Laboratory tests reveal a guaiac-positive stool, red blood cell casts in the urine, mild proteinuria, and a normal platelet count. This combination of symptoms and test results is most consistent with a diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis.
Krok 1 - 2007 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. A patient had surgery requiring intubation and anesthesia. After surgery, independent respiration did not resume. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency prolongs the action of muscle relaxants used during surgery.
2. Glycated hemoglobin levels allow estimation of a patient's average blood glucose levels over the past 4-8 weeks.
3. A 60-year-old patient has reduced hearing of high-frequency sounds, indicating a disorder of the structures of the inner ear near the helicotrema.
Krok 1 - 2013 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient being treated for tuberculosis with isoniazid reported muscle weakness, decreased skin sensitivity, blurred vision and impaired motor coordination. These symptoms indicate deficiency of vitamin B6. Another patient developed hypoglycemic coma after starting an antihypertensive drug anaprilin while taking insulin for diabetes. The mechanism is an increase in the half-life of insulin due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by anaprilin. A document describes several medical case studies and questions related to diagnosis and treatment.
Krok 1 - 2010 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
An unconscious patient was brought to the admission ward with symptoms including cold skin, myotic pupils, labored breathing, low blood pressure, and a full bladder. Based on the symptoms described, the likely cause of intoxication was narcotic analgesics.
Examination of another patient revealed high levels of serotonin and hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood, likely caused by excess tryptophan in the body.
A 12-year-old boy had low uric acid levels and an accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine in his blood, indicating a genetic defect of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
Krok 1 - 2005 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms of various disease symptoms; allergic reactions and the antibodies that cause them; stimulation of gastric secretion; stages of malaria parasite development; identification of parasitic helminths; laboratory diagnosis of malaria; identification of protozoa based on described attributes; enzyme deficiencies that cause diseases; substances that enhance phospholipid synthesis; identification of medical conditions based on described physical attributes; mechanisms of post-infarction Dressler's syndrome; identification of antibiotic for effective treatment of infection; reasons for development of toxic shock during treatment; elements whose volume is increased due to hypoxia; level at which methotrexate hinders nucleic acid synthesis; structure
This document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover a range of topics including allergic reactions, blood disorders, cardiovascular system functions and dysfunctions, respiratory system disorders, renal system disorders, endocrine system disorders, and radiation effects. The questions require knowledge of disease mechanisms, diagnostic indicators, and physiological processes.
Krok 1 - 2011 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A 30-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis confirms a diagnosis of amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment. Infectious mononucleosis and AIDS often cause secondary immunodeficiency by directly infecting immune cells and destroying the immune system. Extensive thromboembolic infarction found during autopsy was caused by septic bacterial endocarditis. A 10-year-old girl with a history of respiratory infections and skin petechiae has a vitamin C deficiency.
1. The iduodenum removal will primarily decrease secretion of gastrin and histamine gastrointestinal hormones.
2. Low albumin and fibrinogen levels in a patient's blood could most likely be caused by decreased activity of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in liver hepatocytes.
3. A 10-year-old girl experiencing frequent respiratory infections with punctate haemorrhages in areas of friction likely has a hypovitaminosis of vitamin B2.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. Mastoiditis has resulted from untreated middle ear inflammation, causing an abscess to erupt into the sternocleidomastoid muscle bed. This pathological process is located in the lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae cervical fascia.
2. Examination of a 22-year-old patient revealed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar, which is called the paracone.
3. Alveolar bleeding was detected following extraction of the maxillary second premolar, likely caused by damage to the anterior superior alveolar artery.
The patient presented with symptoms of hyperthyroidism including weight loss, tachycardia, finger tremor, hypoxia, headache, fatigue, and eye flicker. Examination revealed a bright-red rash on the skin and swollen tonsils containing pus. The most probable diagnosis is scarlet fever based on the rash and tonsil findings. Laboratory tests showed an elevated osmotic pressure in the blood plasma, indicating increased secretion of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.
This document contains a chapter summary on the inflammatory response and sepsis as well as sample multiple choice questions that test understanding of the key concepts. It discusses that sepsis affects over 1 million people in the US each year and that cytokines are small hormone-like proteins secreted by cells that mediate inflammation. Recombinant human activated protein C has been approved by the FDA for treatment of severe sepsis.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. The document appears to be a medical exam containing multiple choice questions about various medical topics.
2. Question 1 asks about a disease caused by a parasite found in sheep and dogs that can cause lung lesions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of topics including cell phases in mitosis, injuries causing bleeding from specific arteries, nerve damage symptoms, pancreatic and endocrine system diseases, and histological specimens.
This document contains a series of multiple choice medical questions covering various topics in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis. There are 39 questions in total, asking about topics like identifying anatomical structures, classifying disease processes, interpreting clinical signs and symptoms, and determining appropriate diagnostic tests or treatments. The questions are in a Ukrainian/Russian language, but are of a format commonly used in medical licensing exams.
1. A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency due to reduction of functioning nephron number.
2. Water testing found two red bacterial colonies on a membrane filter, indicating a coli index of 250 and coli titer of 4500.
3. A patient presented with dry mouth and dilated pupils from a drug that causes muscarinic cholinoreceptor block.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions about various topics in medicine. The questions cover topics like diseases, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology.
2. Many of the questions test knowledge of specific diseases, organs, cells or biological processes. For example, there are questions about glycogen storage diseases, kidney anatomy, muscular dystrophy, auditory system structures, protein biosynthesis, and tuberculosis diagnosis.
3. The questions also cover broader topics like biochemical pathways, hormones, blood components, chromosome abnormalities, infectious diseases, and autopsy findings. Multiple choices are provided for each question.
Krok 1 - 2014 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains questions from a medical licensing exam covering various topics in medicine. Question 1 asks about the appropriate laboratory test to confirm a suspected diagnosis of dysentery, with the correct answer being microscopic examination of a stool sample. Question 2 asks about the type of enzyme disrupted by drugs used to treat malaria, with the correct answer being FAD-dependent dehydrogenase. Question 3 asks about the immunobiological preparation injected during a Mantoux test for tuberculosis, with the correct answer being tuberculin.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document describes a series of medical cases and questions related to inheritance of diseases, enzyme deficiencies, injuries, and other conditions. Specifically:
1. A man with a hereditary disease had 3 daughters and 2 sons, with all the daughters inheriting the disease. This indicates X-linked recessive inheritance.
2. Glycogenosis is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal glycosidase enzyme.
3. Injection of the muscle relaxant dithylinum caused paralysis for two hours due to absence of butyrylcholinesterase in the blood serum.
The document contains questions related to various medical cases and conditions.
This document provides the questions and answers from the AIIMS May 11 paper along with some explanations. It contains 43 multiple choice questions from various subject areas related to medicine. For some questions, the document indicates the answer may be doubtful or missing. It also provides additional context and details for some questions to explain the reasoning behind the correct answers.
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. The questions cover topics such as synaptic transmission, sensory systems, reflexes, pain pathways, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, renal function, liver function, and endocrine system disorders. The correct answer is provided for each question.
Case history of amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicitymohammed sediq
A 75-year-old Sudanese male presented with acute myocardial infarction and was treated including with amiodarone due to frequent PVCs on ECG. He was discharged after improvement but returned two weeks later with shortness of breath, dry cough, and fever. Examination found signs of bilateral lung fibrosis. He was diagnosed with amiodarone-induced interstitial pneumonitis-fibrosis based on radiological findings and improved after stopping amiodarone and receiving steroids and supportive care. Literature review discussed amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity as a serious adverse effect, with interstitial pneumonitis-fibrosis being common, and management involving discontinuing amiodarone and considering steroids
1. A human body cools faster in water than in air due to more efficient heat conduction in water.
2. A trauma patient with reduced urinary output likely has increased vascular permeability, a common secondary effect of shock.
3. Pyruvate turns directly into lactate in myocyte cytoplasm during glucose metabolism.
4. The risk of birth defects from drugs taken before pregnancy is called teratogenic effect.
5. A patient with yellow skin, dark urine, and dark stool likely has increased conjugated bilirubin in their blood from liver dysfunction.
An 8 year old child presents with low-grade fever, arthritis, abdominal pain, and a purpuric rash localized to the lower extremities. Laboratory tests reveal a guaiac-positive stool, red blood cell casts in the urine, mild proteinuria, and a normal platelet count. This combination of symptoms and test results is most consistent with a diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis.
Krok 1 - 2007 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. A patient had surgery requiring intubation and anesthesia. After surgery, independent respiration did not resume. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency prolongs the action of muscle relaxants used during surgery.
2. Glycated hemoglobin levels allow estimation of a patient's average blood glucose levels over the past 4-8 weeks.
3. A 60-year-old patient has reduced hearing of high-frequency sounds, indicating a disorder of the structures of the inner ear near the helicotrema.
Krok 1 - 2013 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A patient being treated for tuberculosis with isoniazid reported muscle weakness, decreased skin sensitivity, blurred vision and impaired motor coordination. These symptoms indicate deficiency of vitamin B6. Another patient developed hypoglycemic coma after starting an antihypertensive drug anaprilin while taking insulin for diabetes. The mechanism is an increase in the half-life of insulin due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by anaprilin. A document describes several medical case studies and questions related to diagnosis and treatment.
Krok 1 - 2010 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
An unconscious patient was brought to the admission ward with symptoms including cold skin, myotic pupils, labored breathing, low blood pressure, and a full bladder. Based on the symptoms described, the likely cause of intoxication was narcotic analgesics.
Examination of another patient revealed high levels of serotonin and hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood, likely caused by excess tryptophan in the body.
A 12-year-old boy had low uric acid levels and an accumulation of xanthine and hypoxanthine in his blood, indicating a genetic defect of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
Krok 1 - 2005 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
The document contains 34 multiple choice questions related to medicine. The questions cover topics such as: the mechanisms of various disease symptoms; allergic reactions and the antibodies that cause them; stimulation of gastric secretion; stages of malaria parasite development; identification of parasitic helminths; laboratory diagnosis of malaria; identification of protozoa based on described attributes; enzyme deficiencies that cause diseases; substances that enhance phospholipid synthesis; identification of medical conditions based on described physical attributes; mechanisms of post-infarction Dressler's syndrome; identification of antibiotic for effective treatment of infection; reasons for development of toxic shock during treatment; elements whose volume is increased due to hypoxia; level at which methotrexate hinders nucleic acid synthesis; structure
This document appears to be a set of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover a range of topics including allergic reactions, blood disorders, cardiovascular system functions and dysfunctions, respiratory system disorders, renal system disorders, endocrine system disorders, and radiation effects. The questions require knowledge of disease mechanisms, diagnostic indicators, and physiological processes.
Krok 1 - 2011 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
A 30-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and chills for five days after drinking from an open water reservoir in a forest. Laboratory analysis confirms a diagnosis of amebic dysentery. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment. Infectious mononucleosis and AIDS often cause secondary immunodeficiency by directly infecting immune cells and destroying the immune system. Extensive thromboembolic infarction found during autopsy was caused by septic bacterial endocarditis. A 10-year-old girl with a history of respiratory infections and skin petechiae has a vitamin C deficiency.
1. The iduodenum removal will primarily decrease secretion of gastrin and histamine gastrointestinal hormones.
2. Low albumin and fibrinogen levels in a patient's blood could most likely be caused by decreased activity of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in liver hepatocytes.
3. A 10-year-old girl experiencing frequent respiratory infections with punctate haemorrhages in areas of friction likely has a hypovitaminosis of vitamin B2.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. Mastoiditis has resulted from untreated middle ear inflammation, causing an abscess to erupt into the sternocleidomastoid muscle bed. This pathological process is located in the lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae cervical fascia.
2. Examination of a 22-year-old patient revealed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar, which is called the paracone.
3. Alveolar bleeding was detected following extraction of the maxillary second premolar, likely caused by damage to the anterior superior alveolar artery.
The patient presented with symptoms of hyperthyroidism including weight loss, tachycardia, finger tremor, hypoxia, headache, fatigue, and eye flicker. Examination revealed a bright-red rash on the skin and swollen tonsils containing pus. The most probable diagnosis is scarlet fever based on the rash and tonsil findings. Laboratory tests showed an elevated osmotic pressure in the blood plasma, indicating increased secretion of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.
This document contains a chapter summary on the inflammatory response and sepsis as well as sample multiple choice questions that test understanding of the key concepts. It discusses that sepsis affects over 1 million people in the US each year and that cytokines are small hormone-like proteins secreted by cells that mediate inflammation. Recombinant human activated protein C has been approved by the FDA for treatment of severe sepsis.
Krok 1 - 2012 Question Paper (Stomatology)Eneutron
1. The document appears to be a medical exam containing multiple choice questions about various medical topics.
2. Question 1 asks about a disease caused by a parasite found in sheep and dogs that can cause lung lesions.
3. The questions cover a wide range of topics including cell phases in mitosis, injuries causing bleeding from specific arteries, nerve damage symptoms, pancreatic and endocrine system diseases, and histological specimens.
This document contains a series of multiple choice medical questions covering various topics in anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinical diagnosis. There are 39 questions in total, asking about topics like identifying anatomical structures, classifying disease processes, interpreting clinical signs and symptoms, and determining appropriate diagnostic tests or treatments. The questions are in a Ukrainian/Russian language, but are of a format commonly used in medical licensing exams.
1. A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency due to reduction of functioning nephron number.
2. Water testing found two red bacterial colonies on a membrane filter, indicating a coli index of 250 and coli titer of 4500.
3. A patient presented with dry mouth and dilated pupils from a drug that causes muscarinic cholinoreceptor block.
Krok 1 - 2015 Question Paper (General medicine)Eneutron
1. The document contains 30 multiple choice questions about various topics in medicine. The questions cover topics like diseases, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology.
2. Many of the questions test knowledge of specific diseases, organs, cells or biological processes. For example, there are questions about glycogen storage diseases, kidney anatomy, muscular dystrophy, auditory system structures, protein biosynthesis, and tuberculosis diagnosis.
3. The questions also cover broader topics like biochemical pathways, hormones, blood components, chromosome abnormalities, infectious diseases, and autopsy findings. Multiple choices are provided for each question.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to pathophysiology. The questions cover topics like: anemia, allergic reactions, disorders of blood coagulation, shock, atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction, acute renal failure, inherited diseases, respiration, circulation, immunity, diabetes, burns, inflammation, neurological disorders, and more. The correct answer is provided for each multiple choice question.
1. The document discusses various medical cases and questions. It includes a case of glaucoma where the increased intraocular tension is due to injury of the ciliary muscle.
2. Another case involves a woman diagnosed with Bartholinitis, which is inflammation of the Bartholin's glands located in the labia minora.
3. Multiple choice questions cover topics like cardiac function, genetic disorders, anatomy, pathology, and pharmacology. The document contains medical information and questions to test one's knowledge of various body systems and diseases.
The document contains a biology exam with 28 multiple choice questions covering various topics in biology including genetics, anatomy, physiology and disease. Question 1 asks about the risk of a boy inheriting haemophilia from his father. Question 2 asks about the type of inheritance of a disease passed from father to daughters. Question 3 asks about what part of the heart's conducting system is blocked based on an electrocardiogram finding.
1. The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to medicine and dentistry.
2. The questions cover topics like parasitic protozoa found in dental cavities, identifying protozoa from sample analysis, structures involved in urinary catheterization, causes of bruising and swelling near the eye after dental work, and muscle and nerve dysfunctions related to chewing and tongue movement.
3. Other questions address procedures like anesthesia for lower molars, blood supply to ethmoid bones, damage that could cause inability to lift the eyelid, structures compressed in pancreatic cancer causing jaundice, contents of dentin tubules, and cells and processes involved in enamel formation and disruption.
The document contains questions about various medical conditions and the biochemical pathways or enzyme deficiencies involved. Some key points:
1. A condition involving nausea, heartburn and steatorrhea after eating may be caused by a bile acid deficiency.
2. Muscle pain and hypoglycemia during physical activity could indicate a deficiency in glycogen phosphorylase, impairing glycogen breakdown.
3. Excess sodium bicarbonate in diarrhea from improper feeding would suggest metabolic alkalosis.
This summarizes some of the essential biochemical information provided in the medical questions and answer choices in the document. The full document contains additional sample questions testing knowledge of pathways, enzymes and deficiencies.
This document contains a student case history form used by the Department of Pediatrics at Kharkov National Medical University. The form includes sections for general patient information, current complaints, medical history of present illness, past medical history including family history and development, and physical exam findings. It requests identifying and demographic information about the patient, as well as detailed information about the patient's health status, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and relevant family and social history to provide context for the patient's current medical case.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts in exercise physiology and conditioning principles from the textbook "Frontera: Clinical Sports Medicine". It discusses the three main energy systems - ATP-PCr system, glycolysis, and oxidative system - that provide energy for muscle contraction and exercise. It describes the roles of ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen, and lactate in short-term high-intensity anaerobic energy production and highlights several regulating enzymes involved in these anaerobic pathways. The document aims to summarize the basic bioenergetics of muscle metabolism during exercise.
Acute pancreatitis is caused by leakage of activated pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissues, causing necrosis and inflammation. The pancreas normally activates enzymes in the intestine, but reflux of intestinal contents can activate them in the pancreas instead. Symptoms depend on severity and include abdominal pain that radiates to the back. Conservative treatment focuses on managing shock, restricting oral intake, analgesia, and antibiotics if infection is present. Surgery is indicated for complications like necrosis, infection, or pseudocyst formation.
Urology deals with conditions of the urinary system and male reproductive organs. The urology division at Mid Hudson Medical Group aims to provide exceptional urologic care through technologically advanced equipment at multiple locations. They manage a wide variety of urological conditions and offer advanced treatments. Common urology symptoms include frequent urination, painful urination, blood in the urine, and urgency. Conditions treated include kidney stones, infections, cancer, and bladder and prostate issues.
The document summarizes procedures for various medical tests and examinations including:
1. Gastroscopy - examines the upper digestive tract using an endoscope, requires fasting for 6 hours prior.
2. Colonoscopy - examines the large intestine using a colonoscope, requires a clear liquid diet and laxative the day before.
3. Rectoscopy - examines the anal cavity and lower colon using a rectoscope.
It also outlines responsibilities of nurses in preparing patients for diagnostic tests and procedures.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
2009
1. 1. A patient with massive burns developed acute renal insufficiency
characterized by a significant and rapid deceleration of glomerular filtration.
What is the mechanism of its development?
A.Damage of glomerular filter
B.Rise of pressure of tubular fluid
C.Reduction of functioning nephron number
D.Reduction of renal blood flow
E.Renal artery embolism
2.Sanitary bacteriological research on water by the membrane filter method
revealed two red colonies on a membrane filter (Endo agar) through which 500
ml of analyzed water were passed. Calculate the coli index and coli titer of the
analyzed water:
A.250 and 4
B.500 and 2
C.2 and 500
D.250 and 2
E.4 and 250
3.A patient with drug intoxication presented with the dryness of oral mucous
membrane and mydriatic pupils. Such action of this drug is associated with the
following effect:
A.Adrenoreceptor block
B.Muscarinic cholinoreceptor stumulation
C.C Adrenoreceptor stimulation
D.Muscarinic cholinoreceptor block
E.Nicotinic cholinoreceptor stumulation
4.A patient has been given high doses of hydrocortisone for a long time. This
caused atrophy of one of the adrenal cortex zones. Which zone is it?
A.Glomerular and reticular
B.Glomerular
C.-
D.Reticular
E.Fascial
5.A girl has been diagnosed with adrenogenital syndrome
(pseudohermaphroditism). This pathology is caused by hypersecretion of the
following adrenal hormone:
A.Androgens
B.Glucocorticoids
C.Catecholamines
D.Estrogens
E.Mineralocorticoids
6.A 12-year-old adolescent suffering from bronchial asthma has a severe attack
of asthma: he presents with marked expiratory dyspnea, skin pallor. What type of
alveolar ventilation disorder is observed?
A.Obstructive
B.Thoracodiaphragmc
C. Central
D. Neuromuscular
F. Restrictive
7.A patient consulted a physician about muscle rigidity, constrained movements,
permanent arm tremor. The patient was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.
What preparation should be administered?
A.Phenobarbital
B.Levodopa
C.Diazepam
D.Phenytoin
E.Ethosuximide
8.Depressions and emotional insanities result from the deficit of noradrenalin,
serotonin and other biogenic amines in the brain. Their concentration in the
2. synapses can be increased by means of the antidepressants that inhibit the
following enzyme:
A.Diamine oxidase
B.L-amino-acid oxidase
C.Phenylalanine-4-monooxygenase
D.Monoamine oxidase
E.D-amino-acid oxidase
9.A man has normal sensitivity of his finger skin, however he doesn't sense his
wedding ring around the finger. What process induced by wearing of the ring
has caused this phenomenon?
A.Abnormality of the epidermis structure
B.Abnormality of the receptor structure
C. Receptor adaptation
D.Development of the fibrous tissue
E.Impaired circulation
10.A patient suffering from syphilis has been treated with bismuth preparations.
As a result of it some grey spots turned up on the mucous membrane of the oral
cavity; nephropathy symptoms were also present. What drug should be used for
treatment of bismuth intoxication?
A.Nalorphine
B.Naloxone
C.Bemegride
D.Methylene blue
E.Unithiol
11. While studying a microslide obtained from the punctuate of a regional lymph
node and stained by Romanovsky-Giemsa method a physician revealed some
light-pink thin microorganisms with 12-14 regular spiral coils and pointed ends,
up to 10-13 micrometer long. This might be the causative agent of the
following disease:
A.Leptospirosis
B.Relapsing fever
C.Trypanosomiasis
D.Syphilis
E.Leishmaniasis
12. Nappies of a newborn have dark spots being the evidence of homogentisic
acid formation. This is caused by the metabolic disorder of the following
substance:
A.Cholesterol
B.Methionine
C.Galactose
D.Tyrosine
E.Tryptophan
13. Products of some proteins hydrolysis and modification are the biologically
active substances called hormones. Lipotropin, corticotropin, melanotropin and
endorphins are synthesized in the hypophysis of the following protein:
A.Neuroglobulin
B.Neuroalbumin
C.Neurostromin
D.Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
E.Thyreoglobulin
14.Examination of a patient revealed overgrowth of facial bones and soft
tissues, tongue enlargement, wide interdental spaces in the enlarged dental
arch. What changes of the hormonal secretion are the most likely?
A. Hyposecretion of insulin
B. Hyposecretion of thyroxin
C. Hyposecretion of the somatotropic hormone
D. Hypersecretion of insulin
E.Hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone
3. 15.A 58-year-old patient suffers from the cerebral atherosclerosis. Examination
revealed hyperlipoidemia. What class of lipoproteins will most probably show
increase in concentration in this patient's blood serum?
A. Fatty acid complexes with albumins
B. Cholesterol
C. Chylomicrons
D. Low-density lipoproteins
E. High-density lipoproteins
16.In patients with the biliary tract obstruction the blood coagulation is inhibited;
the patients have frequent haemorrhages caused by the subnormal
assimilation of the following vitamin:
A.
C.-...........................................................................................................................................8
A.
124.A 10-year-old child had the mantoux tuberculin test administered. 48 hours
later a papule up to 8 mm in diameter appeared on the site of the injection. What
type of hypersensitivity reaction developed after the tuberculin injection?
A.Atopic reaction
B.Seroreaction
C.Arthus phenomenon
D.Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
E.Type II hypersensitivity reaction
132.A 49-year-old patient consulted a doctor about increased fatigability and
dyspnea provoked by physical activity ECG results: heart rate - 50/min, PQ-
interval is prolonged, Q R S - complex is unchanged, the number of P-waves
exceeds the number of Q R S - complexes. What type of arrhythmia is it?
A.Atrioventricular block
B.Sinoatrial block
C.Ciliary arrhythmia
D.Extrasystole
E.Sinus bradycardia
133.Examination of a patient with frequent haemorrhages from the internal
organs and mucous membranes revealed proline and lysine within the collagen
fibers. Disorder of their hydroxylation is caused by lack of the following vitamin:
A.Vitamin C
B.Vitamin E
C.Vitamin B1
D.Vitamin K
E.Vitamin A
134.A 38-year-old patient came to a traumatology centre and complained about
an injury of his right hand. Objectively: the patient has a cut wound in the region
of the thenar eminence on the right hand; distal phalanx of the I finger cannot be
flexed. What muscle was injured?
A.Opposer muscle of thumb
B.Abductor muscle of thumb
C.Long flexor muscle of thumb
D.Short flexor muscle of thumb
E.Short abductor muscle of thumb
135.A patient has a transversal laceration in the spinal cord. What respiratory
changes will result from this?
A.Respiration will become more frequent
B.Respiration will stop
C.Respiration will present no significant changes
D.Respiration will become less frequent
E.Respiration will become deeper
4. 136.A patient suffering from myasthenia has been administered proserin. After its
administration the patient has got nausea, diarrhea, twitch of tongue and
skeletal muscles. What drug would help to eliminate the intoxication?
A.Atropine sulfate
B.Pyridostigmine bromide
C.Isadrine
D.Mesatonum
E.Physostigmine
137.A 28-year-old female patient consulted a gynecologist about sterility.
Examination revealed underdeveloped ovaries and uterus, irregular menstrual
cycle. Analysis of the sex chromatin revealed 2 Barr's bodies in most somatic
cells. What chromosome disease is most likely?
A.Klinefelter's syndrome
B.Turner's syndrome
C.Patau's syndrome
D.Triple X syndrome
E.Edwards' syndrome
138.Autopsy of a 50-year-old man revealed the following changes: his right lung
was moderately compact in all parts, the dissected tissue was found to be
airless, fine-grained, dryish. Visceral pleura had greyish-brown layers of fibrin.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A.Interstitial pneumonia
B.Bronchopneumonia
C.Pneumofibrosis
D.Croupous pneumonia
E.Tuberculosis
139.After transfusion of 200 ml of blood a patient presented with body temperature
rise up to 37,9° C . Which of the following substances is the most likely cause of
temperature rise?
A.Interleukin-4
B.Interleukin-2
C.Tumour necrosis factor
D.Interleukin-3
E.Interleukin-1
140.Examination of a patient suffering from chronic hepatitis revealed a significant
decrease in the synthesis and secretion of bile acids. What process will be
mainly disturbed in the patient's bowels?
A.Glycerin absorption
B.Fat emulsification
C.Protein digestion
D.Carbohydrate digestion
E.Amino acid absorption
141.During an experiment the dorsal roots of the spinal cord of an animal have
been cut. What changes will be observed in the innervation zone?
A.Decrease in muscle tone
B.Sensitivity loss and loss of motor functions
C.Increase in muscle tone
D.Sensitivity loss
E.Loss of motor functions
142.A histological specimen shows a blood vessel. Its inner coat is composed by
endothelium, subendothelium and internal elastic membrane. The middle coat is
enriched with smooth myocytes. Such morphological characteristics are typical
for the following vessel:
A.Capillary
B.Muscular-type artery
C.Non-muscular vein
D.Elastic-type artery
E.Muscular-type vein
5. 143.As a result of a trauma a patient has developed traumatic shock that led to the
following disorders: AP is 140/90 mm Hg, Ps is 120 bpm. The patient is fussy,
talkative, pale. Such state relates to the following shock phase:
A.Terminal
B.Latent period
C.Erectile
D.Torpid
E.-
144.Autopsy of a 73-year-old man who had been suffering from the coronary heart
disease along with cardiac insufficiency for a long time revealed: nutmeg liver,
brown induration of lungs, cyanotic induration of kidneys and spleen. What kind
of circulation disorder was the cause of such effects?
A.Chronic anaemia
B.Arterial hyperaemia
C.Acute anaemia
D.General chronic venous congestion
E.General acute venous congestion
145.As a result of durative antibiotic therapy a 37-year old patient developed
intestinal dysbacteriosis. What type of drugs should be used in order to
normalize intestinal microflora?
A.Sulfanilamides
B.Autovaccines
C.Bacteriophages
D.Vitamins
E.Eubiotics
146.A 49-year-old driver complains about unbearable constricting pain behind the
breastbone irradiating to the neck. The pain arose 2 hours ago. Objectively: the
patient's condition is grave, he is pale, heart tones are decreased. Laboratory
studies revealed high activity of creatine kinase and L D H 1 . What disease are
these symptoms typical for?
A.Acute myocardial infarction
B.Diabetes mellitus
C.Acute pancreatitis
D.Cholelithiasis
E.Stenocardia
147.The temperature of the ambient environment is 38° C and relative air humidity
is 50%. What ways of heat emission provide maintaining a constant temperature
of the human body?
A.Convection
B.Radiation
C.Evaporation
D.Convection and conduction
E.Heat conduction
148.A patient consulted an urologist about pain during urination. Analysis of his
urine taken in the daytime revealed eggs with a characteristic sharp point. It is
known from the anamnesis that the patient has recently returned from Australia.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A.Japanese schistosomiasis
B.Intestinal schistosomiasis
C.Opisthorchiasis
D.Dicroceliasis
E.Urogenital schistosomiasis
149.In spite of treatment with cardiotonics and thiazide diuretic a patient suffering
from chronic cardiac failure still presents with edemata and faces a risk of
ascites. What medication should be administered in order to increase the diuretic
effect of the above mentioned drugs?
A.Amiloride
B.Clopamide
6. C.Spironolactone
D.Manithol
E.Furosemide
150.A female patient consulted a physician about digestive disorder, extended
abdominal pain. Examination revealed drastic decrease in hemoglobin
concentration. It is known from the anamnesis that while living in the Far East the
patient used to eat freshly- salted caviar. Some relatives living with her had the
similar condition. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A.Ascaridiasis
B.Trichiniasis
C.Echinococcosis
D.Diphyllobothriasis
E.Teniasis
151.A 45-year-old patient suffers from neurosis characterized by irritability,
sleeplessness, motiveless anxiety. What drug would eliminate all the symptoms?
A.Levodopa
B.Pyracetam
C.Valerian extract
D.Diazepam
E.Caffeine sodium benzoate
152.A 53-year-old female patient was diagnosed with liver rupture resulting from a
blunt abdominal injury. The escaped blood will be assembled in the following
anatomic formation:
A.Vesicouterine pouch
B.Right mesenteric sinus
C.Left mesenteric sinus
D.Omental bursa
E.Rectouterine pouch
153.Vitamin B 1 deficiency causes disturbance of oxidative decarboxylation of α-
ketoglutaric acid. This leads to the impaired synthesis of the following
coenzyme:
A.Thiamine pyrophosphate
B.Lipoic acid
C.Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
D.Coenzyme A
E.Flavine adenine dinucleotide
154.A patient suffering from chronic hyperacidic gastritis takes an antacid drug for
heartburn elimination. After its ingestion the patient feels better but at the same
time he has a sensation of stomach swelling. Which of the following drugs might
be the cause of such side effect?
A.Sodium hydrocarbonate
B.Aluminium hydrooxide
C.Magnesium trisilicate
D.Magnesium oxide
E.Pepsin
155.A patient suffering from coronary artery disease had taken a certain drug
many times a day in order to arrest stenocardia attacks. Overdose of this drug
finally caused intoxication. Objectively: cyanotic skin and mucous membranes,
dramatic fall in the arterial pressure, tachycardia, respiration inhibition. Blood
has increased concentration of methemoglobin. The drug the patient had taken
relates to the following group:
A.Calcium channel blockers
B.Adenosine drugs
C.Myotropic spamolytics
D.Organic nitrates
E.α-adrenoceptor blockers
7. 156.A baby refuses the breast, he is anxious, presents with arrhythmic respiration.
The urine smells of "brewer's yeast "or "maple syrup". This pathology was
caused by the inherited defect of the following enzyme:
A.UDP-glucuronil transferase
B.Glycerol kinase
C.Aspartate aminotransferase
D.Dehydrogenase of branched-chain alpha-keto acids
E.Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
157.A student came to see a doctor and asked to administer him a drug for
treatment of allergic rhinitis that occurs in the period of linden flowering. What
drug may be used?
A.Ambroxol
B.Losartan
C.Noradrenaline hydrotartrate
D.Loratadine
E.Propanolol
158.A worker of a cattle farm fell acutely ill and then died from the progressing
intoxication. Autopsy revealed enlarged, hyposthenic spleen of dark-cherry
color when dissected; excessive pulp scraping. At the base and fornix of brain
pia maters are edematous, soaked with blood, dark-red ("scarlet hat").
Microscopic examination revealed serous haemorrhagic inflammation of brain
tissues and tunics "along with destruction of small vessel walls. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
A.Tularemia
B.Plaque
C.Anthrax
D.Cholera
E.Brucellosis
159.ECG of a 44-year-old patient shows signs of hypertrophy of both ventricles
and the right atrium. The patient was diagnosed with the tricuspid valve
insufficiency. What pathogenetic variant of cardiac dysfunction is usually
observed in case of such insufficiency?
A.Coronary insufficiency
B.Primary myocardial insufficiency
C.Heart overload by volume
D.Heart overload by resistance
E.Cardiac tamponade
160.Examination of a patient revealed autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
(cytotoxic type). What substances act as antigens in the II-type allergic
reactions?
A.Antibiotics
B.Serum proteins
C.Modified receptors of cell membranes
D.Hormones
E.Inflammation modulators
161.The greater amount of nitrogen is excreted from the organism in form of
urea. Inhibition of urea synthesis and accumulation of ammonia in blood and
tissues are induced by the decreased activity of the following liver enzyme:
A.Amylase
B.Aspartate aminotransferase
C.Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
D.Pepsin
E.Urease
162.A 65-year-old man has purulent abscess on his neck. Analyses revealed a
culture of gram-positive cocci with plasmocoagulase activity. This culture relates
most likely to:
A.Staphylococcus saprophyticus
8. B.-
C.Staphylococcus epidermidis
D.Staphylococcus aureus
E.Streptococcus pyogenes
163.Autopsy of a man with a malignant stomach tumour who had died from cancer
intoxication revealed in the posteroinferior lung fields some dense, grayish-red
irregular foci protruding above the section surface. Microscopic examination
revealed exudate containing a large amount of neutrophils in the lumen and
walls of small bronchi and alveoles. Such pulmonary alterations indicate the
following disease:
A.Acute serous bronchopneumonia
B.Intermittent pneumonia
C.Acute purulent bronchopneumonia
D.Acute bronchitis
E.Croupous pneumonia
164.A histological specimen of a kidney shows a part of the distal tubule going
between the afferent and efferent arteriole. The cells building the tubule wall
have dense nuclei; basal membrane is absent. Such structural formation is
called:
A.Juxtavascular cells
B.Macula densa
C.-
D.Mesangial cells
E.Juxtaglomerular cells
165.A patient with a hypertensive crisis was admitted to the cardiological
department. He was given an intravenous injection of an antihypertensive drug -
alkali-earth metal salt. What drug was injected?
A.Benzohexonium
B.Calcium lactate
C.Potassium chloride
D.Sodium hydrocarbonate
E.Magnesium sulfate
166.To prevent the transplant rejection after organ transplantation it is required to
administer hormonotherapy for the purpose of immunosuppression. What
hormones are used for this purpose?
A.Sexual hormones
B.Glucocorticoids
C.Catecholamines
D.Mineralocorticoids
E.Thyroid
167.Autopsy of a man who died from influenza revealed that the heart was slightly
enlarged and pastose. The surface of the incision of myocardium appeared to be
pale, with specks. Microscopic examination revealed signs of parenchymatous
adipose and hydropic degeneration, edematic stroma with scant lymphocytic and
macrophage infiltration; plethoric vessels; perivascular petechial haemorrhages.
What type of myocarditis is it?
A.Granulomatous
B.Serous diffuse
C.Purulent
D.Serous focal
E.Interstitial proliferative
168.While examining the oral cavity a stomatologist revealed inflammation of papi-
llae on the border of the median and posterior third of the back of tongue. What
papillae are inflamed?
A.Papillae filiformes
B.Papillae vallatae
C.Papillae conicae
D.Papillae fungiformes
E.Papillae foliatae
9. 169.Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity. Which
of the following indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a state
of rest?
A.Respiratory volume
B.Inspiratory reserve volume
C.Total lung capacity
D.Expiratory reserve volume
E.Vital capacity of lungs
170.During an experiment vagus branches that innervate heart are being
stimulated. This has stopped conduction of excitement from the atria to the
ventricles. The reason for it are electrophysical changes in the following
structures:
A.Atria
B.Sinoatrial node
C.Ventricles
D.His' bundle
E.Atrioventricular node
171.An oncological patient was administered methotrexate. With the lapse of time
the target cells of the tumour lost sensitivity to this preparation. We can observe
changes in the gene expression of the following enzyme:
A.Folate decarboxylase
B.Desaminase
C.Folate oxidase
D.Dihydrofolate reductase
E.Thiminase
172.During examination of an 11-month-old infant a pediatrician revealed
osteoectasia of the lower extremities and delayed mineralization of cranial
bones. Such pathology is usually provoked by the deficit of the following vitamin:
A.Bioflavonoids
B.Cholecalciferol
C.Riboflavin
D.Pantothenic acid
E.Thiamin
173.A middle-aged man went to a foreign country because he had been offered a
job there. However he had been unemployed for quite a long time. What
endocrine glands were exhausted most of all in this man?
A.Substernal gland
B.Thyroid gland
C.Seminal glands
D.Parathyroid glands
E.Adrenal glands
174.After a sprint an untrained person develops muscle hypoxia. This leads to the
accumulation of the following metabolite in muscles:
A.Glucose 6-phosphate
B.Lactate
C.Ketone bodies
D.Oxaloacetate
E.Acetyl CoA
175.Autopsy of a 49-year-old woman who died from chronic renal insufficiency,
revealed: kidneys were dense, reduced, multicolored, with haemorrhagic areas.
Microscopic examination revealed some hematoxylin bodies in the nuclei of the
renal tubule epithelium; "wire-loop" thickening of the glomerular capillary
basement membrane; here and there in the capillaries some hyaline thrombi and
foci of fibrinoid necrosis were present. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A.Rheumatism
B.Arteriosclerotic pneumosclerosis
C.Systemic lupus erythematosus
D.Atherosclerotic nephrosclerosis
10. E.Amyloidosis
176.Cooling of the human body in water is much more faster than in the air. What
way of heat emission in water is much more effective?
A.Sweat evaporation
B.Heat conduction
C.Heat radiation
D.-
E.Convection
177.Microscopical examination of an enlarged cervical lymph node revealed
blurring of its structure, absence of lymphoid follicles; all the microscopic fields
showed cells with roundish nuclei and thin limbus of basophil cytoplasm. It is
known from the clinical data that other groups of lymph nodes are also enlarged
as well as spleen and liver. What disease might be suspected?
A.Lymphosarcoma
B.Lymphogranulomatosis
C.Myeloid leukosis
D.Multiple myeloma
E.Lymphoid leukosis
178.As a result of continuous starvation the glomerular filtration rate has
increased by 20%. The most probable cause of the glomerular filtration
alteration under the mentioned conditions is:
A. Increase in the systemic arterial pressure
B. Increase in the permeability of the renal filter
C. Increase of the renal blood flow
D. Decrease in the oncotic pressure of blood plasma
E. Increase of the filtartion quotient
179. In a 2-year-old child with catarrhal
presentations and skin rash a pediatrician
suspected scarlet fever. The child was given
intracutaneously a small dose of serum antibody
to the streptococcal erythrogenic toxin;
on the site of injection the rash disappeared.
What do the reaction results mean?
A. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed
B. The child has very weak immune system
C. The disease wasn t caused by haemolytic streptococcus
D. The child has hypersensitivity to the
erythrogenic toxin
E. The whole serum dose may be injected
Intravenously
180. While eating a child choked on food
and aspirated it. The child has severe cough, cyanotic skin and mucous membranes, rapid
pulse, infrequent respiration, prolonged expiration.
The child has developed the following
disorder of the external respiration:
A. Inspiratory dyspnea under asphyxia
B. Biot's respiration
C. Expiratory dyspnea under asphyxia
11. D. Alternating respiration
E. Stenotic respiration
181. On the ground of clinical presentations a patient was prescribed pyridoxal
phosphate. This medication is recommended for correction of the following processes:
A. Desamination of purine nucleotides
B. Transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids
C. Oxidative decarboxylation of ketonic acids
D. Synthesis of purine and pyrimidin bases
E. Protein synthesis
182. After a hypertonic crisis a patient
presents with lacking spontaneous
movements in his right arm and leg, muscle tone of these extremities is increased. What
type of motor dysfunction has developed in
this case?
A. Peripheral paralysis
B. Central paresis
C. Central paralysis
D. Peripheral paresis
E. Reflectory paresis
183. You are studying functioning of a
bacteria operon. The operator gene has been released from the repressor gene.
Immediately after this the following process will start in the cell:
A. Transcription
B. Repression
C. Replication
D. Processing
E. Translation
184. Colonoscopy of a patient with dysentery revealed that the mucous membrane of the
large intestine was hyperemic, edematic, and its surface was covered with grey-and green
layerings. What morphological form of dysenteric colitis is it?
A. Ulcerous
B. Necrotic
C. Purulent
D. Fibrinous
E. Catarrhal
185. Pyeloureterography X-ray photo showed a renal pelvis with minor calyces only
(major calyces were absent). What form of urinary tracts of a kidney was revealed?
A. Mature
B. Ampullar
C. -
12. D. Embryonal
E. Fetal
186. A man presents with increased heart
rate, mydriatic pupils, dry mouth. This condition results from the activation of the
following system of function regulation:
A. Sympathetic
B. Metasympathetic
C. Vago-insular
D. Parasympathetic
E. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
187. Proserin increases skeletal muscle
tone when given systematically. Halothane induces relaxation of skeletal muscles and
reduces proserin effects. What is the nature of proserin and halothane interaction?
A. Direct functional antagonism
B. Noncompetitive antagonism
C. Indirect functional antagonism
D. Independent antagonism
E. Competitive antagonism
188. A 30-year-old patient complains about having abdominal pain and diarrhea for five
days; body temperature rise up to 37,5°C along with chills. The day before a patient had
been in a forest and drunk from an open water reservoir. Laboratory analyses enabled to
make the following diagnosis: amebic dysentery. What is the drug of choice for its
treatment?
A. Furazolidonum
B. Phthalazol
C. Metronidazole
D. Emetine hydrochloride
E. Levomycetin
189. A patient with android-type obesity had been suffering from arterial hypertension,
hyperglycemia, glycosuria for a long time and died from the cerebral haemorrhage.
Pathologic examination revealed pituitary basophil adenoma, adrenal cortex hyperplasia.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome
B. Acromegalia
C. Adiposogenital dystrophy
D. Diabetes mellitus
E. Pituitary nanism
190. A pathology-histology laboratory received a vermiform appendix up to
13. 2,0 cm thick. Its serous membrane was pale, thick and covered with yellowish-green
films. The wall was flaccid, of grayish-red color. The appendix lumen was dilated and
filled with yellowish-green substance. Histological examination revealed that the
appendix wall was infiltrated with neutrophils. Specify the appendix disease:
A. Acute superficial appendicitis
B. Acute simple appendicitis
C. Acute gangrenous appendicitis
D. Chronic appendicitis
E. Acute phlegmonous appendicitis
191. Examination of a 27-year-old patient
revealed pathological changes in liver and
brain. Blood plasma analysis revealed an
abrupt decrease in the copper concentration, urine analysis revealed an increased copper
concentration. The patient was diagnosed with Wilson's degeneration. To confirm the
diagnosis
it is necessary to study the activity of
the following enzyme in blood serum:
A. Leucine aminopeptidase
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Ceruloplasmin
D. Alcohol dehydrogenase
E. Xanthine oxidase
192. A woman delivered a dead child with multiple developmental defects. What
protozoan disease might have caused the intrauterine death?
A. Toxoplasmosis
B. Leishmaniasis
C. Amebiasis
D. Lambliasis
E. Malaria
193. A patient with severe course of respiratory viral infection presented with clinical
signs of progressing heart failure that led to his death in the 2nd week of disease. Autopsy
revealed that the heart cavities were significantly dilated, the heart was flabby.
Histological examination of the myocardium revealed
microvascular plethora and diffuse stroma infiltration with lymphocytes and histiocytes.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Cardiomyopathy
B. Stenocardia
C. Myocarditis
D. Myocardial infarction
E. Acute coronary insufficiency
14. 194. A patient has osmotic pressure of blood plasma at the rate of 350 mOsmol/1 (norm
is 300 mOsmol/1). This will cause hypersecretion of the following hormone:
A. Cortisol
B. Adrenocorticotropin
C. Vasopressin
D. Natriuretic
E. Aldosterone
195. Cytoplasm of the myocytes contains a lot of dissolved metabolites resulting from
glucose oxidation. Name the metabolite that turns directly into lactate:
A. Glucose-6-phosphate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Pyruvate
D. Fructose-6-phosphate
E. Glycerophosphate
196. Treatment course of bacterial
pneumonia included benzylpenicillin sodium salt. What is the mechanism of its
antimicrobial action?
A. Inhibition of the intracellular protein
synthesis
B. Inhibition of the SH enzyme groups of the microorganisms
C. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis of the
microorganism
D. Inhibition of the cholinesterase activity
E. Antagonism with the paraaminobenzoic acid
197. In the perianal folds of a 5-yearold
girl her mother has found some white
"worms" that caused itch and anxiety in
the child. The "worms" were sent to the
laboratory. During examination the physician saw white filiform helminths 0,5-1 cm
long, with pointed ends, some helminths had twisted ends. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
A. Enterobiasis
B. Opisthorchiasis
C. Teniasis
D. Diphyllobothriasis
E. Ascaridiasis
198. A newborn develops dyspepsia after the milk feeding. When the milk is substituted
by the glucose solution the dyspepsia symptoms disappear. The newborn has the
subnormal activity of the following enzyme:
15. A. Amylase
B. Maltase
C. Invertase
D. Isomaltase
E. Lactase
199. Retrospective diagnostics of bacterial dysentery involved serological analysis of
blood serum intended for determination of Shigella antibody titre. Which of the following
reactions should be applied for this purpose?
A. Complement binding
B. Bacteriolysis
C. Precipitation
D. Haemolysis
E. Passive hemagglutination
200. A young man complains about urination disorder. Examination of the external
genitals revealed that the urethra was split and urine could flow out of this orifice. What
anomaly of the external genitals development is it?
A. Epispadia
B. Hypospadia
C. Paraphimosis
D. Phimosis
E. Hermaphroditism