The document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC), which includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support phases. It describes two main approaches to the SDLC: predictive and adaptive. The predictive approach assumes requirements can be planned in advance, while the adaptive approach is more flexible given uncertain requirements. Specific SDLC models covered include the waterfall model, spiral model, and incremental development. The phases, objectives, activities, methodologies, models, tools, and techniques used in systems analysis and design are also outlined.

1. Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems Analysis and Design

2. Basic Terms
• Project
– A planned undertaking that has a beginning and
an end that produces a desired result/product
• Systems Development Life Cycle
– The entire process of building, deploying, using
and updating an information system

3. Approaches to SDLC
Predictive
SDLC
Adaptive
SDLC

4. Approaches to SDLC
PREDICTIVE APPROACH
• Assumes that the project
can be planned and
organized in advance and
that the new information
system can be developed
according to plan
• Requirements are well-
understood
• Low technical risk
ADAPTIVE APPROACH
• An SDLC approach that is
more flexible, assuming that
the project cannot be
planned out completely in
advance but must be
modified as it progresses
• Requirements and needs
uncertain
• High technical risk

5. Traditional Approaches to SDLC:
The Waterfall Approach
Project
Planning
• Identify scope of the new system
• Ensure that the project is feasible
• Develop schedule, resource plan, and budget
Analysis
• Understand and document the business needs and processing requirements of the new system
Design
• Design the solution based on the requirements defined and decisions made during analysis
Implemen-
tation
• Build, test and install a reliable information system with trained users ready to benefit as expected from use of the
system
Support
• Keep the system running productively during the system’s lifetime

6. Adaptive Approaches to SDLC:
Spiral Model
• Spiral Model
– An adaptive SDLC approach that cycles over and
over again through development activities until a
project is complete

7. Adaptive Approaches to SDLC:
Spiral Model
3rd Prototype
2nd Prototype
Construct
1st
Prototype
Plan
first
iteration

8. Adaptive Approaches to SDLC:
Incremental Development
• Incremental Development
– A development approach that completes parts of
a system in several iterations and then puts and
then puts them into operation for users.

9. Activities of each SDLC Phase
Phase Objective/s Activities
Planning Phase •Identify the scope of the new system
and plan the project
•Define the problem
•Produce the project
schedule
• Confirm project feasibility
•Staff the project
•Launch the project
Analysis phase •Understand user needs and develop
requirements
•Gather information
•Define system
requirements
•Build prototypes
•Prioritize requirements
•Generate/evaluate
alternatives
•Review recommendations
with management

10. Activities of each SDLC Phase
Phase Objective/s Activities
Design Phase •Design programs and system •Design and integrate
•Network
•Application
architecture
•User Interfaces
•System Interfaces
•Database
•Prototype
•System Controls
Implementation
Phase
•The new system is programmed and
installed
•Construct software
components
•Verify and test
•Train users and document
the system
•Install the system

11. Activities of each SDLC Phase
Phase Objective/s Activities
Support Phase •Keep the system running
productively after it is installed
•Maintain the system
•Enhance the system
•Support the users

12. Methodologies, Models and Techniques
• System Development Methodology
– Comprehensive guidelines to follow for
completing every activity in the SDLC, including
specific models, tools and techniques

13. • Model
– A representation of an important aspect of the real world
• Some models of system components
– Flowchart
– Data flow diagram
– Structure chart
– Use case diagram
– Class Diagram
– Sequence Diagram
– PERT Chart
– Gantt Chart
– Organizational Hierarchy Chart
– Financial Analysis Models (NPV, ROI)

14. • Tools
– Software support that helps create models or
other components required in the project
• CASE Tool
– A Computer-Aided System engineering tool
designed to help system analysts complete
development tasks

15. • Some CASE Tools in system development
– Project Management Application
– Drawing/Graphics Application
– Word processor/text editor
– CASE tools
– IDE
– DBM Applications
– Reverse engineering tool
– Code generator

16. • Techniques
– A collection of guidelines that help an analyst complete a
system development activity
• System Development Techniques
– Strategic Planning Techniques
– Project Management Techniques
– Data-Modeling Techniques
– User-interviewing Techniques
– Relational DB Design Techniques
– Structured Analysis technique
– Structured Design technique
– Structured Programming technique
– Object-oriented analysis and design technique