The document summarizes the history and discoveries of the lymphatic system from ancient times to the 17th century. It describes how Hippocrates first mentioned lymph nodes, while Herophilos incorrectly believed lymph vessels drained into the liver. Galen further described lacteals and lymph nodes through animal dissections. Later discoveries identified the thoracic duct and proved lacteals do not terminate in the liver. The 17th century saw acceptance of blood recirculation and naming of lymphatic vessels. Galen's ideas of blood production were eventually disproven.

1. Lymph Nodes And Lymph-atic System part 2 of 3
by mpn | on December 11, 2012
Lymph Nodes And Lymph-atic System part 2 of 3
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png
Hippocrates was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system in 5th century BC. In
his work On Joints, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of Ephesus, a
Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the
thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD.The first mention oflymphatic vessels was in 3rd
century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that
the “absorptive veins of the lymph-atics,” by which he meant the lacteals (lymph vessels of the
intestines), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver. Findings of Ruphus and
Herophilos findings were further propagated by the Greek physician Galen, who described the
lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the
2nd century AD.
Lymph Nodes And Lymph-atic System
In the mid 16th century, Gabriele Falloppio (discoverer of the fallopian tubes), described what
are now known as the lacteals as “coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter. “In about
1563 Bartolomeo Eustachi, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as
vena alba thoracis. The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician, Gaspare Aselli,
identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them venae alba et lacteae,
which is now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels
(the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of
vessel), and disproved Galen’s assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed
that the lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen). He also identified the
thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals. This connection was
established by Jean Pecquet in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog’s heart.

2. He suspected that fluid to be chyle as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied.
He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called
the chyli receptaculum, which is now known as the cisternae chyli; further investigations led him
to find that lacteals’ contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct. Thus, it was proven
convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the liver, thus disproving Galen’s second idea:
that the chyle flowed to the liver. Johann Veslingius drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in
humans in 1647.
Lymph Nodes And Lymph-atic System
The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver
and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of William Harvey—a work he published in
1628. In 1652, Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swede, discovered certain transparent vessels in
the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them hepatico-aqueous
vessels. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct, and that they had valves. He
announced his findings in the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, but did not publish his
findings for a year,and in the interim similar findings were published by Thomas Bartholin, who
additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, and not just the
liver. He is also the one to have named them “lymphatic vessels.” This had resulted in a bitter
dispute between one of Bartholin’s pupils, Martin Bogdan,and Rudbeck, whom he accused of
plagiarism.
Galen’s ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was believed that blood was
produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to
which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the
organs of the body. This theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times
over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.
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