1SLD , FORMULAS AND DESCRIPTIONS (1).pptx

BEST TOOL FOR SLD AND
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

AUTO CAD
AutoCAD's versatility, precision,
efficiency, collaboration features, and
adaptability to different industries make
it a powerful tool for design and drafting
professionals worldwide. Its continual
evolution and updates ensure it stays
relevant in an ever-changing
technological landscape.

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF
AUTOCAD
Design
Creation and
Precision
Efficiency and
Productivity
Collaboration
and Sharing
Visualization
and Rendering
Customization
and
Integration

 Design Creation and Precision:
 2D Drafting: AutoCAD enables the creation of detailed 2D drawings,
including floor plans, electrical circuit diagrams, mechanical designs, and
more. It provides tools for accurate line work, geometric shapes, and
annotations.
 3D Modeling: It allows the creation of 3D models, facilitating a more
comprehensive visualization of designs. Users can manipulate objects in
three dimensions, creating complex and realistic models.
 Efficiency and Productivity:
 Toolsets and Features: AutoCAD offers an extensive array of tools and
features tailored to specific industries. These tools streamline design
processes, such as dimensioning, layer management, and object
snapping, making design creation efficient and precise.
 Automation: It allows users to automate repetitive tasks using macros,
scripts, or programming interfaces like AutoLISP. This automation helps
save time and reduce errors.
 Collaboration and Sharing:
 File Compatibility: AutoCAD files are compatible across platforms and
can be easily shared with others, regardless of the operating system or
CAD software used.
 Collaborative Work: Multiple users can work on the same drawing
simultaneously using features like shared views, enabling real-time
collaboration. Annotations, comments, and markups facilitate

 Visualization and Rendering:
 Rendering Capabilities: AutoCAD provides rendering tools to
create realistic images and presentations of 3D models, aiding in
visualizing the final product or design.
 Visualization in Context: Users can integrate their designs into
real-world contexts by importing photographs or integrating with
Google Earth.
 Customization and Integration:
 Customization: AutoCAD allows users to customize its interface,
create custom commands, and develop add-ons or plugins to
cater to specific workflow needs.
 Integration with Other Software: It integrates with various
Autodesk products and third-party software, allowing seamless
data exchange between applications and enhancing overall
workflow efficiency.
 Industry Applications:
 AutoCAD finds applications in various industries, including
architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, interior
design, aerospace, automotive design, and more.

SLD
 A Single Line Diagram (SLD) is a simplified
notation for representing a power system in
electrical engineering. It is a one-line diagram that
shows the main components and their
interconnections within a power system. SLDs are
commonly used for design, analysis, and
documentation of electrical systems.

STEPS TO CREATE SLD
Identify Components:
List all the major components of the power system, such as
generators, transformers, circuit breakers, switches, and loads.
Define Symbols:
Assign standardized symbols for each type of component. Common
symbols include circles for transformers, rectangles for generators,
lines for transmission lines, etc.
Determine the Flow Direction:
Indicate the direction of power flow. Usually, power flows from the
generation source to the loads. Use arrows or directional indicators
to represent this flow.
Draw the Main Bus:
Draw a horizontal line to represent the main bus, which is the central
point where power is distributed. Connect the various components to
this main bus using lines.

Connect Components:
Use lines to connect the symbols representing each
component to the main bus. Ensure that the
connections reflect the actual physical connections in
the power system.
Label Components:
Label each component with its name, rating, and any
other relevant information. This helps in understanding
the system configuration.
Add Protection Devices:
Include protection devices such as circuit breakers and
relays. Indicate their locations and connections to the
components.

Show Voltage Levels:
Indicate the voltage levels at different points in the
system. This helps in understanding the distribution
and transformation of voltage within the system.
Review and Revise:
Double-check your diagram to ensure accuracy and
completeness. Make revisions as needed based on
the system specifications.

WHY AUTOCAD FOR SLD
 Drawing Precision: AutoCAD offers precise drawing tools that
allow designers to create accurate and detailed schematic
layouts. Its grid-based workspace, snap functions, and precise
measurement tools enable accurate placement of components
and elements within the layout.
 Efficiency and Speed: AutoCAD's extensive library of pre-made
symbols, shapes, and templates streamlines the creation of
schematic layouts. Designers can use these resources to quickly
assemble layouts, saving time and effort.
 Customization: AutoCAD allows for the creation of custom
symbols, shapes, and templates. Designers can tailor the
software to match specific industry standards or company
requirements, ensuring consistency across designs.
 Compatibility and Integration: AutoCAD supports various file
formats and can integrate with other software and tools. This
compatibility allows for easy sharing of designs and data with
team members or other software used in the design or
manufacturing process.

 Layer Management: AutoCAD's layering system allows designers to
organize and manage different components or sections of the schematic
layout efficiently. Layers can be easily turned on or off, aiding in visibility
and clarity within complex designs.
 Scaling and Dimensioning: AutoCAD enables precise scaling and
dimensioning, crucial aspects of schematic layout design. Designers
can ensure that components are sized correctly and accurately
represented within the layout.
 Revision and Editing: AutoCAD's editing tools facilitate quick revisions
or modifications to the schematic layout. Designers can easily adjust,
move, or update elements within the design without starting from
scratch.
 Standardization: AutoCAD allows designers to adhere to industry or
company standards easily. Templates and libraries can be standardized,
ensuring consistency across different projects or designs.
 Visualization and 3D Capability: While schematic layouts are typically
2D representations, AutoCAD's 3D capabilities can be utilized to
visualize designs in three dimensions, aiding in understanding spatial
relationships and design concepts.

AUTOCAD SLD DRAWING
EXAMPLE LV NETWORK

IMPORTANT POINTS
 CONNECTION OF CT , PT
CT IS CONNECTED IN SERIES AND PT IS
ALWAYS CONNECTED IN PARALLE
 WIRES
Voltage Level Conductor Type Typical Sizes
Extra High
Voltage (EHV)
ACSR
(Aluminum
Conductor Steel
Reinforced)
336.4 kcmil, 477
kcmil, 795 kcmil,
etc.
High Voltage
(HV)
ACSR, AAAC
(All Aluminum
Alloy Conductor)
2/0 AWG, 4/0
AWG, 336.4
kcmil, etc.
Medium Voltage
(MV)
AAC (All
Aluminum
Conductor),
#2 AWG, #4
AWG, 336.4

TYPER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit Breaker Type Description and Common Uses
Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
- Common in low-voltage power distribution systems. Used in industrial and commercial
applications. Provides overcurrent and short-circuit protection.
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
- Compact design suitable for low-voltage applications. Common in residential, commercial,
and industrial settings. - Offers adjustable trip settings for overcurrent protection.
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
- Compact design for residential and commercial electrical panels. - Protects against
overcurrents and short circuits. Commonly used in branch circuits.
Residual Current Circuit Breaker
(RCCB)
- Designed to protect against ground faults (earth leakage). - Detects imbalances in current
between the live and neutral conductors. Commonly used in homes and businesses.
Residual Current Circuit Breaker with
Overcurrent Protection (RCBO)
- Combines the functions of an RCCB and MCB - Provides both ground fault and
overcurrent protection. - Used in residential and commercial applications.
Oil Circuit Breaker
- Suitable for high-voltage applications.- Uses oil as an arc extinguishing medium. Common
in power transmission and distribution systems.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
- Suitable for medium to high-voltage applications.- Uses a vacuum as an arc extinguishing
medium. - Common in industrial plants, power stations, and distribution systems.
SF6 Circuit Breaker
- Suitable for high-voltage applications.- Uses sulfur hexafluoride gas as an arc
extinguishing medium.<br> - Common in power transmission systems.
High-Voltage Circuit Breaker (HVCB)
- Designed for extra-high-voltage and ultra-high-voltage applications.<- Used in power
substations and transmission systems.- Available in various types, including SF6 and oil
circuit breakers.

 Castell interlocking systems are designed to be
robust, durable and are proven in all types of
operating environments. There are three simple
steps in designing a trapped key system, what is
being isolated, how many access points are there
and what type of access is required.
CASTELL LOCK

KVA
KVA, or kilovolt-ampere, is a unit of electrical power. It represents the
apparent power in an electrical circuit and is used in electrical engineering
for various reasons. Here are some common reasons why KVA is used:
Complex Power Calculation:
Electrical power in AC circuits involves both real power (measured in
kilowatts, kW) and reactive power (measured in kilovolt-amperes reactive,
kVAR). The combination of real power and reactive power gives the
apparent power, measured in KVA. The complex power (S) is a vector
quantity, and KVA represents its magnitude.
Efficiency Analysis:
In power systems, the use of KVA allows for a comprehensive analysis of
efficiency and power factor. Power factor is the ratio of real power to
apparent power, and understanding both real and apparent power is crucial
in assessing how efficiently electrical power is being used.
Equipment Sizing:
When sizing electrical equipment such as transformers, generators, and
other devices, both real and reactive power considerations are important.
KVA ratings help determine the capacity required to handle both real and
reactive power components in the system.

Equipment Ratings:
Electrical devices and equipment are often rated in KVA to
account for the total power they can handle. For example, a
transformer may have a KVA rating that indicates its maximum
capacity to handle both real and reactive power loads.
Load Planning:
When planning for electrical loads in a system, understanding the
apparent power (KVA) helps in designing the system to
accommodate both resistive (real power) and inductive or
capacitive (reactive power) loads.
Billing and Tariffs:
Some utility companies use KVA as a basis for billing commercial
and industrial customers. Power factor correction may be
incentivized to improve efficiency and reduce apparent power,
leading to potential cost savings.
Harmonic Analysis:
KVA is useful in harmonic analysis, where non-linear loads may
introduce harmonic currents and voltages. Apparent power
considerations are crucial for designing systems that can handle
harmonic distortions.

MVA
MVA stands for MegaVolt-Ampere, and it is a unit of
electrical power equal to one million volt-amperes.
It is commonly used to express the capacity of
large electrical systems, such as power plants,
substations, and large industrial facilities. Here's a
breakdown of the term:
MegaVolt-Ampere (MVA):
1 MVA=1,000 KVA=1,000,000 VA1 MVA=1,000 KVA=
1,000,000 VA
MVA represents the total apparent power in an
electrical system. It is a unit of power capacity that
considers both the real power (measured in kilowatts,
kW) and the reactive power (measured in kilovolt-
amperes reactive, kVAR).

VOLATGE FOR
TRANSFORMER
The voltage for a transformer refers to the magnitude of the
electrical potential difference across the primary and
secondary windings of the transformer. Transformers are
devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. There are two
primary types of voltages associated with transformers:
Primary Voltage (V1):
The primary voltage is the voltage applied to the primary winding
of the transformer. This is the input voltage from the power
source. The primary voltage is specified based on the
requirements of the electrical system in which the transformer is
installed.
Secondary Voltage (V2):
The secondary voltage is the voltage induced in the secondary
winding of the transformer. This is the output voltage that is
delivered to the load or the next part of the electrical system.

Voltage Transformation Ratio:
The voltage transformation ratio (a) of a transformer
is the ratio of the primary voltage to the secondary
voltage and is defined by the equation:
a=V2 / V1
For an ideal transformer (assuming no losses), the
ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding
(N1) to the number of turns in the secondary winding
(N2) is also equal to the voltage transformation ratio:
a=N2 / N1 SO
V2 / V1=N2 / N1

 The voltage produced by a generator is known as the
generated voltage or terminal voltage. The voltage
generated by a generator depends on several factors,
including the design of the generator, its speed of rotation,
the number of turns in the coil (if it's an alternator), and the
magnetic field strength.
 Alternating Current (AC) Generators:
 In AC generators, the generated voltage is alternating, meaning
it changes direction periodically. The magnitude of the
generated voltage is influenced by the rotational speed
(frequency) and the design parameters of the generator.
 Direct Current (DC) Generators:
 In DC generators, the generated voltage is direct, meaning it
flows in one direction. The voltage is typically collected from a
commutator and brushes arrangement, converting the
alternating voltage induced in the coil windings into direct
current.
The speed at which the rotor (the rotating part of the generator)
turns influences the frequency and magnitude of the generated
voltage. For AC generators, the relationship is given by
VOLATGE FOR GENERATOR

 Current in a Generator:
 Ohm's Law for DC Generators:
 For DC generators, Ohm's Law I=RV is applicable,
where:
 I is the current,
 V is the voltage generated by the generator, and
 R is the total resistance in the circuit.
 AC Generators:
 For AC generators, the relationship involves not just
resistive components but also reactive components. The
apparent power (S) in an AC circuit is given byS=IV,
where I is the current and V is the voltage. The current
(I) is influenced by the power factor (PF) of the load:
 I=S / (V×PF)
 Here, PF is the power factor, a measure of how effectively
electrical power is being converted into useful work.
AMPS FOR GENERATOR

 Primary and Secondary Currents:
 In a transformer, the primary and secondary currents are
related to the turns ratio. For an ideal transformer, the ratio of
primary current (I1) to secondary current (I2) is inversely
proportional to the turns ratio:
 I1×N1=I2×N2, where N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the
primary and secondary windings, respectively.
 Apparent Power in a Transformer:
 The apparent power (S) in a transformer is given by S=IV,
where I is the current and V is the voltage. The apparent
power is related to the primary and secondary currents:
 S1=I1×V1 (apparent power on the primary side)
 S2=I2×V2 (apparent power on the secondary side)
 Transformer Equation:
 The transformer equation, V1×I1=V2×I2, reflects the
relationship between primary and secondary currents and
voltages in an ideal transformer
AMPS FOR TRANSFORMER

FORMULAS FOR GENERATOR
1 Power Output (P):
P = V x I x {Power Factor}
- This formula calculates the real power output of a generator
2 Apparent Power (S):
S = V x I
- Represents the total power (real and reactive) in a circuit
3 Reactive Power (Q):
Q = V x I x sin( theta)
- Calculates the reactive power component
4 Power Factor (PF):
power factor=P/√(P^2+Q^2 )
- Measures the efficiency of power usage

5 Efficiency (η):
Efficiency = Pout/Pin X 100
6 Generator Output Voltage (V):
V = EMF - I x Load Resistance
- Determines the generator's output voltage x
7 Generator Output Current (I):
I = EMF/(Load Resistance)
- Computes the current flowing in the circuit x
8 Faraday's Law (EMF):
EMF= N (d∮)/dt
- Describes the electromotive force (EMF) generated in a coil
x
9 Power in a DC Generator:
P = EMF x I

TERMANOLOGIES FOR
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION
Billing Cycle:
The regular interval, typically monthly, during which a utility company
calculates the electricity usage and issues a bill to the consumer.
Meter Reading:
The process of recording the amount of electricity consumed by a
customer. This can be done manually or automatically using smart meters.
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh):
A unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for
one hour. It is commonly used for measuring electricity consumption.
Tariff:
The rate or schedule of rates charged by a utility company for the supply of
electricity. Tariffs may vary based on factors such as usage levels, time of
day, and season.
Peak Demand:
The maximum amount of electricity demanded by consumers within a
specific period. Some tariffs incorporate higher rates during peak demand
hours.

Time-of-Use (TOU) Tariff:
A tariff structure where the cost of electricity varies based
on the time of day. Peak hours generally have higher
rates than off-peak hours.
Demand Charges:
Charges based on the highest level of electricity demand
during a billing cycle. This is common in commercial and
industrial tariffs.
Fixed Charges:
A fixed, recurring charge on a bill that does not depend
on the amount of electricity consumed. It covers
administrative costs and infrastructure maintenance.
Renewable Energy Credits (RECs):
Tradable certificates representing the environmental
benefits of generating a certain amount of electricity from
renewable sources.

Net Metering:
A billing arrangement where a customer's electricity meter
measures the net power consumed (i.e., the difference
between electricity consumed and generated).
Load Shedding:
The deliberate reduction of electricity consumption during
peak demand or emergency situations.
Feed-in Tariff (FiT):
A policy mechanism that provides financial incentives to
encourage the generation of renewable energy.
Ratchet Clause:
A provision in some industrial tariffs where the demand
charge is based on the highest demand level in a recent
period.
Billing Statement:
A document sent by the utility company to the customer,
detailing the electricity usage, charges, and payment due.

1SLD , FORMULAS AND DESCRIPTIONS (1).pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to 1SLD , FORMULAS AND DESCRIPTIONS (1).pptx

Similar to 1SLD , FORMULAS AND DESCRIPTIONS (1).pptx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

1SLD , FORMULAS AND DESCRIPTIONS (1).pptx