1) The study investigated whether monogynous leaf-cutting ant colonies of Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans would adopt queens from other colonies of the same subspecies.
2) It found that workers generally accepted queens from other colonies, though some colonies rejected some foreign queens. Only minor workers exhibited aggression toward foreign queens.
3) Three months after adoption, the foreign queens were still present and contributing to egg-laying, suggesting adoption can lead to the establishment of polygynous colonies in this species.
An Effective Method For Maintaining The African Termite-Raiding Ant Pachycond...Nathan Mathis
This document describes an effective method for maintaining colonies of the African termite-raiding ant Pachycondyla analis in the laboratory. Six colonies were collected from the field and housed in the laboratory in nest boxes connected to foraging arenas. The colonies were fed their natural diet of termites and maintained under similar temperature and humidity conditions to the field. Using this method, the colonies survived for an average of 27 weeks, with a maximum of 34 weeks, which is over 4 times longer than previous laboratory rearing protocols. Maintaining the ants under natural conditions on their normal diet allowed for successful long-term colony maintenance in the laboratory.
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
1) The document describes experiments measuring boldness and foraging behaviors in two species of crayfish, O. rusticus and O. propinquus.
2) Three measures of boldness were taken for each crayfish - aggression towards a novel object, latency to exit a refuge in a novel environment, and giving-up density in foraging.
3) The experiments aimed to determine if behaviors were consistent within individuals over time and across contexts, and how individual variation related to foraging behaviors.
Ovarian development in Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)IOSRJAVS
This study was undertaken to determine the ovarian development of banana weevils. Results indicated that female banana weevils have a meroistic and telotrophic ovariole. Four (4) stages of ovarian development were observed. Newly emerged females belonged to stage I, characterized by virtual absence of oocytes in female germarium; while fully mature adult females belonged to stage IV, characterized by the presence of mature, chorionated eggs in female calyces. The intermediate stages II and III were characterized by presence of small, undeveloped oocytes, and presence of developed but non-chorionated oocytes in the vitellarium of female ovarioles, respectively. The preoviposition period in this insect was found to range between 27 and 41 DAE and egg-loads in calyces ranged from 2 to 11. All females at ovarian stage IV (i.e. ages 25 DAE and above) were found to have mated, and were ready for ovulation and oviposition. Monitoring the reproductive phenology of crop pests may be helpful for predicting (forecasting) potential outbreaks. it could also aptly guide the timing of control options, and also aid varietal screening works. Field samplings that result in heavy female populations and with predominant numbers at final stages of ovarian development, may be a danger signal that should trigger instant interventions
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
This study evaluated the use of CDC gravid traps placed in stormwater catch basins to monitor local Culex pipiens populations. Trials compared the number of mosquitoes collected in CDC gravid traps placed aboveground versus two types of modified CDC gravid traps placed in nearby catch basins. The aboveground traps consistently collected significantly more Culex pipiens females than the belowground traps. However, the belowground traps continued functioning and collecting mosquitoes despite heavy rainfall, demonstrating their potential utility for urban mosquito surveillance. While belowground trap collections were lower, the study provides proof-of-concept that liquid-bait gravid traps can operate in catch basins.
Reproductive Parameters of Diastocera trifasciata (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleopte...AkesseNarcice
This work is the first which describes the details of the stages of the development, reproductive parameters. It provides the durations of the different stages of development of this species
Diastocera trifasciata, formerly known as Analeptes trifasciata, which causes crop losses in many West African cashew nut producing countries
An Effective Method For Maintaining The African Termite-Raiding Ant Pachycond...Nathan Mathis
This document describes an effective method for maintaining colonies of the African termite-raiding ant Pachycondyla analis in the laboratory. Six colonies were collected from the field and housed in the laboratory in nest boxes connected to foraging arenas. The colonies were fed their natural diet of termites and maintained under similar temperature and humidity conditions to the field. Using this method, the colonies survived for an average of 27 weeks, with a maximum of 34 weeks, which is over 4 times longer than previous laboratory rearing protocols. Maintaining the ants under natural conditions on their normal diet allowed for successful long-term colony maintenance in the laboratory.
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
1) The document describes experiments measuring boldness and foraging behaviors in two species of crayfish, O. rusticus and O. propinquus.
2) Three measures of boldness were taken for each crayfish - aggression towards a novel object, latency to exit a refuge in a novel environment, and giving-up density in foraging.
3) The experiments aimed to determine if behaviors were consistent within individuals over time and across contexts, and how individual variation related to foraging behaviors.
Ovarian development in Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)IOSRJAVS
This study was undertaken to determine the ovarian development of banana weevils. Results indicated that female banana weevils have a meroistic and telotrophic ovariole. Four (4) stages of ovarian development were observed. Newly emerged females belonged to stage I, characterized by virtual absence of oocytes in female germarium; while fully mature adult females belonged to stage IV, characterized by the presence of mature, chorionated eggs in female calyces. The intermediate stages II and III were characterized by presence of small, undeveloped oocytes, and presence of developed but non-chorionated oocytes in the vitellarium of female ovarioles, respectively. The preoviposition period in this insect was found to range between 27 and 41 DAE and egg-loads in calyces ranged from 2 to 11. All females at ovarian stage IV (i.e. ages 25 DAE and above) were found to have mated, and were ready for ovulation and oviposition. Monitoring the reproductive phenology of crop pests may be helpful for predicting (forecasting) potential outbreaks. it could also aptly guide the timing of control options, and also aid varietal screening works. Field samplings that result in heavy female populations and with predominant numbers at final stages of ovarian development, may be a danger signal that should trigger instant interventions
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
This study evaluated the use of CDC gravid traps placed in stormwater catch basins to monitor local Culex pipiens populations. Trials compared the number of mosquitoes collected in CDC gravid traps placed aboveground versus two types of modified CDC gravid traps placed in nearby catch basins. The aboveground traps consistently collected significantly more Culex pipiens females than the belowground traps. However, the belowground traps continued functioning and collecting mosquitoes despite heavy rainfall, demonstrating their potential utility for urban mosquito surveillance. While belowground trap collections were lower, the study provides proof-of-concept that liquid-bait gravid traps can operate in catch basins.
Reproductive Parameters of Diastocera trifasciata (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleopte...AkesseNarcice
This work is the first which describes the details of the stages of the development, reproductive parameters. It provides the durations of the different stages of development of this species
Diastocera trifasciata, formerly known as Analeptes trifasciata, which causes crop losses in many West African cashew nut producing countries
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
ABSTRACT— Evidence is that the Lunar cycle entrain crustacean biological rhythms in briefly reviewed. Egg laying and hatching undergo semi-lunar and monthly rhythms that appear to depend on endogenous clocks. The lunar cycle can be understood in terms of adaptation and life post larvae n = 150 hatched during March 2002 and rared artificially. Their moulting frequency was monitored from day 112 post hatch to day 204 (CL = 20mm + 1.55 SD.) Daily moults (n=25) recorded individually during July, August and September showed an average duration for the first and second inter moult internal of 34 to 36 days respectively. Daily moulting frequency distribution showed and trend characterized by peak values around new moon and full moon in the absence of any tidal condition. The pattern for commonly rared female crab is more natural water temperature affecting the rhythm. However it is model or many average value of over 24 hours sampling period support the presence of semilunar cycle. The cycle is main-tained under laboratory could sublittroral population that are not rhythm may represent the powerful clock that is retained for synchronizing events throughout the life history of crustaceans. It results in reduced preparation risks for hatchery in dark new moon night & favour dispersed during spring tides due to tidal carrent. This may enhance mutual protection against habits simultenously juveniles
Role of Carrion Breeding Dipterid Flies in the Disintegration of Chicken Carc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
The document summarizes a study on the ecology and life cycle of the sorghum chafer beetle (Pachnoda interrupta) in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
- The beetle has one generation per year. Eggs hatch within 15 days on average. Larval and pupal stages last around 60 and 18 days, respectively.
- Adults emerge in September and mate in June. Females lay around 1.3 eggs per day for 11 days.
- Beetles hibernate from December to June in moist, shaded soil under trees at depths from 5-43cm. Potential hibernation areas include forests and riversides.
- Breeding occurs
This document summarizes a thesis that studied extracellular vesicles shed by damselfish cells in vitro. The thesis aimed to understand how the Damselfish virus-like agent (DVLA), which causes Damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF), is transmitted between cells. The researcher cultured cells from damselfish tumor cell lines and healthy cell lines, both normally and after inducing apoptosis with UV exposure. Apoptosis was induced to increase extracellular vesicle shedding. The vesicles were then analyzed under a microscope to study their contents, with a focus on organelles, to understand what materials may be transported between cells. Understanding how DVLA spreads could provide insight into how similar genes cause diseases like neurofibromatosis
We compared the growth of the scallop Euuolu (Pecten) ziczuc (L.) in three situations which
potentially could be used for commercial culture, in cages maintained in suspension, in cages on the
bottom and in cages partly buried in a sediment bottom. The latter permitted the scallops to bury
themselves as in their natural habitat. Throughout the 7-month study, growth, as measured by shell
length and muscle mass, was by far superior for scallops in the partly buried cages. Possible explanations
for this are ( 1) that the scallops are stressed by enclosures which prevent them from burying
themselves and (2) that organic material at the sediment/water interface is an important food resource
and E. ziczac has better access to this when it buries itself flush with the bottom. The timing of gonadal
growth and spawning varied markedly among treatments. Some spawnings coincided with temperature
increases but others did not. Differences between scallops in suspension compared to those in bottom
treatments suggested that reproduction is as much controlled by conditions in the immediate environment
of the scallops as by large-scale environmental factors. Survival was highest for the scallops
maintained in partly buried cages.
This study examined the arthropod species consuming pig carcasses in Florida to document their role in decomposition rates. Four pig carcasses were caged and exposed to sunlight to allow arthropod access. Insect larvae were collected after two days and reared to adulthood in the lab. Preliminary results found skeletonization within 10 days, much faster than expected. Only fly species were present on the carrion, not dermestid beetles as anticipated. The collected flies are awaiting identification to determine which species inhabited the carcasses and their role in the accelerated decomposition in Florida's climate.
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Drosophila melanogaster is a popular model organism for teaching biology. It has a short lifespan of 2 weeks, allowing many generations to be studied quickly. It is easy and inexpensive to culture in large numbers. Students can observe Drosophila's morphology, life cycle, sexual dimorphism, and mutants. Activities include extracting and staining polytene chromosomes from salivary glands to observe banding patterns. Drosophila is a useful tool for teaching genetics and demonstrates principles like dominance, inheritance of sex-linked traits, and similarities to human diseases.
Parasitic diseases often represent a major concern in zoo animals for the high environmental contamination due to the maintenance of animals in confined areas. In wild conditions, animals have some natural resistance against parasitic diseases and there is a state of equilibrium between the parasite and the host and it seldom led to harmful infection unless stressed. The aim of the research work is on the conditional state of primates in selected zoological garden primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria. Survey method was adapted for this research 87 questionnaires was distributed among staff taking care of the zoological gardens. The findings of this work shows, that captive primates are housed according to their species. From the responses, the nutritional status of the captive primates is moderate, based on their physical appearance, and shows 34 respondents, representing (39.1%) Agreed, 29 respondents, representing (33.3%) strongly agreed that the captive primates are constantly dewormed against parasitic infections, while 20 respondents, representing (4.6%) strongly disagreed. On the accountability of the funds, 36 respondents, representing (41.4%) Agreed, 18 respondents, representing (20.7%) strongly agreed, while 24 respondents, which represents (27.6%) disagreed and 9 representing (10.3%) strongly disagreed based on the data, there is adequate accountability of the funds allocated to zoos.
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
This study examined infection rates of the parasitic copepod Lernaeocera branchialis on caged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) over 598 days to investigate differences in host susceptibility. The results showed that a small group of cod developed significantly higher infection rates than others, even when exposed to parasites under similar conditions. These cod had been previously infected but lost the infection. Differences in infection rates between host groups were consistent over time and locations. The findings suggest there were two types of cod present: a small group that was inherently susceptible and easily reinfected, and a larger group that was more resistant with a low chance of infection. This variation in host susceptibility has implications for understanding parasite population dynamics and host-
Tissue culture methods were developed for six rush and sedge species that are key but difficult to establish in mine rehabilitation. Low seed production necessitated identifying optimal seed collection times. Embryo extraction and liquid culture initiation methods were adapted. Average in vitro multiplication was low at 1.7x per month, so an additional propagation step of one or two in vivo divisions prior to field planting was developed. This proved effective for mass propagation and lower costs. Average plant survival in mine rehabilitation was 87%. Over 57,000 rush and sedge plants per year are now produced through this tissue culture method, demonstrating its effectiveness for restoring these important but recalcitrant species.
This document discusses the evolution of parental care and ovulation behavior in oysters. It presents competing hypotheses about the ancestral state and direction of evolution in these traits. The study constructs molecular phylogenetic trees including representatives of all three ostreid subfamilies to test these hypotheses. The results indicate that broadcast spawning was ancestral, brooding evolved once in a common ancestor and has been retained, and the unusual ovulation behavior predates the evolution of parental care in oysters.
A unique nest protection strategy in a new species of spider waspmarciofdias
This document describes a newly discovered nesting behavior in a species of spider wasp, Deuteragenia ossarium. The wasp fills the outer vestibule cell of its nest with dead ants. This is the first known example of any animal using dead bodies in this way to protect its nest. Researchers observed that D. ossarium nests had lower rates of parasitism than other wasp nests in the area, suggesting the dead ants provide an effective defense against natural enemies through chemical cues. They have named the species the "Bone-house Wasp" in reference to its unusual nest structure filled with dead ants.
1) The document discusses several theories of evolution including Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin's theory of natural selection, and De Vries' mutation theory.
2) Lamarck believed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, such as giraffes passing on long necks. Weismann disproved this through experiments on mice.
3) Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations and individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits to offspring, leading to the emergence of new species over time.
Mr. Rakesh Sharma. M, M.Sc., in Applied Microbiology, Research Assistant with seven years of experience in Central Inter- Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), SBV - Puducherry has joined as Research Associate in Mahatma Gandhi Medical Preclinical Research Centre (MGMPRC). A talk by him on “Zebrafish as an animal model for biomedical research” is scheduled on 19th November, 2022 (Saturday) at 2.30 pm in A1 conference hall, 1st floor Hospital block, MGMCRI.”
projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
ABSTRACT— Evidence is that the Lunar cycle entrain crustacean biological rhythms in briefly reviewed. Egg laying and hatching undergo semi-lunar and monthly rhythms that appear to depend on endogenous clocks. The lunar cycle can be understood in terms of adaptation and life post larvae n = 150 hatched during March 2002 and rared artificially. Their moulting frequency was monitored from day 112 post hatch to day 204 (CL = 20mm + 1.55 SD.) Daily moults (n=25) recorded individually during July, August and September showed an average duration for the first and second inter moult internal of 34 to 36 days respectively. Daily moulting frequency distribution showed and trend characterized by peak values around new moon and full moon in the absence of any tidal condition. The pattern for commonly rared female crab is more natural water temperature affecting the rhythm. However it is model or many average value of over 24 hours sampling period support the presence of semilunar cycle. The cycle is main-tained under laboratory could sublittroral population that are not rhythm may represent the powerful clock that is retained for synchronizing events throughout the life history of crustaceans. It results in reduced preparation risks for hatchery in dark new moon night & favour dispersed during spring tides due to tidal carrent. This may enhance mutual protection against habits simultenously juveniles
Role of Carrion Breeding Dipterid Flies in the Disintegration of Chicken Carc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
The document summarizes a study on the ecology and life cycle of the sorghum chafer beetle (Pachnoda interrupta) in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
- The beetle has one generation per year. Eggs hatch within 15 days on average. Larval and pupal stages last around 60 and 18 days, respectively.
- Adults emerge in September and mate in June. Females lay around 1.3 eggs per day for 11 days.
- Beetles hibernate from December to June in moist, shaded soil under trees at depths from 5-43cm. Potential hibernation areas include forests and riversides.
- Breeding occurs
This document summarizes a thesis that studied extracellular vesicles shed by damselfish cells in vitro. The thesis aimed to understand how the Damselfish virus-like agent (DVLA), which causes Damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF), is transmitted between cells. The researcher cultured cells from damselfish tumor cell lines and healthy cell lines, both normally and after inducing apoptosis with UV exposure. Apoptosis was induced to increase extracellular vesicle shedding. The vesicles were then analyzed under a microscope to study their contents, with a focus on organelles, to understand what materials may be transported between cells. Understanding how DVLA spreads could provide insight into how similar genes cause diseases like neurofibromatosis
We compared the growth of the scallop Euuolu (Pecten) ziczuc (L.) in three situations which
potentially could be used for commercial culture, in cages maintained in suspension, in cages on the
bottom and in cages partly buried in a sediment bottom. The latter permitted the scallops to bury
themselves as in their natural habitat. Throughout the 7-month study, growth, as measured by shell
length and muscle mass, was by far superior for scallops in the partly buried cages. Possible explanations
for this are ( 1) that the scallops are stressed by enclosures which prevent them from burying
themselves and (2) that organic material at the sediment/water interface is an important food resource
and E. ziczac has better access to this when it buries itself flush with the bottom. The timing of gonadal
growth and spawning varied markedly among treatments. Some spawnings coincided with temperature
increases but others did not. Differences between scallops in suspension compared to those in bottom
treatments suggested that reproduction is as much controlled by conditions in the immediate environment
of the scallops as by large-scale environmental factors. Survival was highest for the scallops
maintained in partly buried cages.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
2. D.J. Souza et al. / Behavioural Processes 70 (2005) 62–68 63
yny arises when colonies that were established by
single queens (haplometrosis) become polygynous by
gyne acceptance, i.e. workers allow other queens to
enter and become established in their nest (Herbers,
1993). These arrivals are usually new fertilized queens
adopted by the established nest. Moreover, two monog-
ynous colonies may join into one. The adoption of
new queens by an established colony of Acromyrmex
has not yet been observed in nature but we have ob-
served several young colonies of Ac. subterraneus mo-
lestans separated by small distances (∼10–15 cm). It
is possible that through colony growth they can be
joined.
Polygyny has evolved several times in ants; usu-
ally it is of the secondary type and has arisen
due to the adoption of new queens (Hölldobler and
Wilson, 1977, 1990). This would be advantageous
since the rate of success of an independent colony
foundation is very low (Nonacs, 1988; Pamilo, 1991).
Also, high number of breeders is an efficient strat-
egy to face perturbations and catastrophic events, as
well as to monopolize patches of habitats (Chapuisat
and Crozier, 2001). Studies on the dynamics of queen
acceptance are the central point for the understand-
ing of: (1) the proximate mechanisms involved in
the regulation of queen number—to understand how
polygyny arises and how it is maintained and (2)
the ultimate causes, e.g. the evolution of polyg-
yny (Sundström, 1997). A number of studies have
emphasized recognition among nestmate and non-
nestmate workers. However, little attention has been
given to the discriminatory behavior of workers to-
ward reproductive females, in spite of the relevance
of this behavior to the regulation of queen number
in the colony. Workers should be able to discriminate
among nestmate and non-nestmate foundress as well
as among mated and unmated females (Sundström,
1997).
This work tries to answer the following questions:
(1) Do monogynous colonies of the subspecies Ac.
subterraneus molestans maintained in laboratory
adopt new queens from the same subspecies?
(2) Do workers of a mature field colony accept fertile
queens originated from another colony of the same
subspecies?
(3) In the field, colonies may be initiated via
pleometrotic associations?
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Colony maintenance
Five one-year-old colonies of Ac. subterraneus mo-
lestans (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), with an average fungus
volume of 600 mL, were maintained at the Insectary of
the Federal University of Viçosa as described by Della
Luciaetal.(1993).Theyweredailyfedthesamekindof
leaves (Acalypha sp. and Ligustrum sp.) and were sup-
plied with water. Room temperature was 25 ± 2.5 ◦C;
relative humidity 70 to 80% and 10:14 L:D.
2.2. Offering of reproductive queens from other
colonies
All five colonies had their leaf-supply interrupted
6 h before the bioassays began so that there was no leaf-
cutting and carrying in at the moment of the test in all
treatments. This procedure also favored visualization
because the arena was free from leaves and petals.
2.2.1. Treatment 1: queen from same colony (QSC)
The queen was removed from the colony, marked
with a color dot on the gaster and placed on a plastic
recipient covered by a moistened cotton swab 15 min
before the beginning of the experiments. She was
then transferred to an open glass tube (6 cm × 2.2 cm;
height × diameter) and was offered to the colony in the
foraging arena. The glass tube was laid horizontally on
the arena so that the workers had easy access to its in-
terior; the queen could also leave the tube. Queen and
workers behavior were observed and the time of queen
acceptance or rejection was recorded. Queen from its
own colony was offered once to each one of the five
colonies. Acceptance was considered as the entrance
of the queen into the nest at a 30-min interval.
2.2.2. Treatment 2: queen from other colony
(QOC)
The procedure followed during this bioassay was
identicaltothatoftreatment1,butthequeenusedinthis
treatment belonged to a monogynous colony recently
collected in the field. These field colonies were very
small (average fungus volume of 150 mL) and probably
newly founded. Three field queens were offered to each
one of the five laboratory colonies, at 5-day intervals
between each replication. Three months after offering
3. 64 D.J. Souza et al. / Behavioural Processes 70 (2005) 62–68
of the last queen they were still together and oviposited.
Egg-laying was evaluated according to Marinho and
Della Lucia (1998). QSC and QOC were weighted and
transferred individually to a plastic recipient provided
with a honey–water solution in a cotton piece. The lids
of the recipients were perforated and covered with a
moistened cotton swab in these recipients during 72 h
for egg-laying evaluation.
2.3. Offering of queens from other colonies to a
field colony of the same subspecies
Four previously marked queens from different small
colonies (150 mL fungus garden volume) were offered
to a field colony. It was located at the campus of the
Federal University of Viçosa. It had two nest entrance
holes and the foraging activity of workers could be
followed. Each queen was marked with a color dot on
the gaster and was offered to the field colony 24 h after
marking at 2-day intervals at a nest entrance. Behavior
of both queen and workers was recorded.
The head capsule widths of the workers that con-
tacted the queen at the foraging arena were measured
(Wilson, 1980). These workers were collected in sev-
eral occasions during the bioassays.
2.4. Observation of foundress behavior
We monitored nest foundation during the first 10
days of November 2002 and 2003 to identify colony
foundress strategy in Ac. subterraneus molestans.
Starting nests were recognized by a characteristic semi-
circular mound of soil around the nest entrance. Sixty
nests were excavated and all foundresses inside the nest
collected.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Acceptance of queens from same colonies
(QSC)
The average time taken by the queens to leave or to
be removed from the glass vials was 5.43 ± 4.76 min
(n = 5). Workers response to the queen was similar in
all of the colonies. Several workers aggregated around
the glass vial where the queen had been placed. Others
got inside the glass and started antennating the queen
without any kind of aggressive behavior. The average
time for accepting the queen was 11.59 ± 6.77 min. Ac-
ceptance was considered as the entrance of the queen
into the nest. As expected, none of the queens from
their own colonies was rejected. Of five QSC that were
offered, three went inside the nests by themselves and
two were carried by the workers. They were carried al-
ways in the same position, e.g. they curled their legs and
antennae and became immobile. According to Wilson
(1971), the behavior of a transporting nestmate worker
and of the individual being transported is characteristic
of the members of each subfamily.
3.2. Acceptance of queens from other colonies
(QOC)
When the offered queen belonged to other colony
(QOC), the average time she took to leave the glass
vial was 2.77 ± 2.0 min (n = 15). Of 13 QOC that were
accepted, 7 went inside the nests by themselves and 6
were carried by the workers. Transporting position was
identicaltothatoftheQSCanditwasalwaysperformed
by a media worker (1.4 mm head capsule width, on av-
erage). Two queens (QOC) were rejected and severely
attacked by several workers when leaving the glass
vials. The mean time spent by QOC to enter the nest
was 7.52 ± 2.62 (the first queen), 8.63 ± 7.36 (the sec-
ond queen) and 10.23 ± 7.71 min (the third queen). The
time of acceptance of queens from other colonies did
not differ in the three occasions, neither did the time of
acceptance of QOC (ANOVA; F3,14 = 0.39; p = 0.76)
(Fig. 1). Table 1 summarizes the data on the offering of
queens from other colonies (QOC). In four situations,
rejections occurred after initial acceptance. The rejec-
tion times were: 5 min, 14, 16 and 96 h, after initial
queen acceptance. Rejection may occur with the first,
second, or third queen consecutively offered.
The C1 colony rejected or expelled all queens from
other colonies that were tested. Therefore, it remained
monogynous, having its own foundress queen. Ge-
netic variations could be associated with this behav-
ior. Krieger and Ross (2002) have demonstrated that
a single allelic difference in the locus Gp-9 deter-
mines queen number in Solenopsis invicta colonies.
Gp-9 is involved in the production of a protein asso-
ciated to pheromone of individual recognition among
colony members. However, Chapuisat et al. (2004)
failed in finding genetic differentiation between single-
4. D.J. Souza et al. / Behavioural Processes 70 (2005) 62–68 65
Fig. 1. Average time (min) for acceptance of queens from same colonies (QSC) and queens from other colonies (QOC). Means do not differ
significantly (ANOVA, F3,14 = 0.39, p = 0.76).
and multiple-queen colonies of Formica selysi, which
suggests ongoing gene flow between both types of
colonies. In addition, we must consider that in many
species queen number is a trait strongly influenced by
ecological factors (Bourke and Heinze, 1994; Pedersen
and Boomsma, 1999; Ingram, 2002). When either ini-
tial queen rejection or latter queen expelling occurred,
it was verified that only the smallest of all workers
(minors) performed these tasks. The average head cap-
sule width of these workers was 0.98 mm, significantly
smaller (Mann–Whitney U-test at 5% probability) than
the average sized workers that were in the foraging
Table 1
Behavior of Ac. subterraneus molestans colonies when offered
queens from other colony (QOC)
Colony First QOC
offered
Second QOC
offered
Third QOC
offered
C1 Accepteda Acceptedb Non-accepted
C2 Accepted Acceptedc Accepted
C3 Accepted Accepted Acceptedd
C4 Accepted Accepted Non-accepted
C5 Accepted Accepted Accepted
a Queen expelled 16 h after initial acceptance.
b Queen expelled 5 min after initial acceptance.
c Queen expelled and mutilated 96 h after initial acceptance.
d Queen expelled 14 h after.
arena (Table 2). These minima aggregated around the
queen and several of them bit the queen’s antennae and
legs.
Maintenance of artificial polygyny in these colonies
evaluated three months after queen acceptance indi-
cated that all of the queens were present and oviposited,
thus surpassing the egg-laying rate of the original
queen. This demonstrates that artificial polygyny was
not a temporary condition and that the adopted queens
can contribute to worker production in the colony
(Table 3). It may be possible that the entrance of these
mature queens or fusion of two nests is rather pa-
cific due to similarities in chemical profiles of different
colonies. According to Souza et al. (in press), chemi-
Table 2
Average head capsule width (mm) of workers of Ac. subterraneus
molestans which exhibited aggressive behavior toward introduced
queens as compared to the other workers at the foraging arena
Colony Hostile workers (mm) Workers at arena p-value
C1 0.94 ± 0.182 (30) 1.50 ± 0.241 (16) 0.0001∗
C3 0.99 ± 0.354 (64) 1.88 ± 0.366 (17) <0.0001∗
C4 1.03 ± 0.038 (31) 1.32 ± 0.22 (28) <0.001∗
The number of observed workers is in parenthesis.
∗ Means are significantly different (Mann–Whitney U-test, 5% of
probability).
5. 66 D.J. Souza et al. / Behavioural Processes 70 (2005) 62–68
Table 3
Number of eggs laid by queens from same colonies (QSC) and by
queens from other colonies (QOC) of Ac. subterraneus molestans
during an interval of 72 h
Colonies Number of
eggs (QSC)
Number of
eggs (QOC)a
C2 131 144/94 (238)
C3 0 31/8 (39)
C4 18 351/65 (416)
C5 22 91/44/10 (145)
The sum of the number of eggs of QOC in each colony is in paren-
thesis.
a Slashes are separating the number of eggs laid by each queen in
the association. The total number of eggs is in parenthesis.
cal profiles of different colonies are very similar in this
subspecies.
Several researchers have demonstrated that mating
status of the introduced females elicit substantial vari-
ation in worker response (Fortelius et al., 1993; Evans,
1996; Ross and Keller, 1998). Here, we introduced
queens from small field colonies. Although certainly
not mature ones, these experimental queens may
have been very different physiologically from newly
mated queens because they had initiated oogene-
sis. In further studies, we should investigate the ac-
ceptability of the newly mated queens by mature
colonies.
There was a positive correlation between body mass
of the queen and the number of eggs laid by them
in the artificially polygynous colonies (Fig. 2). Dom-
inance and fertility are usually correlated (Heinze,
1993). Therefore, greater egg-laying and consequently
the most fertile queen guarantee a higher number of
descendants. On the other hand, this advantage may be
apparent. Herbers (1993) reported that in situations of
acceptance of new queens by already established nests,
it is possible that the task of producing sexuals becomes
restricted to the resident queen (QSC) and the adopted
queens produce only workers.
In this experiment, we found that a group of the
smallest workers was able to discriminate efficiently
the queen offered from another colony. These minors
aggregated themselves in sufficiently large numbers to
disturb and promote the exit of the queen from the nest.
However, these workers were not able to easily muti-
late the queen. Besides caring for the fungus garden,
these minima workers usually care for the queen and
the eggs. This could give a greater discriminatory abil-
ity to this group of workers in contrast to the foragers,
for example, that do not get in close contact with the
Fig. 2. Relationship between egg-laying (y) in an interval of 72 h and the body mass of queens (x) which remained in association three months
after adoption (n = 13 queens).
6. D.J. Souza et al. / Behavioural Processes 70 (2005) 62–68 67
queen. Viana (1996) also reported that the minor work-
ers (gardeners and nurses) of Ac. subterraneus subter-
raneus are more efficient to discriminate alien brood
than the foragers.
3.3. Acceptance of queens from other colonies by
a field colony
The four queens offered to the field colony entered
the nest in less than one minute. Upon nest excavation
10 days after offering the fourth queen, two marked
and introduced queens were found together with two
original ones. Maybe the two missing queens were not
accepted or were not found due to the difficulties in
nest excavation, since the nest chamber was located
among soil cracking. The two adopted queens were
found in the middle of the fungus garden and were
cared for by the workers. This emphasizes the idea that
adoption of fertilized queens might occur in the field.
During the first 10 days of November, 2002 and 2003
it was possible to observe queens of Ac. subterraneus
molestans searching for nesting sites. Sixty of these
newly founded nests were excavated in a place where
mature polygynous colonies have been frequently col-
lected. However, we could not find any gathering of
queens at that time. Rissing et al. (1986) found 56%
frequency of pleometrosis in 64 nests of Ac. versicolor.
It is known that distinct ecological pressures could be
determining the main kind of nest foundation: hap-
lometrosis or pleometrosis (revised by Herbers, 1993;
Bourke and Heinze, 1994). Acromyrmex versicolor oc-
curs in certain regions of the Arizona desert (USA)
where the shades given by a few existing shrubs con-
stitute a very scarce resource: nesting site. In that situ-
ation, gathering of foundress queens would be advan-
tageous. The proportion of polygynous colonies of Ac.
subterraneus molestans in the urban areas of Viçosa
has been estimated to be 15–20% (unpublished data).
The nests of this subspecies are very superficial when
compared to other Acromyrmex species. We have ob-
served their colonies migrating due to any small dis-
turbance. According to Hölldobler and Wilson (1977),
for species inhabiting fragile nest sites, colony break-
up after physical disturbance would leave orphaned
fragments. Therefore, the presence of multiple queens
in the nest would be a strategic behavior, such that
each fragment would more likely possess a mated egg-
layer.
It is not unlikely that egg-laying queens of Ac. sub-
terraneusmolestansareadoptedbyanothernest.Brood
raiding among incipient colonies of Ac. versicolor has
been verified by Rissing et al. (1989) under laboratory
conditions. In a similar bioassay, we investigate the be-
haviour of incipient colonies of Ac. subterraneus mo-
lestans. It was possible to observe intense intercolony
brood raiding and queens were transported by workers
of rival nests (unpublished data).
3.4. Observation of foundress behavior
The fact that no pleometrotic nest foundation in Ac.
subterraneus molestans was observed does not mean
pleometrosis does not occur in this subspecies. Al-
though sampling of excavated nests was low (n = 60), it
may indicate that pleometrosis is rather an uncommon
phenomenon in the studied area. Based on the labo-
ratory experiments and field observations conducted,
queen adoption by established colonies of Ac. subter-
raneus molestans becomes a possible mechanism to
explain the existence of colonies with multiple queens
in this subspecies. The utilization of techniques which
allow estimating queen age in polygynous colonies
would confirm the hypothesis that queen adoption in
Ac. subterraneus molestans is a phenomenon that oc-
curs in nature.
This work showed that colonies of Ac. subterraneus
molestansadoptqueensfromothercoloniesofthesame
subspecies and that adopted queens lay eggs and may
contribute to greater colony development.
Acknowledgements
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Lu-
cio Campos, Dr. Luiz Cláudio Barbosa and Dr. Mara
Garcia Tavares at Federal University of Viçosa and two
anonymous reviewers for their comments on the prepa-
ration of the manuscript. The authors were supported
by a grant from CNPq.
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