The document discusses the importance of thinking and reasoning. It provides three main points:
1. If we do not think for ourselves, others will think for us and control us, enslaving us and taking away our humanity. Therefore, thinking is essential to being human.
2. We are constantly bombarded with reasoning from various sources, so it is important to think critically and not just accept what others say. Studying logic helps improve our ability to think, reason, and evaluate arguments.
3. Political debates involve reasoning and arguing skills. These abilities can be refined through studying logic, which teaches how to identify fallacies and evaluate whether arguments' premises adequately support their conclusions.
Logic is derived from the Greek word ‘LOGOS’ which means primarily the word by which the inward thought is expresses ‘LOGIKE’ which means the work or what is spoken (but coming to mean thought or reason).
Credited to Math 2A.
Logic and Critical Thinking. These slides will help you in the discussion of arguments. Arguments are one of the most important genres in Logic. The slides are most useable by Business Students.
Lesson 7 of a multipart series. The Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and other arguments don't prove the God of the Bible, however, they do support a Theistic world view.
Philosophy 25
Critical Thinking
Chapter 1
Agenda
1) What is Philosophy?
2) What is Critical Thinking?
3) Argument Overview
4) Statements & Truth
HW: P. 23 (Exercise 1.2)
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Philosophy?
“Love of Wisdom”? (Etymology not helpful)
“Philosophy is thinking really hard about the most important questions and trying to bring analytic clarity both to the questions and the answers.” Marilyn Adams
“Philosophy is 99 percent about critical reflection on anything you care to be interested in.” Richard Bradley
3
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Philosophy?
Another way to approach defining Philosophy is to think about the questions it asks. Here are three core questions:
Metaphysics: What exists?
Epistemology: What can we know? How can we know what exists?
Ethics: What is right?
4
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
Philosophers use the skill of critical thinking to answer philosophical questions.
Critical Thinking is a set of tools for determining whether we have good reason to believe or accept something.
Connection to Logic: Logic is the study of good reasoning (and it is another branch of Philosophy)
5
Parts of an Argument
Arguments
Premises Conclusion
Statement/Claim Statement/Claim
6
Statements / Claims
Consider the following sentences:
“Grass is Green.”
“Is Grass Green?”
“Yay!!!”
7
Statements / Claims
Consider the following sentences:
“Grass is Green.”
“Is Grass Green?”
“Yay!!!”
8
Statements / Claims
Statements/Claims are sentences that are either true or false.
But what is truth/falsity?
9
Four theories of truth
Correspondence Theory: A statement is true if it corresponds with reality
Coherence Theory: A statement is true if it coheres with our other beliefs
Pragmatic Theory: A statement is true if it is useful for the lives of human beings
Minimalism: A sentence ‘S’ is true if S
Truth is not a substantial property.
10
Correspondence
Correspondence Theory: A statement is true if it corresponds with reality
E.g. The statement “Grass is green” is true because (out there in reality) grass is green.
Pros: it is intuitive –many people find this view of truth commonsensical. It is objective- truth is not an invention of people’s minds.
Cons: 1) It is TOO objective – How can we what reality is like apart from our perceptions? 2) Why should we care about such an objective notion
11
Coherence
CoherenceTheory: A statement is true if it coheres with our other beliefs
E.g. The statement “Grass is green” is true because it does not conflict with other beliefs we hold.
Pros: 1) There is a subjective element to it and it is clear why truth would matter to human beings.
Cons: 1) The ramblings on an insane person can be completely coherent, yet we don’t think they are true. This reveals that there needs to be more to truth than coherence.
12
Pragmatic
Pragmatic Theory: A statement is true if it is useful for the lives of human beings
E.g. The statement “.
Faulty Arguments,Logical Fallacies and Poor Re.docxmydrynan
Faulty Arguments,
Logical Fallacies
and
Poor Reasoning
Faulty ArgumentsThis PowerPoint contains some of the common errors people make in reasoning. If you listen, you will hear many of these fallacies in everyday conversation.The “natural” cure and herbal medicine literature is rife with glaring examples of poor argumentation.Study these generic examples and you will be able to spot them in the assigned articles with ease.
Poor Logic
Emotional AppealThis is an attempt to sway the listener by getting him emotionally involved. Emotions shut down reason!Sick or scared people are especially vulnerable.
Ad Hominem/ Personal AttackArguments of this kind focus on the character of the person advancing it; they seek to discredit positions by discrediting those who hold them. They attack the arguers rather than the arguments.Politicians are often subjected to ad hominem attacks
Bandwagon/ Ad PopulumThe difference between the two is that the bandwagon fallacy places an emphasis on current fads and trends, whereas the ad populum suggests that an idea must be true simply because it is widely held.
Appeal to AuthorityFor example, an appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. The degree of support that such an appeal lends to a claim varies depending on the particular authority in question, the relevance of their expertise to the claim, and other factors, but in all cases is limited.
Appeal to AuthorityAn appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. Celebrity endorsements sell products.Even worse, celebrity endorsements of political figures win votes. Yikes!
Faulty StatisticsMisunderstanding or misusing statistics to shore up a weak argument.Example: “We must fund our schools better! Half our children are below average on their math tests!”People pull bogus statistics out of thin air to sound impressive.
Research by ExegesisResearch by exegesis is using a book as an infallible reference source.Usually it refers to the supposedly infallible Bible, but not always.People cite Bible verses to convince people that being gay is wrong.
Either/Or & Slippery SlopeSlippery slope arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. They begin by suggesting that if we do one thing then that will lead to another, and before we know it we’ll be doing something that we don’t want to do.They conclude that we therefore shouldn’t do the first thing. The problem with these arguments is that it is possible to do the first thing that they mention without going on to do the other things; restraint is possible.
Slippery Slope Example“If you go out with that kind of guy, you will get pregnant and end up dropping out of college.”Either you stay in school or you won’t get a good job.
Red HerringThe red herring ...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Logic is derived from the Greek word ‘LOGOS’ which means primarily the word by which the inward thought is expresses ‘LOGIKE’ which means the work or what is spoken (but coming to mean thought or reason).
Credited to Math 2A.
Logic and Critical Thinking. These slides will help you in the discussion of arguments. Arguments are one of the most important genres in Logic. The slides are most useable by Business Students.
Lesson 7 of a multipart series. The Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and other arguments don't prove the God of the Bible, however, they do support a Theistic world view.
Philosophy 25
Critical Thinking
Chapter 1
Agenda
1) What is Philosophy?
2) What is Critical Thinking?
3) Argument Overview
4) Statements & Truth
HW: P. 23 (Exercise 1.2)
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Philosophy?
“Love of Wisdom”? (Etymology not helpful)
“Philosophy is thinking really hard about the most important questions and trying to bring analytic clarity both to the questions and the answers.” Marilyn Adams
“Philosophy is 99 percent about critical reflection on anything you care to be interested in.” Richard Bradley
3
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Philosophy?
Another way to approach defining Philosophy is to think about the questions it asks. Here are three core questions:
Metaphysics: What exists?
Epistemology: What can we know? How can we know what exists?
Ethics: What is right?
4
Intro to Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
Philosophers use the skill of critical thinking to answer philosophical questions.
Critical Thinking is a set of tools for determining whether we have good reason to believe or accept something.
Connection to Logic: Logic is the study of good reasoning (and it is another branch of Philosophy)
5
Parts of an Argument
Arguments
Premises Conclusion
Statement/Claim Statement/Claim
6
Statements / Claims
Consider the following sentences:
“Grass is Green.”
“Is Grass Green?”
“Yay!!!”
7
Statements / Claims
Consider the following sentences:
“Grass is Green.”
“Is Grass Green?”
“Yay!!!”
8
Statements / Claims
Statements/Claims are sentences that are either true or false.
But what is truth/falsity?
9
Four theories of truth
Correspondence Theory: A statement is true if it corresponds with reality
Coherence Theory: A statement is true if it coheres with our other beliefs
Pragmatic Theory: A statement is true if it is useful for the lives of human beings
Minimalism: A sentence ‘S’ is true if S
Truth is not a substantial property.
10
Correspondence
Correspondence Theory: A statement is true if it corresponds with reality
E.g. The statement “Grass is green” is true because (out there in reality) grass is green.
Pros: it is intuitive –many people find this view of truth commonsensical. It is objective- truth is not an invention of people’s minds.
Cons: 1) It is TOO objective – How can we what reality is like apart from our perceptions? 2) Why should we care about such an objective notion
11
Coherence
CoherenceTheory: A statement is true if it coheres with our other beliefs
E.g. The statement “Grass is green” is true because it does not conflict with other beliefs we hold.
Pros: 1) There is a subjective element to it and it is clear why truth would matter to human beings.
Cons: 1) The ramblings on an insane person can be completely coherent, yet we don’t think they are true. This reveals that there needs to be more to truth than coherence.
12
Pragmatic
Pragmatic Theory: A statement is true if it is useful for the lives of human beings
E.g. The statement “.
Faulty Arguments,Logical Fallacies and Poor Re.docxmydrynan
Faulty Arguments,
Logical Fallacies
and
Poor Reasoning
Faulty ArgumentsThis PowerPoint contains some of the common errors people make in reasoning. If you listen, you will hear many of these fallacies in everyday conversation.The “natural” cure and herbal medicine literature is rife with glaring examples of poor argumentation.Study these generic examples and you will be able to spot them in the assigned articles with ease.
Poor Logic
Emotional AppealThis is an attempt to sway the listener by getting him emotionally involved. Emotions shut down reason!Sick or scared people are especially vulnerable.
Ad Hominem/ Personal AttackArguments of this kind focus on the character of the person advancing it; they seek to discredit positions by discrediting those who hold them. They attack the arguers rather than the arguments.Politicians are often subjected to ad hominem attacks
Bandwagon/ Ad PopulumThe difference between the two is that the bandwagon fallacy places an emphasis on current fads and trends, whereas the ad populum suggests that an idea must be true simply because it is widely held.
Appeal to AuthorityFor example, an appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. The degree of support that such an appeal lends to a claim varies depending on the particular authority in question, the relevance of their expertise to the claim, and other factors, but in all cases is limited.
Appeal to AuthorityAn appeal to authority argument seeks to persuade by citing what someone else, a perceived authority, thinks on the subject, as if that resolves the question. Celebrity endorsements sell products.Even worse, celebrity endorsements of political figures win votes. Yikes!
Faulty StatisticsMisunderstanding or misusing statistics to shore up a weak argument.Example: “We must fund our schools better! Half our children are below average on their math tests!”People pull bogus statistics out of thin air to sound impressive.
Research by ExegesisResearch by exegesis is using a book as an infallible reference source.Usually it refers to the supposedly infallible Bible, but not always.People cite Bible verses to convince people that being gay is wrong.
Either/Or & Slippery SlopeSlippery slope arguments falsely assume that one thing must lead to another. They begin by suggesting that if we do one thing then that will lead to another, and before we know it we’ll be doing something that we don’t want to do.They conclude that we therefore shouldn’t do the first thing. The problem with these arguments is that it is possible to do the first thing that they mention without going on to do the other things; restraint is possible.
Slippery Slope Example“If you go out with that kind of guy, you will get pregnant and end up dropping out of college.”Either you stay in school or you won’t get a good job.
Red HerringThe red herring ...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Aj. Hakim Sudinpreeda
M.A. (Education)
THINKING & REASONING
ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
2. • If we do not think ourselves, some other people will think for
us.
• If some other people think for us, they can control us.
• If some other people can control us, we are enslaved by
them.
• If we are enslaved, we have no position of being human.
Therefore, no thinking = no human being
WHY DO WE THINK?
11. withdrew to a lonely place in Switzerland, where he
‘learned, learned and learned’, reading Hegel’s logic.
And this is what we should do today when we find
ourselves bombarded with mediatic images of
violence”. [p.7]
• If we always learn without acting then we never apply
our knowledge.
• Learning = thinking and not acting
• In a binary opposition
12.
13. “Character is like a tree and
reputation its shadow. The s
hadow is what we think it is
and the tree is the real thing
.”
― Abraham Lincoln
15. • Some people think well, reason well, and
argue well. Some do not.
• The ability to think, reason, and argue well
is partly a matter of natural gifts?
16. • And whatever our natural gifts, they can be refin
ed and
sharpened.
• How can we refine and sharpen the
natural gift of thinking?
17. ตรรกะศาสตร ์---- Fallacy ---- ตรรกะป่ วย --- ความไม่มีเหตุผล--- คนบ้า
By the study of logic
• Through the study of logic, one learns
strategies for thinking well,
common errors in reasoning to avoid, and
effective techniques for evaluating arguments.
19. What is logic?
Logic is the study of methods for evaluating
arguments. More precisely, logic is the study of metho
ds for evaluating whether the premises of an argument
adequately support (or provide good evidence for) its
conclusion.
20. Argument, Conclusion, Premise, and Support
• Argument is a set of statements where some of
the statements are intended to support another.
• The conclusion is the claim to be supported.
• The premises are the statements offered in
support.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Proof of God
• Every thing began to exist has a cau
se.
• The universe began to exist.
• Therefore, the universe has a cause
.
28. Cause of the universe
• A. It creates itself.
• B. It was created by an created creator.
• C. It was created by an uncreated creator
.
29. More about this creator
• It must have a consciousness.
• It must have absolute power.
• It must be independent.
30.
31. The Design and Precision of
the Universe
(Teleological Argument)
The design argument is saying that th
e Universe is so cleverly designed and
so finely balanced – has Fine-Tuning,
this means that somebody has design
ed it like that.
32.
33.
34.
35. Physicist Roger Penrose has calculated
the odds that the entire universe is as or
derly as our galactic neighborhood to be
one in 1010 123, a number whose decimal
representation has vastly more zeroes th
an the number of fundamental particles i
n the observable universe.
(see The Emperor's New Mind, pg. 341-344)
36.
37. If the rate of expansion had been slightly s
lower —by one part in millions— then gra
vity would have caused it to all collapse in
a big crunch. If the rate of expansion had
been slightly faster —by one part in millio
ns— Then gravity couldn’t pull any of the
matter together to form planets, stars and
even gases!
38. More about this creator
• It must be one.
...Had there been in them any god
s except God, they would both ha
ve certainly been in a state of dis
order...".[Anbiya"/22]
39.
40. God does not create things aimlessly.
• The universe is complex.
• The complexity indicates the designer’s intelli
gence.
• The intelligent does things with reasons.
• Therefore, the entire creation of the universe
has a purpose.
41. If God creates the universe and thin
gs within it, God also creates manki
nd as mankind is within the univers
e.
42. What is the purpose of the cr
eation of mankind?
43. • Nobody knows exactly except its cr
eator.
• Only God knows what is the purpo
se of mankind’s creation.
44. BUT----- HOW DO WE KNOW?
• God must tell us by the use of a
communication means.
47. 1. It must answer the question: the purpose of hu
man creation.
2. It must be unique: nobody can copy it.
3. It must have a statement that it is from God.
4. It must have no contradictions: between good a
nd bad.
5. It must impact the readers: estimated from the
number of people popularity.
48. • Every logic book contains at least one silly example.
• The Power of Logic is a logic book.
• So, The Power of Logic contains at least one silly example.
• Every Muslim student of Hatyai university whose hometown
is in southern provinces can speak Malay.
• Najmee is from a southern province (Narathiwat).
• Therefore, Najmee can speak Malay.
49. • Every logic book contains at least one silly example.
(Premise 1)
• The Power of Logic is a logic book.
(Premise 2)
• So, The Power of Logic contains at least one silly example.
(Conclusion)
50. • The word “so” indicates that the conclusion of this argume
nt is “The Power of Logic contains at least one silly exam
ple.”
• The argument has two premises—
“Every logic book contains at least one silly example”
and “The Power of Logic is a logic book.”
51. Break down these arguments’ structures
2. If something would have a future of value if
it weren’t killed, then it is wrong to kill it. Most fetuses
would have a future of value if they weren’t killed. So,
it is wrong to kill most fetuses.
3. If fetuses are not persons, then abortion is not
wrong. Fetuses are not persons. So, abortion is not
wrong.
52. Break down these arguments’ structures.
• If something would have a future of value if it weren’t killed,
then it is wrong to kill it. (Premise 1)
• Most fetuses would have a future of value if they weren’t
killed. (Premise 2)
• So, it is wrong to kill most fetuses. (Conclusion)
53. Break down these arguments’ structures.
• If fetuses are not persons, then abortion is not
wrong. (Premise 1)
• Fetuses are not persons. (Premise 2)
• So, abortion is not wrong. (Conclusion)
55. An argument is:
• a set of declarative statements that holds
truth values which is either true or false.
• In the statements, there are premises,
which intend to support conclusion.
56. Statement
What is a statement?
• A. Some dogs are collies. (collie refers to a large type
of dog with long hair and a long pointed nose)
• B. No dogs are collies.
• C. Some dogs weigh exactly 124.379 pounds.
• D. All schools must have students.
• E. All schools have good students.
• F. Some students achieve exactly 3.89 GPA.
57. • Statement (A) and (D) are true because they
describe things as they are.
• Statement (B) and (E) are false because they
describe things as other than they are.
The truth value of (A) & (D) are true while the truth value
of (B) and (E) are false, but(A), (B), (D) and (E) are all
statements.
59. Yes.
• No one may know
its truth value, but (C) and (F) are either
true or false, and hence they are statem
ents.
60. Are any of the following items statements?
G. Get your dog off my lawn!
H. How many dogs do you own?
I. Let’s get a dog.
No, it is a command.
No, it is a question.
No, it is a proposal.
• (G) could be obeyed or disobeyed.
• (H) could be answered or unanswered.
• (I) could be accepted or rejected.
61. 1. The sky is blue.
2. Let’s go to the party.
3. Please be silent!
4. Abortion is illegal.
5. Prayuth Chan-o-cha was born in 1963.
6. If Langkawi Island is in Malaysia, then
Langkawi Island is in Malaysia.
7. It is not the case that Ben Franklin.
Recognizing Statements
Statement
Proposal sentence
Command sentence
Statement
Affirmative
sentence
Statement
Neither statement nor
sentence
62. More exercise
8. “Why?” asked Socrates.
9. Table not yes if.
10. Either humans evolved from apes or apes evolved from humans.
11. Davy Crockett died at the Alamo.
12. How are you?
13. If seven is greater than six, then six is greater than seven.
14. Let’s have lunch.
15. Go!
16. Despite the weather.
17. The longest shark in the Pacific Ocean.
18. Either Heather or Cheri.
19. If there is only one human.
20. Either Najmee is angry or Nurisan is depressed.
63. More exercise
8. “Why?” asked Socrates. Affirmative sentence
9. Table not yes if. Neither a sentence nor statement
10. Either humans evolved from apes or apes evolved from humans. Statement
11. Davy Crockett died at the Alamo. Affirmative sentence
12. How are you? Question sentence
13. If seven is greater than six, then six is greater than seven. Statement
14. Let’s have lunch. Proposal sentence
15. Go! Command
16. Despite the weather. Neither a sentence nor statement
17. The longest shark in the Pacific Ocean. Neither a sentence nor statement
18. Either Heather or Cheri. Neither a sentence nor statement
19. If there is only one human. Neither a sentence nor statement
20. Either Najmee is angry or Nurisan is depressed. Statement
64. The following two examples illustrate this distinction:
(1) All philosophers like logic.
Joseph is a philosopher.
So, Joseph likes logic.
Distinguishing premises
(2) Most philosophers like logic.
Peter is a philosopher.
So, Peter likes logic.
Deductive argument Inductive argument
65. • A deductive argument is one in which the
premises are intended
to guarantee the conclusion.
• An inductive argument is one in which the
premises are intended
to make the conclusion probable, without
guaranteeing it.
66. (1) All philosophers like logic.
Joseph is a philosopher.
So, Joseph likes logic.
The premises of argument (1) are intended to support
the conclusion: It is guaranteed that, if they are true, then
the conclusion is true as well.
67. (2) Most philosophers like logic.
Peter is a philosopher.
So, Peter likes logic.
The premises of argument (2) do not directly support the conclusion.
Even if Peter is a philosopher and even if the majority of philosophers
enjoy logic, it is not guaranteed that Peter enjoys logic; he might be amo
ng the minority who do not care for logic at all.
The premises of (2) support the conclusion in a different sense, however: It is
probable that if they are true, then the conclusion is true
as well.
68. Inductive / Deductive?
All DRIC students are supposed to be taught in English as the medium
of instruction. Frenco is a student from DRIC. Therefore, Frenco is sup
posed to be taught in English as his medium of instruction.
Most DRIC students like studying English. Arifeen is a student from DRIC.
Therefore, Arifeen likes studying English. Inductive
Deductive
