Computers can be classified based on their storage and performance efficiency, operating method, and purpose. Supercomputers are used for complex calculations like weather prediction, mainframes support large numbers of users and process transactions concurrently, and microcomputers are used for general purposes like education and entertainment. Programs are written in high-level languages and assembled or compiled into machine code. Hardware refers to physical devices while software refers to instructions that make hardware functional. System software coordinates hardware and applications, while application software helps users solve problems. Operating systems manage system resources and provide interfaces between hardware, software, and users.

1. INTRODUCTI
ON TO
COMPUTERS

2. Computer
A word derived from "Compute“ (calculate)
Classification
1- The ability of storage and performance
efficiency
2- The operating method
3- The purposes

3. Speed & Performance
Super Computer:
- Size and Expense
- Complex calculations.

4. Speed & Performance(contd..)
Predicting the Weather: Forecasting
Collect - Satellites, weather stations,
ships, and airplanes
Channeled – Super Computer
Factors – differences (the Earth’s rotation)
Capable - Billion operations a second
Applications
Meteorologists - Research on the climate and global warming.
Scientist - molecular modeling.
Universities, Government agencies, Large businesses.

5. Speed & Performance(contd..)
Mainframe:
- Support 100 or 1000 of Users
(handles I/O and Storage).
- Used in large organizations (Server).
- Concurrently process 1 Billon TXNs per day
Applications
ATM cash withdrawal
- Insert Card
– Enter PIN
– PIN verify
– Internal Msg (access saving a/c)
- A/c balance (Verified & approved)
- Msg send ATM (approve or refuse)
- Update A/c
- Territories (Bank1 – Bank2)

6. Banks – ATMs, teller systems for customer service
Insurance – Agent systems for policy management and
claims processing
Travel and transport – Airline reservation systems
Manufacturing – Inventory control, production scheduling
Government – Tax processing, license issuance and
management
Speed & Performance(contd..)

7. Speed & Performance(contd..)
Minicomputers
-multiple terminals (multi-user cp)
-Lesser no of terminals
-Less storage capacity
-Speed of 2 million per instructions
-Cheaper
-Tremendous processing power.
- Used Network & Internet servers
-IBM 9375 and Motorola 68040.
Microcomputers:
- PC, Desktop, Tablet, Notebook, Smart phone, Calculators
- Cheaper
- General usage(Entertainment, Education &Work purposes)

8. Operating Methods
Analog Computers
- Analog data
- Continuous & Infinite values
- Temperature, Pressure, Speed, Weight, Voltage, Depth etc.
- Measures Continuous changes in Physical Quantity
Eg:
Speedometer – Thermometer -Weights machine
Storage capability -
[measure & compare quantities in a single operation]
Output-
Readings on a series of dial (Speedometer of a car)
or a graph on strip chart

9. Operating Methods (Contd..)
Digital Computers
- Digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols
- I/O : ON or OFF
- Perform: Arithmetic and logical operation
- Digital Computer
Eg:
Accounting Machines and Calculators
Digital Analogy
Accurate -
- Faster
Store information Lack Memory
Count Measures

10. Operating Methods (Contd..)
Hybrid Computers
- Combination Digital & Analog computers
- Speed (Analogy) & memory, accuracy (Digital)
- Process both continuous and discrete data
Eg:
Petrol pump –
Processor – Fuel Flow measures <-> Quantity & Price
Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Analog - Patient's BP & Temp
Digital – Displays in form of digital
Defense & Radar systems
Scientific calculations

11. Purpose
General-Purpose Computers
Build – Various jobs [ Functions & Operations]
Special-Purpose Computers
Special task – Solve one particular problem
- Video Games,
- Traffic lights control system,
- Navigational system in an aircraft,
- Weather forecasting,
- Satellite launch / tracking,
- Oil exploration
- Automotive industries,
- keeping time in a digital watch,
- Robot helicopter.

12. Characteristics
Speed
Measures - microsecond or nanosecond
Accuracy
Error - Human and Inaccurate data
Diligence
Free - Tiredness, lack of Concentration
Versatility
Work - Different type
Power of Remembering
Store – Any Amount [Inform & Data]
No IQ
User – Instruction
No Feeling
No – Emotion, Taste, Knowledge, Experience..
Storage
Inbuilt Memory
Secondary Memory

13. Computer Organization
Processor
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Input
Devices
Storage
Devices
Output
Devices
Memo
ry
Data
Informa
tion
Instructions
Data
Information
Instructions
Data
Information
Control
Unit

15. Primary memory
Faster in speed,less in size(megabytes)
and costlier
RAM(Random Access Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
Secondary memory
Slower than main memory,
very large amount of memory(giga
bytes),cheap.
Hard disk, floppy,CD

16. Auxillary storage devices
Magnetic tape
Magnetic disk
Optical memory device
1kB=1024 bytes
1MB=1024k bytes
1GB=1024M bytes

17. Computer Organization (Contd..)
Processor
Control Unit
Memory
ALU
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory
Step 2.
Decode
Translate
instruction into
commands
Step 4. Store
Write result to memory
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command
X = 5 + 3

18. Computer Organization (Contd..)
Addition of Two Numbers
x = 2, y = 5, x + y = z
# Machine code Assembly
code
Description
0 001 1 000010 LOAD #2 Load the value 2 into the Accumulator
1 010 0 001101 STORE 13 Store the value of the Accumulator in memory
location 13
2 001 1 000101 LOAD #5 Load the value 5 into the Accumulator
3 010 0 001110 STORE 14 Store the value of the Accumulator in memory
location 14
4 001 0 001101 LOAD 13 Load the value of memory location 13 into the
Accumulator
5 011 0 001110 ADD 14 Add the value of memory location 14 to the
Accumulator
6 010 0 001111 STORE 15 Store the value of the Accumulator in memory
location 15
7 111 0 000000 HALT Stop execution

19. Control Unit
- Directing Flow of Instructions & Data within the CPU
Decoder [Instruction <-> Signal]
- Recognizing Operation & Activating Circuit (operation)
Transfer
Sent

20. Programming Language
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
------- 3 + 4
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
------ ADD 3, 4
MACHINE LANGUAGE
--------011 00000011 00000100
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
- Easier to write.
- Easier to read.
- Programs are portable
Web languages – [Edit & Create Web]
HTML, XML, Javascript, Vbscript, php, Java
Software languages-
C, C++, Visual Basic, Java (OOD, Procedure, Neural NW)

21. Hardware & Software
Hardware
- Physical Devices [Touch & See]
Eg – CD, Pen Drive
Software
- Set of code & instructions [perform a task]
Eg: Program Load
PART
THOUGHT
Your physical body cannot function
without your thoughts.
And your thoughts need a physical body
to exist within

22. Hardware

23. Software
Systems software
Set of programs that coordinates
activities and functions of the
hardware and various other programs
Application software
Programs that help users solve
particular computing problems

24. Software
System Software - Direct control & access your cp
Hardware
Examples :
1) Microsoft Windows ,2) Linux, 3) Unix, 4) Mac OSX,
5) DOS,6) BIOS Software, 7) HD Sector Boot Software,
8) Device Driver Software i.e Graphics Driver etc, 9)
Linker Software, 10) Assembler and Compiler Software
Application software: Run under SS & Do a specific task
1) Opera (Web Browser), 2) Microsoft Word (Word
Processing), 3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
5) MySQL (Database Software), 6) Microsoft Powerpoint
(Presentation Software), 7) iTunes (Music / Sound
Software), 8) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software
),9) World of Warcraft (Game Software)

25. Operating System Functions
–Perform common computer hardware functions
–Provide a user interface
–Provide a degree of hardware independence
–Manage system memory
–Manage processing tasks
–Provide networking capability
–Control access to system resources
–Manage files

26. Mode of Operations
1.Batch Processing
2.Time Sharing
3.Real-Time Processing
-Serves Real time
applications
-Number of users to interact
concurrently
-Particular set of tasks
-Take hours, or even weeks
-

28. Computer
Characteristics
Computer Organizations
Types of Programming Language
Hardware & Software
Modes of Operations
Conclusion