1EU HCM505 - 146Research Methodology in Health Cri

1
EU HCM505 - 146
Research Methodology in Health
Critical Thinking Assignment: Research Paper_ Module 12
130 Points
/
Saami Comment by Dale Gooden: Hello Saleh,
Thank you for the hard work on this submission. I enjoyed
reading it and have provided my feedback below.
Warmly,
Dr. Gooden
November 26, 2021
Patient Safety Culture in hospitals.
Introduction. Comment by Dale Gooden: You provided a solid
introduction, background, and overview of the central theme of
your research.
Patient safety is an issue of global public health concern. It
refers to preventing patients from harm by implementing a care
system that contains errors and learns from medical errors to
build a safety culture involving healthcare workers, patients,
and healthcare organizations. The safety of patients is critical in

care quality. Many patients worldwide have suffered injuries,
disabilities, and death due to medical errors or unsafe care.
Patient safety culture can be defined as healthcare
organizations' values about what is essential and how to operate
to protect patients. To achieve a safety culture, organizations
and their members need to understand the values, norms and
beliefs about the essential attitudes and behaviors associated
with patient safety (Ali et al., 2018).
To achieve a culture of safety, organizations should emphasize
addressing disparities in the quality of care because the current
challenges may worsen the efforts to narrow the gap. Quality
and safety are key issues in establishing and delivering
accessible, responsive and effective healthcare systems. Poor
quality and unsafe patient care increase mortality and morbidity
rates throughout the world. About 75% of the healthcare
delivery gaps are preventable, and approximately 10% of
inpatient admission result from preventable patient harm (Amiri
et al., 2018).
Patient safety cultures with strong collaboration and leadership
drive and prioritize safety (Wu et al., 2019). Strong leadership
and commitment from manger are essential because their
attitudes and actions influence the wider workforce's behaviors,
perceptions, and attitudes. Other important aspects of the
patient safety culture are; effective communication, mutual
trust, shared views on the importance of patient safety,
engaging the healthcare workforce, acknowledging mistakes,
and having a system that recognizes, responds, and gives
feedback on adverse events (Alquwez et al., 2018). Patient
safety culture is influenced by burnouts, hospital
characteristics, communication, position, work area,
commitment to the patient safety program, leadership, and
patient safety resources and management.
Thesis statement. Comment by Dale Gooden: Include a
research question supported with peer-reviewed references to
improve your grade.
Patient safety culture focuses on safety in health care by

emphasizing the prevention, reporting, and investigation of
medical errors that may cause patients' adverse effects, thus
reducing harm by implementing necessary measures. Several
factors influence the hospital's patient safety culture. This paper
highlights the factors that influence patient safety culture and
patient safety culture in public hospitals.
Body.
Patient safety culture encompasses shared values and beliefs
about healthcare delivery system, training and education of
healthcare workers on patient safety culture, commitment from
leaders and managers, open commutation concerning medical
errors and patient injury, a system of detecting and
investigating near misses and medical errors, and establishment
of a just culture. The organization's leadership should be
committed to developing and implement a culture of safety.
However, developing and implementing a culture of safety
should not be made at the expense of reducing the sense of
professional responsibility. Healthcare workers should be
adequately prepared to perform their duties. They should be
aware of their environment to eliminate distractions. In
addition, they should be vigilant in detecting hazardous
situations to prevent the occurrence of such cases.
Patient safety culture consists of psychological, behavioral, and
organizational components. The psychological component is
what individuals think, including their opinions, values,
attitudes, and beliefs. A safety culture requires that employees
should be trained on what safety entails. Safety should always
be the first goal in every health care organization. Most
organizations achieve patient safety by conducting safety
meetings and training healthcare workers. To achieve a
sustained improvement in safety, culture-specific measures,
such as executive work rounds, teamwork training, and creating
safety teams should be implemented. Other methods include;
structured response and rapid response teams, which can
effectively eliminate rigid unsafe culture in healthcare.
Factors influencing patient safety culture.

Burnout. Comment by Dale Gooden: To improve your grade for
this assignment. Please integrate peer-reviewed support and
evidence into your analysis.
Different factors, including ineffective teamwork, psychological
and physical overload of health professionals, and unsuccessful
organizational processes, influence a patient safety culture.
Burnout impairs healthcare processes, teamwork, and personal
characteristics. Patient safety is one of the critical challenges in
healthcare today, and in many cases, it depends on healthcare
professionals because they are responsible for providing safe
and quality care. To achieve safety in healthcare, healthcare
professionals should be trained since most safety issues arise
from the psychological health of care providers, poor
communication, training, and lack of teamwork. Healthcare
workers should be trained on clinical practice guidelines, better
working conditions, adverse events and new technologies used,
infection prevention guidelines should be provided, and
emotional and psychological support offered to health
professionals.
Healthcare professionals’ wellbeing, anxiety, depression, and
burnout determine the patient-provider relationship and the
quality of care provided: poor wellbeing and high levels of
burnout result in poor patient care and outcomes. Burnout is
directly related to workplace conditions and is caused by
occupational stress mainly arising from the interaction with
other people. Concerning the expected risks, healthcare
professionals get exhausted during working hours, and therefore
they may fail to perform to standards, thus compromising safety
and quality of health.
Patient safety permeates cuts across individual, social, and
organizational factors which depend on human resources.
Burnout depends on characteristics such as human interaction
and physical, organizational factors. Adverse events are
complications that arise from patient care, caused by errors that
are not associated with the natural history of the disease.
Complications occurring as a result of medical errors are

referred to as avoidable adverse events.
A culture of patient safety is essential to reduce and avoid
mistakes. According to the Joint Committee, a safety culture is
a collection of values, beliefs, attitudes, skills, perceptions and
behavioral patterns that determine an organization's
commitment to patient safety and quality of care. A patient
safety culture encourages employees to report near misses and
medical errors. Leaders need to create and support an
environment in which employees can express their opinions in
order to learn from dangerous situations, adverse events, and
close discussions. Leaders can achieve a patient safety culture
by encouraging a non-punitive and transparent approach to
reporting. A just culture that minimizes individual blame and
focuses on reducing faults causing adverse events improves
patient safety culture.
Communication Comment by Dale Gooden: To improve
your grade for this assignment. Please integrate peer-reviewed
support and evidence into your analysis.
Effective communication is essential when engaging and
providing care for patients. Communication is paramount for
better decision-making and the successful provision of patient-
centered care. Effective communication is essential throughout
the interaction between the provider and the patient as it
ensures that patients and families take part and make informed
decisions concerning their health. Communication is important
during diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and follow -up. Poor
communication can expose patients to harm. During a diagnosis
process in the emergency department, 23% of the patients were
not informed about their health. A quarter of them did not
understand the procedure to follow after leaving the emergency
department. Lack of such communication causes harmful
consequences and adverse events.
Effective communication and teamwork promote patient safety
culture. Constant communication between leaders and
healthcare workers improves patient safety culture. Breakdown
in communication between the healthcare provider and the

patient, caregiver, or family contributes to errors and adverse
events. Timely communication of patient progress and discharge
summaries are some of the patient safety culture components.
The number one cause of malpractice is poor medical
communication. Inadequate communication contributes to
diagnosis-related malpractice claims.
Leadership Comment by Dale Gooden: You misunderstood
the assignment direction and objective for submitting your
research essay.
Effective leadership is important in healthcare to foster a
culture of patient safety (Carvalho et al., 2017). Healthcare
organization leaders encourage others to speak up, communicate
issues, and increase safety by promoting an environment of
psychological safety. Leaders can make timely decisions to
protect patients and healthcare workers. Ultimately, managers
who promote a positive corporate culture contribute to
employee job satisfaction, reduced medical malpractice, reduced
burnout, and generally a better culture of safety. Influential
leaders use a solid vision to inculcate a sense of purpose and set
the organization’s culture. Leadership sets organizational
priorities and allocates resources to key security initiatives.
Leaders must develop and implement strategies that eliminate
intimidating behaviors in the organization (Gutberg & Berta,
2017). Allowing unprofessional behavior within an organization
puts patient safety at risk. Lack of a system that openly
addresses such behaviors allows such employees to act
unprofessionally, and that kind of culture can be passed to new
employees. Timely action against such behaviors improves staff
retention and satisfaction, improves patient safety, enhances
reputation, risk-management experience, and creates a better
work environment.
Psychological Safety. Comment by Dale Gooden: The
information is good but how does not meet the assignment
objectives?
Psychological safety assumes that a person cannot be punished
for saying something or making a mistake. Psychological safety

is an essential component of patent safety culture and is
associated with burnout and patient safety. It encourages
creativity, transparency, speaking up, and courage when giving
your opinion. A psychologically safe environment allows
providers to discuss matters related to work-life balance, which
improves their wellbeing. To ensure psychological safety,
leaders need to encourage an environment in which employees
can safely communicate patient care and problems. Influential
leaders develop a sustainable communication and feedback
mechanism in the organization (Farokhzadian et al., 2018). This
increases the ability to react constructively to patient problems
and accept feedback from care providers. It will be challenging
to achieve a patient safety culture without open communication
because healthcare workers may fear reporting near misses and
errors, thus compromising patient safety.
Collaborative Teamwork
Teamwork among employees is essential for a patient safety
culture (Danielsson et al., 2017). Leaders should nurture the
skills of their employees to promote better patient care. Leaders
should also demonstrate a positive attitude which can be
contagious over time. If leaders work together with healthcare
workers, workers are empowered to provide high-quality safety.
Sharing data metrics is an example of collaborative teamwork.
Healthcare workers are more likely to comply with the demands
of workplace objects when they are well informed of why they
should do it (Smith et al., 2017). Partnership-based
collaboration and effective communication are critical to
meeting common goals.
Conclusion.
Enhanced patient safety can only be achieved through adopting
a culture of safety. Patient safety culture is based on common
values and beliefs and is an integrated pattern of organizational
and personal behavior that seeks to minimize harm to the
patient through the care process. Patient safety should be a
critical concern for all healthcare organizations and healthcare
workers. It is influenced by communication, the wellbeing of

healthcare workers, teamwork, availability of resources, and
working environment. Patient safety culture can be referred to
as a just culture because it entails providing care with fairness.
The two essential strategies for patient safety care are; a system
within which care providers report near misses and injuries
without blame, relation, or humiliation, and an open and
comprehensive reporting creating an environment that is
reliable in avoiding injuries and near misses (Lawati et al.,
2018). Comment by Dale Gooden: Integrating the peer-
reviewed reference added credibility to your analysis.
References Comment by Dale Gooden: This is a good
selection of current and credible peer-review references.
Ali, H., Ibrahem, S. Z., Al Mudaf, B., Al Fadalah, T., Jamal, D.,
& El-Jardali, F. (2018). Baseline assessment of patient safety
culture in public hospitals in Kuwait. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2960-x
Alquwez, N., Cruz, J. P., Almoghairi, A. M., Al-otaibi, R. S.,
Almutairi, K. O., Alicante, J. G., & Colet, P. C. (2018). Nurses’
perceptions of patient safety culture in three hospitals in Saudi
Arabia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(4), 422-
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394
Amiri, M., Khademian, Z., & Nikandish, R. (2018). The effect
of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety
culture: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical
Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6
Carvalho, R. E., Arruda, L. P., Nascimento, N. K.,
Sampaio, R. L., Cavalcante, M. L., & Costa, A. C. (2017).
Assessment of the culture of safety in public hospitals in
Brazil. Revista Latino-Americana de
Enfermagem, 25(0). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-
8345.1600.2849
Danielsson, M., Nilsen, P., Rutberg, H., & Årestedt, K. (2017).
A national study of patient safety culture in hospitals in
Sweden. Journal of Patient Safety, 15(4), 328-
333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369

Farokhzadian, J., Dehghan Nayeri, N., & Borhani, F. (2018).
The long way ahead to achieve an effective patient safety
culture: Challenges perceived by nurses. BMC Health Services
Research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3467-1
Gutberg, J., & Berta, W. (2017). Understanding middle
managers’ influence in implementing patient safety
culture. BMC Health Services
Lawati, M. H., Dennis, S., Short, S. D., & Abdulhadi, N. N.
(2018). Patient safety and safety culture in primary health care:
A systematic review. BMC Family
Practice, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-018-0793-7
Smith, S. A., Yount, N., & Sorra, J. (2017). Exploring
relationships between hospital patient safety culture and
consumer reports safety scores. BMC Health Services
Wu, C., Wu, H., Lee, Y., & Huang, C. (2019). What attributes
determine overall satisfaction in patient safety culture? An
empirical study of the perceptions of hospital staff in
Taiwan. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 49(1),
20180713. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20180713
Grader - Instructions Access 2019
ProjectExp19_Access_Ch08_Cap - Performance 1.0
Project Description:
You have been asked to modify an Employees database that
tracks employee data, company locations, and performance and
bonus information.You will import a spreadsheet from Excel
and a text file into the database.You will add a Hyperlink field
that will store a URL for each city where the company has a
location.You will also add an Attachment field that will store
employee photos.You will then use imported data to enhance a
query in the database, create a report, and then export it to a
PDF document.
Steps to Perform:

Step
Instructions
Points Possible
1
Start Access. Open the downloaded Access file named
Exp19_Access_Ch8_Cap_Performance.accdb. Grader has
automatically added your last name to the beginning of the
filename. Save the file to the location where you are storing
your files.
0
2
Create a new table in the database by importing the downloaded
workbook named a08c2Location.xlsx. Use the first row of the
worksheet as column headings, set LocationID as the primary
key, and import the table as Location. Accept all other default
options. Do not save the import steps.
8
3
Create a table in the database by importing the downloaded text
file named a08c2Titles.txt. Use the first row of the file as field
names, TitleID as the primary key, and name the table Titles.
Accept all other default options. Do not save the import steps.
8
4
In the Employees table, add an Attachment field named Photo as
the last field. Save the table.
8
5
Add the downloaded image file KFleming.jpg for Employee ID 3
to the Employees table.
4
6
Add the downloaded image file PBrumbaugh.jpg for
EmployeeID 17 to the table. Close the table.
4
7

In the Location table, add a Hyperlink field named CityInfo as
the last field. Save the table.
8
8
Add the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta as the
CityInfo value for Atlanta in the Location table.
4
9
Add the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh as the
CityInfo value for Pittsburgh. Close the table.
4
10
Add the Location and Titles tables to the Relationships window.
Join Location and Employees by their common field, enforcing
referential integrity. Join Titles and Employees by their
common field, enforcing referential integrity.
6
11
Open the Performance query in Design view (right-click the
query in the Navigation Pane, and select Design View). Add the
newly imported Titles table to the query window. Drag and drop
the Title field from the Titles table over the Performance field
in the query design grid so that it is placed to the left of the
Performance field. The query calculates raises for the
employees based on data in the Titles table.
6
12
Add the Photo field from the Employees table to the last
position in the query. Run the query.
6
13
Set the criteria in the query so that only employees on probation
will display and then run the query. Note that these employees
will receive no bonus. Modify the criteria to display employees
who are not on probation. Employees whose performance is
good or excellent will receive a bonus. Run, save, and then

close the query.
6
14
Create a simple report based on the Performance query. In
Layout view, delete the Probation and PercentIncrease fields.
Adjust the column widths so that they all fit within the page,
but the data is still visible.
8
15
In Design view, move the page numbering control to the left so
that its right edge is just inside the 7.5-inch mark on the
horizontal ruler. Drag the right edge of the report to the left so
that it is just inside the 8-inch mark on the ruler. View the
report in Print Preview; the report should consist of two pages.
4
16
Modify the report title as Performance Reviews and delete the
logo to the left of the title.
4
17
Save the report as Employees in Good Standing and close the
report. Export the report as a PDF document using the same
name and publish the report. Open the report in your reader
program and close the report. Do not save the export steps.
4
18
Open the Performance query in Design view. Add the newly
imported Location table to the query window. Drag and drop the
Location field from the Location table over the LastName field
in the query design grid so that it is in the first field position.
Sort the records by Location in ascending order. Run, save, and
then close the query.
8
19
Close all database objects. Close the database and then exit
Access. Submit the database as directed.

0
Total Points
100
Created On: 07/11/2019 1 Exp19_Access_Ch08_Cap -
Performance 1.0
6
Annotated Bibliography
Student’s Name
Course
Instructor’s name.
Institutional Affiliation
October 7, 2021.
Annotated Bibliography
The researchers conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 public
hospitals in Kuwait using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety
Culture (HSOPSC). The study aimed to assess patient safety
culture in public hospitals as perceived by hospital staff and

relate the findings similar to regional and international study
findings. There was a low representation from physicians but
the authors managed to obtain input from different healthcare
providers which gave a more comprehensive view on patient
safety culture. According to the authors, the overall hospital
culture reflects on the actions of the facility regarding patient
safety and it is evident in patient outcomes. Patient safety
culture is important for healthcare facilities wishing to improve
the safety and quality of medical services.
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394
The authors of this article used a descriptive cross-sectional
design to assess the patient safety culture of chosen general
hospitals in Saudi Arabia based on nurses’ perceptions. Nurses
play a bigger part in safeguarding patients since they act as the
frontline advocates as the key implementers of quality and
safety initiatives in the clinical setting. The purpose of the
study was to provide an assessment of the safety culture in the
specified hospitals as a way of understanding the strengths and
weaknesses of the existing culture. The study evaluated the
beliefs, norms, and practices in three public hospitals. The
study recommended the establishment of non-punitive culture
and training of nurses working across all hospital units to
promote a safety culture.
A patient safety culture is where healthcare workers are aware
of errors and are encouraged to discuss them to improve the
quality and safety of care. patient safety culture is associated
with few adverse events and lower rates of patient
complications as a result of medical errors. It improves the

ability of nurses to learn from mistakes and improve patient
care. The study involved a randomized controlled trial of 60
nurses and 20 supervisors of three selected hospitals. The study
aimed at providing valuable information on patient safety
culture. The authors recommended healthcare facilities and
hospitals improve patient safety culture by employing adequate
staff and encouraging health care staff to report cases of
medical errors.
8345.1600.2849
The authors administered Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ)
to healthcare practitioners in three public hospitals in Brazil.
The study hypothesis is that the in-depth assessment of patient
safety culture allows a wider view of the factors affecting
patient safety in the hospitals. The assessment of patient safety
culture entails planning of actions targeting the quality care for
patients emphasizing organizational improvement. The findings
of this study complemented similar studies conducted in
Hungary and Norway, in all these studies, the health care
professionals presented a good perception of stressing factors in
their working environment. The findings show that problems
concerning workload and restrictions on autonomy result in
aversion and emotional exhaustion to the patient.
333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369
According to Danielsson et al., 2017, failures in health care
have been associated with weak patient safety culture which
contributes to adverse events. Safety culture is how safety is
seen and treated by members of organizations. The study
involved cross-sectional surveys of health care practitioners in

Swedish health care. The findings indicated that culture
dimensions HSPSC contributes to the overall patient safety than
background characteristics, showing that the dimensions are
vital in the efforts to improve the patient safety culture. The
findings were consistent with other studies concerning specific.
A greater level of patient safety culture implies an increased
possibility for high patient safety. High overall patient care
among providers was associated with age, professional
experience, and leadership position.
This study aimed to explore the nurses’ experiences of the
factors influencing the implementation and incorporation of a
safety culture in healthcare. The prevalence of safety incidents
and clinical risks are on the rise every day and this has become
an increasing challenge in healthcare. Although there is little
information concerning the extent of the problem, many people
suffer injuries or death as a result of clinical errors. The study
employed a content analysis method. The essential components
for improving safety culture in hospitals include leadership
support, teamwork, communication, and an objective culture
while prioritizing learning and reporting in the facility. Patient
safety culture emphasizes predictive and preventive measures of
safety.
Gutberg, 2017 responds to the calls for research on explicating
factors affecting efforts to implement fundamental changes in
healthcare contexts, and emphasizes patient safety culture as the
radical change implementation. Leadership is the most
impactful aspect promoting the move towards a patient safety
culture. Gutberg proposed that middle managers can use their

position in the organization to engage upper and lower-level
managers in promoting a patient safety culture. Middle
managers can do this through their communication role as a link
between the upper and low-level managers. According to the
study, organizations' leadership plays an important role in the
implementation of change and it affects substantial reforms in
organizations, particularly the organizational culture change
efforts.
Millions of patients globally suffer injuries, disabilities, or
death every year due to unsafe medical practices. This has
increased the recognition of the significance of patient safety
and the integration of patient safety approaches into the
strategic plans of healthcare organizations. This study involved
the review of articles on the topic. The important step to
improve patient safety culture is addressing and understanding
the safety culture of the organization. This will enable the
organization to identify its weaknesses and areas of
improvement. Other essential aspects to improve patient safety
culture include; communication openness, patient care follow -
up, and work pressure. The area that requires attention in
ensuring patient safety is the number of staff and providers to
handle patients.
The authors hypothesized that patient safety culture is
associated with hospital outcomes. Smith et al. assessed health
care staff and provider perceptions on patient safety issues,
event reporting, and medical errors. Other studies have linked
patient safety culture with patient experience. Some authors
have found that there is a relationship between patient safety

culture and the indicators of safety, which are normally used to
calculate Hospital Safety Score. Higher patient safety culture
scores indicate were fewer adverse events associated with
medical errors in hospitals. This research lays the groundwork
for further research on the relationships between care staff and
provider perceptions of patient safety culture and the reported
patient safety scores.
20180713. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20180713
The authors administered Safety Attitudes Questionnaires
(CSAQ) to staff in hospitals through an online survey
application. The findings of the study were similar to those of
previous research, the understanding of patient safety culture
perceptions among different medical staff helps hospital
management to implement policies that are explicitly oriented
toward improving safety and quality strategies. Wu et al.
recommend that health care organizations should consider
employing well-trained personnel and promoting concordant
teams and higher-level managers must adopt policies that
improve the working environment. Patient safety culture is not
only important for patients but also impacts the overall
satisfaction of nurses, physicians, other health care
professionals, and administrative staff.
5
Student’s Name
Course

November 11, 2021.
Overview.
Patient safety culture entails the shared values among
organization members that promote safety within the
organization. To achieve a patient safety culture, all members
within the organization must understand the beliefs, norms, and
values of what is important, and the attitudes and behaviors
related to patient safety (Alquwez et al., 2018). Healthcare
organizations' culture should emphasize addressing
discrepancies in the quality of care to protect patients from
harm. Safety and quality are the key issues establishing and
providing responsive, accessible, and effective health systems.
Insecure patient care increases the mortality and morbidity rates
which demands timely intervention. Medical errors are among
the leading causes of injury, readmissions, or death globally.
A healthcare facility that embraces patient safety culture
maintains safety as its top priority. Healthcare leaders should
show commitment by supporting their respective organizations
in understanding near misses and errors, inspecting and
identifying errors and their causes, developing strategies to
prevent the occurrence of errors, and training their staff to
recognize the importance of raising their concerns. Risk
managers are vital in leading the organization towards
achieving a safety culture. Patient safety culture helps an

organization focus on identifying and mitigating errors
fundamental to risk management (Danielsson et al., 2017).
Background.
The first step in defining and refining a safety culture is
conducting an assessment of patient safety culture in the
hospital (Carvalho et al., 2017). Accreditation organizations
require the assessments within their standards to enable
hospitals to assess issues such as managerial actions, teamwork,
leadership and administration support to patient safety,
incidents reporting, staffing challenges, and related issues. The
assessment allows organizations to have a clear view of the
areas to focus their efforts on as part of the strategies to
strengthen patient safety culture. In addition, it can help
hospitals benchmark their results against comparable strategies
implemented within their international level or country.
Before developing and implementing a patient safety culture, an
organization should first diagnose the existing culture and state
to identify areas of strength and their weaknesses. The most
efficient tool is the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture
(HSOPSC) which is based on 12 dimensions of safety (Ali et
al., 2018). The most efficient strategy to achieve a patient
safety culture is improving error reporting in the healthcare
organization, intentional incident reporting improves safety
culture by increasing event feedback and communication.
Timely feedback stimulates the development and
implementation of a patient safety culture if it is focused on
specific departments and if the outcomes are clear for intended
users.
Explanation of the research topic.
The research topic is the patient safety culture among healthcare
professionals in public hospitals. The research question: what is
the patient safety culture among healthcare professionals in
public hospitals? The study aims at assessing patient safety
culture among healthcare providers in public hospitals. The
Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) will be
used to collect information from the selected sample of

healthcare professionals. The study targets physicians, nurses,
dentists, health officers, ophthalmologists, midwives,
psychiatrists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, occupational and
environmental health officers, anesthetists, radiology, and
laboratory staff.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical approval will be obtained from the research ethics
committee and official permission letters obtained from
respective public hospitals. Informed consent will be obtained
from all participants. The research will not require any name or
identification, and the participants have a right to choose
whether to participate or not.
References
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394

8345.1600.2849
333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369
6
Selecting sources
Student’s Name
Course
September 20, 2021.
Selecting sources
Patient safety culture.
Culture is the shared values and beliefs that interact with a
system’s control mechanism and structures to produce

behavioral norms. Culture impacts patient safety by
determining appropriate practices and acting as an enabler and
barrier to accepting behaviors that promote patient safety. It is
crucial to understanding the components and factors affecting
culture and evaluating a safety culture to developing strategies
to create a culture committed to providing the safest care for
patients. Patient safety remains a developmental challenge in
many countries. Safety culture assessment helps health care
organizations assess areas that need improvement and identify
changes over time. The most effective strategy for improving
the quality of care is influencing the perception of health care
professionals towards patient safety.
Empirical studies.
The safety culture dimensions, including teamwork,
management support for patient safety, and staffing, contribute
to overall patient safety (Danielsson et al., 2017). The research
involved a cross-sectional survey of Sweden healthcare
professionals; the researchers analyzed the associations between
patient safety and 12 culture dimensions. I chose this article
because it contributes to nursing practice. Empowering nurses
improve the overall patient safety culture (Amiri et al., 2018).
This article is essential for this topic; the insights are important
for healthcare leaders, managers, and decision-makers wishing
to improve or create a patient safety culture in their
organization.
The purpose of the article by (Alquwez et al., 2018) is to assess
the patient safety culture of three general hospitals in Saudi
Arabia, as perceived by nurses. This article provides valuable
insights into the topic of interest. It analyses the perception of
nurses on factors contributing to patient safety culture. The
statistically significant factors contributing to patient safety
culture include teamwork within units, organizational training
on continuous improvement, communication and feedback about
the error, staffing, and reporting frequency. According to
(Carvalho et al., 2017), managerial actions contribute to patient
safety culture weakness. The article provides insights that are

important in preventing poor patient care.
The risk of harm to staff, patients, and organizations increases
due to factors including a shortage of resources, lack of staff
empowerment and professional competence, and unfavorable
working conditions (Farokhzadian et al., 2018). Shortage of
resources hinders the implementation of safety programs. This
article is important to improving future healthcare culture and
patient safety. There is a relationship between hospital staff
perceptions of patient safety culture and the Consumer Reports
Hospital Safety Score (Smith et al., 2017). The analysis lay a
background groundwork for future research assessing the
relationships between staff perceptions of patient safety culture
and widely reported patient safety scores. The overall
satisfaction with patient safety culture is highly influenced by
perceptions of the management (Wu et al., 2019). I chose the
article by (Wu et al., 2019) because the methods used for the
study are appropriate and reliable.
Other studies.
According to (Lawati et al., 2018), incident reporting is crucial
in achieving patient safety. Healthcare facilities should develop
a culture of incident reporting which helps in tracking and
investigating incidents. I chose the article because it is relevant
to the topic; it provides information on developing a patient
safety culture. Managers play an essential role in creating
stronger patient safety cultures (Gutberg & Berta, 2017). The
part of middle management includes facilitating communication
throughout the organization. Improving patient safety culture is
important to the quality and safety of medical services (Ali et
al., 2018)

References
431. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12394
8345.1600.2849
333. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000369

20180713. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20180713

1EU HCM505 - 146Research Methodology in Health Cri

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