This study examined the abundance and distribution of native and invasive understory plant species in relation to proximity to roads in Redwood Regional Park in Oakland, California. Abundance was measured using 1.8x1.8 ft quadrants in 19 locations near roads and 19 farther from roads. Statistical analysis found invasive species abundance was higher near roads while native species abundance was higher farther from roads. Distribution of native species was higher farther than 3 km from roads and invasive species distribution was higher within 2 km of roads, rejecting the null hypotheses. Limitations included some unidentified species and a gap in sampling locations.
This study examined factors influencing the advancement of California sage scrub (CSS) into annual grasslands. Transects were placed across boundaries between CSS and grassland, and plant species and soil samples were collected along each transect. Certain native shrub species including Artemesia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Baccharis pilularis, Mimulus auirantaicus, Nassella pulchra and Melica imperfecta were disproportionately found in recovering boundaries, indicating they may be pioneer species aiding the expansion of CSS into grasslands. The results support the theory that grasses invaded CSS habitats and contradict the idea that frequent disturbances prevent CSS recovery.
This study examined the relationship between plant abundance and proximity to roads in Redwood Regional Park in Oakland. It found that the abundance of invasive species was much higher near roads, while abundance of native species was higher farther from roads. However, the distribution of native plants with proximity to roads was oddly distributed, indicating there are other influencing factors beyond just roads that need further research to identify. The study used random sampling and statistical analysis to determine relationships between species and distance from roads.
The document summarizes baseline ecological surveys conducted in 2014 at the University of Portland's River Campus riparian zone, a former Superfund site undergoing restoration. Surveys inventoried 22 woody plant species (90% in poor health), recorded 139 herbaceous plant species from 42 families including 29% natives, and observed 31 avian species and 3988 invertebrates from 16 orders. Methods were developed to monitor vegetation, birds, and insects to establish baseline data and assess ecological recovery over time. While mainly exotic species were present, several native plants and species were colonizing. Future surveys will compare data to these baselines to evaluate restoration success and riparian habitat recovery.
- The study examined the relationship between white-tailed deer browsing intensity and proximity to roads and trails at four sites on the Huyck Preserve.
- Deer browsing intensity increased with distance from roads, suggesting roads reduce browsing by increasing perceptions of predation risk. However, browsing did not differ with distance from trails.
- Foliage coverage declined with increasing distance from both roads and trails. Near roads, higher browsing levels were correlated with lower foliage coverage.
- The results indicate roads impact deer browsing behaviors and interior forest regeneration, but trails do not appear to influence deer or have negative effects on vegetation.
61; road mortalites of reptiles in the vendeeRoger Meek
This document summarizes a study on patterns of reptile roadkill in western France over four years. The study found that two lizard species (Lacerta bilineata and Podarcis muralis) and two snake species (Hierophis viridiflavus and Natrix natrix) that are more active foragers had higher roadkill rates, while two more sedentary snake species (Vipera aspis and Natrix maura) had lower rates. Roadkills occurred throughout the reptiles' active season, with differences in the size classes and monthly frequencies of some species. A positive correlation was found between monthly roadkill counts and live sightings for H. viridiflavus
This document presents a study investigating patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with divergent migratory orientations in Europe. The study analyzed variation at microsatellite markers in over 500 blackcaps from 12 populations across Europe. The populations exhibited different migratory strategies, including southwest/southeast and northwest/southwest divides. The results found little genetic differentiation between southwest and southeast migrating populations, suggesting gene flow occurs across the large migratory divide region. In contrast, populations with northwest versus southwest migration in southern Germany showed significant but weak genetic differentiation, indicating a stronger isolating mechanism. Patterns of isolation-by-distance also differed between eastern and western blackcap populations. The genetic structure provides
Evaluation of invasion strategies of Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry laurel), and...Justin Bales
This document evaluates the invasion strategies of two invasive plant species, Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel) and Ilex aquifolium (English holly), in urban forests like St. Edwards Park. It hypothesizes that the similar distributions of the two species may be caused by bird dispersion. The study aims to determine if there is a correlation between the locations of the plants using GPS data, examine if environmental factors like proximity to forest edges limit their growth similarly, and observe birds consuming and dispersing the plants' seeds. Methods include collecting morphological data on cherry laurel in areas previously studied for holly, analyzing spatial patterns in GIS, and monitoring seed predation by birds.
Increasing salinity and decreasing barren land bordering marshes were associated with increasing marsh bird diversity in tidal marshes along the Saco River Estuary. Point counts from 2010-2013 detected 53 bird species and identified factors influencing diversity. Models showed salinity and percentage of barren land best explained variation in diversity, with diversity higher at higher salinities and less barren land bordering marshes. Other factors like marsh size, plant diversity, and invasive Phragmites extent did not influence diversity. The results suggest managing barren land at marsh edges to increase vegetated habitat could boost bird diversity.
This study examined factors influencing the advancement of California sage scrub (CSS) into annual grasslands. Transects were placed across boundaries between CSS and grassland, and plant species and soil samples were collected along each transect. Certain native shrub species including Artemesia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Baccharis pilularis, Mimulus auirantaicus, Nassella pulchra and Melica imperfecta were disproportionately found in recovering boundaries, indicating they may be pioneer species aiding the expansion of CSS into grasslands. The results support the theory that grasses invaded CSS habitats and contradict the idea that frequent disturbances prevent CSS recovery.
This study examined the relationship between plant abundance and proximity to roads in Redwood Regional Park in Oakland. It found that the abundance of invasive species was much higher near roads, while abundance of native species was higher farther from roads. However, the distribution of native plants with proximity to roads was oddly distributed, indicating there are other influencing factors beyond just roads that need further research to identify. The study used random sampling and statistical analysis to determine relationships between species and distance from roads.
The document summarizes baseline ecological surveys conducted in 2014 at the University of Portland's River Campus riparian zone, a former Superfund site undergoing restoration. Surveys inventoried 22 woody plant species (90% in poor health), recorded 139 herbaceous plant species from 42 families including 29% natives, and observed 31 avian species and 3988 invertebrates from 16 orders. Methods were developed to monitor vegetation, birds, and insects to establish baseline data and assess ecological recovery over time. While mainly exotic species were present, several native plants and species were colonizing. Future surveys will compare data to these baselines to evaluate restoration success and riparian habitat recovery.
- The study examined the relationship between white-tailed deer browsing intensity and proximity to roads and trails at four sites on the Huyck Preserve.
- Deer browsing intensity increased with distance from roads, suggesting roads reduce browsing by increasing perceptions of predation risk. However, browsing did not differ with distance from trails.
- Foliage coverage declined with increasing distance from both roads and trails. Near roads, higher browsing levels were correlated with lower foliage coverage.
- The results indicate roads impact deer browsing behaviors and interior forest regeneration, but trails do not appear to influence deer or have negative effects on vegetation.
61; road mortalites of reptiles in the vendeeRoger Meek
This document summarizes a study on patterns of reptile roadkill in western France over four years. The study found that two lizard species (Lacerta bilineata and Podarcis muralis) and two snake species (Hierophis viridiflavus and Natrix natrix) that are more active foragers had higher roadkill rates, while two more sedentary snake species (Vipera aspis and Natrix maura) had lower rates. Roadkills occurred throughout the reptiles' active season, with differences in the size classes and monthly frequencies of some species. A positive correlation was found between monthly roadkill counts and live sightings for H. viridiflavus
This document presents a study investigating patterns of genetic differentiation among populations of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with divergent migratory orientations in Europe. The study analyzed variation at microsatellite markers in over 500 blackcaps from 12 populations across Europe. The populations exhibited different migratory strategies, including southwest/southeast and northwest/southwest divides. The results found little genetic differentiation between southwest and southeast migrating populations, suggesting gene flow occurs across the large migratory divide region. In contrast, populations with northwest versus southwest migration in southern Germany showed significant but weak genetic differentiation, indicating a stronger isolating mechanism. Patterns of isolation-by-distance also differed between eastern and western blackcap populations. The genetic structure provides
Evaluation of invasion strategies of Prunus laurocerasus (Cherry laurel), and...Justin Bales
This document evaluates the invasion strategies of two invasive plant species, Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel) and Ilex aquifolium (English holly), in urban forests like St. Edwards Park. It hypothesizes that the similar distributions of the two species may be caused by bird dispersion. The study aims to determine if there is a correlation between the locations of the plants using GPS data, examine if environmental factors like proximity to forest edges limit their growth similarly, and observe birds consuming and dispersing the plants' seeds. Methods include collecting morphological data on cherry laurel in areas previously studied for holly, analyzing spatial patterns in GIS, and monitoring seed predation by birds.
Increasing salinity and decreasing barren land bordering marshes were associated with increasing marsh bird diversity in tidal marshes along the Saco River Estuary. Point counts from 2010-2013 detected 53 bird species and identified factors influencing diversity. Models showed salinity and percentage of barren land best explained variation in diversity, with diversity higher at higher salinities and less barren land bordering marshes. Other factors like marsh size, plant diversity, and invasive Phragmites extent did not influence diversity. The results suggest managing barren land at marsh edges to increase vegetated habitat could boost bird diversity.
This study assessed bee communities in three types of unmanaged urban habitats at Uludag University in Bursa, Turkey: woody areas, abandoned lots (intermediate areas), and open grassy areas. Bee diversity and abundance were surveyed using pan traps and net collection from July to August 2015. The results showed that grassy urban habitats consistently supported higher bee diversity than intermediate or woody habitats. Bee diversity measures (number of species and Shannon-Wiener index H') were positively correlated with plant diversity, but bee evenness was not correlated. This suggests plant diversity influences bee diversity but other factors impact bee community evenness.
This document summarizes a capstone project studying the ecological effects of road proximity on a temperate forest ecosystem. The author conducted field surveys using transects at varying distances from a logging road to examine changes in tree species populations and distributions. Preliminary results found the highest diversity closest to the road, which quickly decreased with distance before a slight upward trend out to 50 meters. However, this trend was not strong enough to reject the hypothesis that diversity remains average at each distance. Fewer trees were found on transects perpendicular versus parallel to the road. The study aims to help understand how human development like roads can impact ecosystems by altering species populations.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
1) The document examines the suitability of the Lake Erie Islands as breeding habitat for birds by comparing bird populations in human-dominated areas versus nature preserves.
2) The study found that older adult red-winged blackbirds favored human-dominated areas over preserves, while American robin hatchlings slightly favored preserves.
3) Contrary to expectations, blackbird fitness and health did not significantly differ between habitat types, suggesting they can thrive in human-influenced environments.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
This thesis examined the relationship between road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot, a fatal pathogen of Port-Orford-cedar trees, in southwest Oregon over 31 years. The author analyzed how indices of road disturbance and timber harvest related to locations of infected cedar populations. Both road networks and timber harvesting were found to be significantly related to the spread of the pathogen, with infection rates higher in areas with roads and harvesting. The configuration of road and stream networks also influenced the disease's distribution.
This study evaluated survey methods for detecting rare grassland birds in South Dakota. Roadside surveys and paired on and off-road surveys were conducted from 2013-2015. The results showed that grassland bird species richness and abundance were higher away from roads and in areas with greater grassland habitat. Specifically, detection of chestnut-collared longspurs, Baird's sparrows, and grasshopper sparrows tended to be greater at least 800 meters from roads compared to at roadsides or 400 meters away. Future survey methods should include point counts conducted farther from roads and in high grassland habitat areas.
Seminário 4 egerton-warburton_et_al-2000-ecological_applications_mycorrhiza (2)Carlos Alberto Monteiro
This document summarizes a study that evaluated shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient in coastal sage scrub vegetation in southern California. The researchers found that increasing nitrogen input was associated with displacement of larger-spored AM fungi species by proliferation of small-spored Glomus species. There was also a reduction in AM species richness and diversity, as well as decreases in spore abundance, root infection, and changes in spore production timing in more nitrogen-enriched sites. A fertilization experiment yielded similar results, indicating that nitrogen input likely explains the relationship between pollution and shifts in the AM communities.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
1) There was a positive relationship between local and regional plant species richness in tallgrass prairie, but this relationship varied with grazing, topography, and fire frequency.
2) Experimental removal of the dominant grass Andropogon scoparius resulted in a significant increase in local species richness compared to reference plots.
3) Overall species richness was higher in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas, but grazing did not significantly affect the relationship between number of sites occupied and average abundance across the landscape.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
Avian Vocalization Adjustment to Urbanization and Anthropogenic Noise_ A Revi...Maxson Jarecki
This document summarizes research on how birds adjust their vocalizations in urban environments in response to anthropogenic noise. It finds that birds that already have high frequency vocalizations are better able to inhabit cities, as low frequency calls are more easily masked by urban noise. Within urban areas, passerine birds with lower baseline frequencies are more likely to further increase their call frequencies. However, evidence suggests frequency changes may not be a directly adaptive response, but rather a byproduct of increasing call volume amplitudes to compensate for noise. The strength of evidence for frequency changes enhancing communication is debated in the literature.
1) The study assessed the effects of varying degrees of agricultural land use on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 15 headwater streams in Jersey County, Illinois. Land use/land cover was calculated at the watershed, 150m buffer, and 50m buffer scales.
2) Family diversity and richness were low across all sites. A total of 20 taxa were identified, of which only 4 were EPT taxa. Hydropsychidae had a strong positive correlation with percent agriculture. Principal component analysis showed trends in macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups.
3) While common bioassessment metrics like biotic indices did not correlate well with land use, percent Hydropsychidae may be an effective metric for
Emerald ash borer (EAB) has killed billions of ash trees since its introduction to North America. This document provides methods for monitoring ash decline, EAB populations, and lingering ash trees to understand the dynamics and effects of EAB infestation. Detailed protocols are given for establishing ash monitoring plots, deploying EAB traps, and conducting lingering ash surveys. The plot methods involve assessing ash canopy condition, common EAB symptoms, and other tree data. Standardized monitoring using these methods can help managers address issues related to invasive pests.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document summarizes a study examining factors that influenced changes in wild turkey populations in California from 1972 to 2013. The study used breeding bird survey data, land cover data, and data on turkey translocations and hunting to build statistical models analyzing the effects of various predictors on population change. The models found that hunting increased as populations increased, indicating hunting was not limiting populations. Land cover effects varied by scale, with urban land cover positively correlated with population change at smaller distances. Forest, grassland and agriculture were negatively correlated at an intermediate distance. Overall, wild turkey populations in California increased 10% annually during the study period. The results suggest increasing urban land cover, which provides more food, has helped wild turkey populations grow.
The document summarizes a study that examined how bee communities are affected by the amount of roadside edge habitat in the landscape. Researchers characterized bee communities and the surrounding landscape at multiple sites. They found that roadside edges attract a large number of diverse bee genera, and bee communities were dominated by sunflower-feeding genera. Communities diverged significantly in sites with little roadside edge habitat available in the surrounding landscape. The researchers concluded that roadside edges provide important habitat for bees and influence the composition of local bee communities.
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Nidhi Ramesh is a QA Analyst with over 3 years of experience in information technology, specializing in manual testing, functional testing, and regression testing. She has worked as a senior QA analyst for IBM India on projects for Express Scripts and Macy's, where she was responsible for requirements analysis, test case design, defect tracking, and reporting. Nidhi holds a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Science and has experience in mainframe tools like TSOB, PICSQA, and ALM/ClearQuest for defect tracking.
Este documento habla sobre las nuevas tecnologías para las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Explica que todas las empresas necesitan estar en Internet y tener una página web, ya sea corporativa, de blog o de comercio electrónico. También discute los puntos a considerar al crear un sitio web, como la plataforma, el hosting y el dominio. Además, cubre temas como la estrategia digital, el marketing en redes sociales, la venta en línea y las herramientas de Google para los emprendedores.
This study assessed bee communities in three types of unmanaged urban habitats at Uludag University in Bursa, Turkey: woody areas, abandoned lots (intermediate areas), and open grassy areas. Bee diversity and abundance were surveyed using pan traps and net collection from July to August 2015. The results showed that grassy urban habitats consistently supported higher bee diversity than intermediate or woody habitats. Bee diversity measures (number of species and Shannon-Wiener index H') were positively correlated with plant diversity, but bee evenness was not correlated. This suggests plant diversity influences bee diversity but other factors impact bee community evenness.
This document summarizes a capstone project studying the ecological effects of road proximity on a temperate forest ecosystem. The author conducted field surveys using transects at varying distances from a logging road to examine changes in tree species populations and distributions. Preliminary results found the highest diversity closest to the road, which quickly decreased with distance before a slight upward trend out to 50 meters. However, this trend was not strong enough to reject the hypothesis that diversity remains average at each distance. Fewer trees were found on transects perpendicular versus parallel to the road. The study aims to help understand how human development like roads can impact ecosystems by altering species populations.
THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
Abstract. This study examines the effects of forest opening (clearcut) size on the surrounding forest-bird community with the objective of offering management suggestions for foresters who employ the clearcut method. I hypothesized that large and small clearcuts would have different effects on the forest-bird assemblage associated with each. I used the point-count method to assess bird abundance in clearcuts, on the edges, and 100 m into the forest from the edges of large and small clearcuts. I found that Neotropical migrant birds and forest-interior birds were the most affected by large clearcuts showing significantly lower abundance in forest areas 100 m from large clearcut edges than in forest areas 100 m from small clearcuts. Edge-open birds were more abundant in large clearcut openings and edges than in small clearcut openings and edges. Blue jays (an avian nest predator) were more abundant on the edges of large clearcuts than on the edges of small clearcuts. A recent study found that forest-interior bird abundance levels off after 100 m distance from small (0.4 ha) forest openings. This result combined with my findings suggest that small openings in the Second College Grant represent less of a disturbance to Neotropical migrants and forest-interior birds. Additionally, given higher abundances of an avian nest predator in large clearcuts, reproductive success could be much lower in areas associated with large clearcuts. Some species such as the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), however preferred large clearcuts suggesting that there are some benefits to overall bird abundance by including large clearcuts in a managed landscape.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
1) The document examines the suitability of the Lake Erie Islands as breeding habitat for birds by comparing bird populations in human-dominated areas versus nature preserves.
2) The study found that older adult red-winged blackbirds favored human-dominated areas over preserves, while American robin hatchlings slightly favored preserves.
3) Contrary to expectations, blackbird fitness and health did not significantly differ between habitat types, suggesting they can thrive in human-influenced environments.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
This thesis examined the relationship between road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot, a fatal pathogen of Port-Orford-cedar trees, in southwest Oregon over 31 years. The author analyzed how indices of road disturbance and timber harvest related to locations of infected cedar populations. Both road networks and timber harvesting were found to be significantly related to the spread of the pathogen, with infection rates higher in areas with roads and harvesting. The configuration of road and stream networks also influenced the disease's distribution.
This study evaluated survey methods for detecting rare grassland birds in South Dakota. Roadside surveys and paired on and off-road surveys were conducted from 2013-2015. The results showed that grassland bird species richness and abundance were higher away from roads and in areas with greater grassland habitat. Specifically, detection of chestnut-collared longspurs, Baird's sparrows, and grasshopper sparrows tended to be greater at least 800 meters from roads compared to at roadsides or 400 meters away. Future survey methods should include point counts conducted farther from roads and in high grassland habitat areas.
Seminário 4 egerton-warburton_et_al-2000-ecological_applications_mycorrhiza (2)Carlos Alberto Monteiro
This document summarizes a study that evaluated shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities along an anthropogenic nitrogen deposition gradient in coastal sage scrub vegetation in southern California. The researchers found that increasing nitrogen input was associated with displacement of larger-spored AM fungi species by proliferation of small-spored Glomus species. There was also a reduction in AM species richness and diversity, as well as decreases in spore abundance, root infection, and changes in spore production timing in more nitrogen-enriched sites. A fertilization experiment yielded similar results, indicating that nitrogen input likely explains the relationship between pollution and shifts in the AM communities.
66;road mortalities of amphibians hj 22(1)_pp_51-58_ms_11-55[1]Roger Meek
This study monitored amphibian roadkill over six years on low-traffic roads in western France. The common toad and agile frog made up the majority of roadkill at 39% and 25.4% respectively. Roadkill patterns were associated with amphibian migration and habitat near roads. Higher roadkill occurred near woodlands/wetlands and after rainfall, related to migration and foraging behavior. Traffic volume did not correlate with roadkill, but roadkill increased with longer amphibian migration distances.
1) There was a positive relationship between local and regional plant species richness in tallgrass prairie, but this relationship varied with grazing, topography, and fire frequency.
2) Experimental removal of the dominant grass Andropogon scoparius resulted in a significant increase in local species richness compared to reference plots.
3) Overall species richness was higher in grazed areas compared to ungrazed areas, but grazing did not significantly affect the relationship between number of sites occupied and average abundance across the landscape.
Obstacle Size and Trail–Clearing Activity in Leaf–Cutter Ants, Atta colombicaMaxson Jarecki
This study found that there is a power curve relationship between the length of leaf obstacles placed on Atta colombica ant trails and the time taken by the ants to remove the obstacles. Leaf obstacles over 5cm in length were cut into pieces using the same techniques the ants use for leaf harvesting. Though there were no significant differences found between forests with different rainfall levels or between morning and afternoon time periods, the small sample size means a larger study could reveal differences based on humidity, temperature, and other microclimate variables. Further research is needed to fully examine the effects of these factors on individual ant obstacle removal rates.
Avian Vocalization Adjustment to Urbanization and Anthropogenic Noise_ A Revi...Maxson Jarecki
This document summarizes research on how birds adjust their vocalizations in urban environments in response to anthropogenic noise. It finds that birds that already have high frequency vocalizations are better able to inhabit cities, as low frequency calls are more easily masked by urban noise. Within urban areas, passerine birds with lower baseline frequencies are more likely to further increase their call frequencies. However, evidence suggests frequency changes may not be a directly adaptive response, but rather a byproduct of increasing call volume amplitudes to compensate for noise. The strength of evidence for frequency changes enhancing communication is debated in the literature.
1) The study assessed the effects of varying degrees of agricultural land use on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 15 headwater streams in Jersey County, Illinois. Land use/land cover was calculated at the watershed, 150m buffer, and 50m buffer scales.
2) Family diversity and richness were low across all sites. A total of 20 taxa were identified, of which only 4 were EPT taxa. Hydropsychidae had a strong positive correlation with percent agriculture. Principal component analysis showed trends in macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups.
3) While common bioassessment metrics like biotic indices did not correlate well with land use, percent Hydropsychidae may be an effective metric for
Emerald ash borer (EAB) has killed billions of ash trees since its introduction to North America. This document provides methods for monitoring ash decline, EAB populations, and lingering ash trees to understand the dynamics and effects of EAB infestation. Detailed protocols are given for establishing ash monitoring plots, deploying EAB traps, and conducting lingering ash surveys. The plot methods involve assessing ash canopy condition, common EAB symptoms, and other tree data. Standardized monitoring using these methods can help managers address issues related to invasive pests.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
This study used radio telemetry to track 37 male wood thrush birds over two breeding seasons in coastal Virginia. The researchers then collected data on prey availability and habitat structure within the birds' home ranges. They developed models to examine how prey availability and habitat structure related to the birds' space use patterns within their home ranges. The best model included both prey and habitat variables. Areas of high wood thrush use were associated with greater biomass of spiders and worms, which correlated with higher soil moisture. Bird use also related positively to forest canopy height and snag basal area, and negatively to red oak count and pine basal area. Evaluation of the models found that habitat structure variables explained more variation in bird space use than prey availability alone. This
This document summarizes a study examining factors that influenced changes in wild turkey populations in California from 1972 to 2013. The study used breeding bird survey data, land cover data, and data on turkey translocations and hunting to build statistical models analyzing the effects of various predictors on population change. The models found that hunting increased as populations increased, indicating hunting was not limiting populations. Land cover effects varied by scale, with urban land cover positively correlated with population change at smaller distances. Forest, grassland and agriculture were negatively correlated at an intermediate distance. Overall, wild turkey populations in California increased 10% annually during the study period. The results suggest increasing urban land cover, which provides more food, has helped wild turkey populations grow.
The document summarizes a study that examined how bee communities are affected by the amount of roadside edge habitat in the landscape. Researchers characterized bee communities and the surrounding landscape at multiple sites. They found that roadside edges attract a large number of diverse bee genera, and bee communities were dominated by sunflower-feeding genera. Communities diverged significantly in sites with little roadside edge habitat available in the surrounding landscape. The researchers concluded that roadside edges provide important habitat for bees and influence the composition of local bee communities.
Changes in benthic communities in the Middle Atlas springs (Morocco) and thei...Innspub Net
The sources of the Moroccan Middle Atlas suffer not only the effects of anthropogenic pressures, but also those of climate change whose impact is difficult to predict. Our goal is to better understand the succession of processions fauna of the upper Guigou. It is a compendium comparative between the benthic fauna collected towards the end of the years 70 (1979) in the sources Arbalou Abrchane, Tit Zil and the Wadi Guigou. As well as those harvested in the same sites, thirty-four years after. This revealed a significant drop in dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 7.4 (mg/l) in 1979 to 2.52 (mg/l) in 2015. We have also raised an increase in the workload in chlorides and major elements. Benthic fauna, a significant change in population since 1979, with the appearance and installation of more than a dozen of taxa were identified (Simulium pseudoquinum, Gammarus gauthieri, Phagocata sp., Dugesia gonocephala). Some of these species have become invasive, such as Amphipod crustaceans Gammarus gauthieri, either very abundant as Simulium pseudoquinum. We note the effect “medium” for the direct selection of the species. Other indirect effects due to the reduction of the three dimensional biogenic structures would have limited recognizably State niches by polluo-sensitive species (Ephemeroptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) and could contribute to the total disappearance of all order plecoptera in favour of a dominance of the polluo-tolerant species (Oligochaetes). Over a period of 35 years, there is a deterioration of the health of the aquatic ecosystem studied, a State of art reflected by a decline of the benthic community that lives there.
Nidhi Ramesh is a QA Analyst with over 3 years of experience in information technology, specializing in manual testing, functional testing, and regression testing. She has worked as a senior QA analyst for IBM India on projects for Express Scripts and Macy's, where she was responsible for requirements analysis, test case design, defect tracking, and reporting. Nidhi holds a Bachelor's degree in Environmental Science and has experience in mainframe tools like TSOB, PICSQA, and ALM/ClearQuest for defect tracking.
Este documento habla sobre las nuevas tecnologías para las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Explica que todas las empresas necesitan estar en Internet y tener una página web, ya sea corporativa, de blog o de comercio electrónico. También discute los puntos a considerar al crear un sitio web, como la plataforma, el hosting y el dominio. Además, cubre temas como la estrategia digital, el marketing en redes sociales, la venta en línea y las herramientas de Google para los emprendedores.
Ana Júlia Evlyn e Vitor - Mc Donalds PerguntasEruditos2a
The document discusses McDonald's history and some facts about the company. It begins by identifying the creators of McDonald's as Dick and Mac McDonald in 1937. It then notes that the value of the first McDonald's burger was $0.15 cents. Finally, it states that currently McDonald's has 32,700 stores worldwide and sells 550 million Big Macs annually.
The document provides a price list and payment schedule for residential units in Misty Heights, a development in Noida Extension. It lists unit sizes and prices starting from Rs. 3400 per square foot, along with additional charges for floor level, view, parking, lease rent, maintenance, and club membership. The payment schedule outlines progress payments due at various construction milestones from excavation to notice of possession.
60 years of research into when and why people try something new show clearly that how we talk about innovations is crucial. One key learning of this research is that one-size-fits-all content slows down the adoption of new products. This suggests that traditional approaches to product content and localization are an important part of why adoption of US-developed products is often unsuccessful or very slow in foreign markets. Exceptional user experiences lead to exceptionally fast adoption of innovations, but require exceptional attention to users' needs in each market. So a core challenge we face is how to implement mass personalization of content across many languages.
This presentation was given at Information Development World on October 2, 2015.
Sara Mahmoud is applying for a position as an English to Arabic translator. She has over 5 years of experience as a translator, having worked at Iqraa Foundation for Specialized Translation where she translated books, stories, and conducted workshops. Her CV details her education in English literature, previous roles teaching and translating English, as well as her skills in Microsoft Office, presentation, and communication.
Reckon Conf2015 (AU) Reckon One deep dive Bankdata and ProjectsReckon
Get in-depth training on Reckon One’s Projects and Time & Expenses module. Learn how to monitor the net position of a project in real-time, create instant profit and loss reports on each job, track your time spent on a particular project and account for all your costs while on the go.
Promotional gifts are an effective advertising tool that can help distinguish companies in competitive markets. Unlike advertisements, promotional gifts are memorable because they remain with customers and remind them of the company over time. Some suggested promotional gifts include pens, mugs, t-shirts, magnets, boards, and other items that customers will see frequently and associate with the company brand. When chosen well to match the target audience, promotional gifts can be more cost-effective than traditional advertisements and help promote companies directly to customers.
This short document promotes creating presentations on SlideShare using Haiku Deck, an online tool for making photo-based slideshows. It includes three stock photos and a call to action encouraging the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. In a single sentence, it pitches presentation creation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
Manoj C. Chaudhary is seeking a position as an elevator installation engineer. He has over 10 years of experience installing, maintaining, and repairing elevators. He is proficient in AutoCAD, Microsoft Office, and computer operating systems. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering and speaks English, Hindi, Marathi, and Telugu fluently.
John Davison White is a registered mental health nurse interested in interim, substantive, contract, and consultancy roles related to mental health, acute hospitals, nursing homes, and community care. He has extensive experience in clinical leadership, strategic planning, operational management, transformation management, innovation, and ensuring quality and safety in care settings. His experience includes roles such as dementia strategic lead, dementia service manager, nursing home manager, modern matron, and transfer of care lead in both the NHS and private sector.
Maria Veronica Camara Gialogo is a married Filipino woman currently working as an Assistant Store Manager at J.Co Donuts and Coffee in Quezon City, Philippines. She has over 10 years of experience in customer service and management roles in the food service industry. Her educational background includes a Bachelor's degree in Hotel and Restaurant Management from the University of Santo Tomas. She is proficient in Microsoft Office applications and has good communication, cooking, and baking skills.
The document summarizes a study examining the vegetation that has established over four years on a fauna overpass in Brisbane, Australia. Researchers surveyed plant species present on the overpass and compared it to adjacent forest vegetation. They found 45 plant species on the overpass, with over half planted but many self-sown from local topsoil. Survival of planted species was high at 95%. Vegetation similarity to forest was moderate for groundcover but high for tree species. The developing vegetation structure is providing habitat for birds and other wildlife using the overpass to cross the road.
Poster Presentation FS Canopy Coverage As PDFElizabeth Lewis
This study examined the relationship between forest canopy coverage and the presence of invasive plant species along forest roads in the Idaho Panhandle National Forest. The researchers recorded data from 610 plots located within 7 meters of forest roads, measuring canopy coverage and identifying plant species. They found that as canopy coverage increased, the presence of two invasive species (St. John's Wort and oxeye daisy) significantly decreased. Higher canopy coverage plots generally had a lower total amount of invasive species compared to low canopy coverage plots. Maintaining narrower forest roads with greater canopy coverage may help reduce invasive species by limiting their spread along road corridors.
This document summarizes a study examining the geographic distribution of cytotypes (ploidy levels) in the grass Andropogon gerardii across North America. The study analyzed 352 individuals from 32 populations using flow cytometry to estimate ploidy. It found the two main cytotypes were hexaploid (6x) and enneaploid (9x). Enneaploids were more common in southern regions with reduced summer precipitation and greater temperature variation, while hexaploids dominated in northern areas. Nearly half of populations contained both cytotypes. The results suggest cytotype distribution is nonrandom and associated with environmental variables, and mixed-ploidy populations may be maintained by recurrent polyploid formation
This document describes a senior research project conducted by Jorge Jamie Gomez at the University of North Florida to determine the efficacy of the UNF Eco-Road in reducing animal road mortalities. The study involved counting animal mortalities on the Eco-Road and an adjacent standard road from September 2011 to August 2012. The results showed that the rate of animal mortalities was significantly lower on the Eco-Road compared to the standard road, providing evidence that Eco-Roads can help reduce animal road deaths. However, future research is still needed to examine reducing mortalities of specific animal species.
The study examined the effect of distance from a water source (Temescal Canyon creek) on plant biodiversity. Data on the number of plant species was collected within quadrats placed 0m and 1m from the creek across 16 replicate sites. Statistical analysis found significantly higher average species richness and a greater range of species closer to the creek, supporting the hypothesis that less distance from water leads to greater biodiversity. The results demonstrate the importance of water sources for developing plant diversity in ecosystems.
Rinaldi_Emily_Poster for capstone fixedEmily Rinaldi
This study examined the relationship between human activity levels and fledgling success rates for four species of cavity-nesting birds near parking lots in a state park over five years. Nesting boxes were placed at six locations with varying distances from parking lots. Locations further from parking lots had higher fledgling success rates. Statistical analysis found higher success correlated with lower human disturbance levels. The results supported the hypothesis that increased human activity near nest sites negatively impacts fledgling numbers.
This document summarizes a study of riparian bird communities along streams in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. The researchers surveyed birds and plants at 54 sites along streams to examine how bird community metrics related to habitat structure and levels of urbanization. They found that total and non-native bird abundance was higher in narrow forested areas, while native bird abundance was greater in narrow forests surrounded by undeveloped land. Native species richness and diversity were positively associated with less developed areas. At smaller spatial scales of 50-100 meters, most relationships between bird communities and canopy cover or road density were strongest. The results suggest that increasing urban forest canopy cover, especially within 450 meters of streams, is the most effective action for conserving native breeding
Development and evaluation of a trapping system for Anoplophora glabripennis ...Myers Shaiyen
This document describes the development and evaluation of a trapping system for the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in Massachusetts. Over 4 years, 1013 traps baited with different lure combinations were deployed in the Worcester area. The lures contained various releases of the male-produced pheromone, plant volatiles, and combinations. A total of 45 beetles were captured in 40 traps with lures. Trap catches helped locate previously unknown infestations and studies continue to optimize lure composition and placement.
- The document summarizes a study that used environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to assess the biodiversity of restored bivalve populations at two sites in New York City - Soundview Park and Freshkills Park.
- eDNA was extracted from water and sediment samples to identify eukaryotic organisms without directly observing them. This allows for a more efficient biodiversity analysis compared to traditional methods.
- The study aims to compare biodiversity between restored areas with bivalves and control sites without bivalves to evaluate the impact of restoration efforts. Preliminary results from Soundview Park found over 270 eukaryotic orders present based on eDNA sequencing.
Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of aseagrass ecosyMatthewTennant613
Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a
seagrass ecosystem to disturbance
A. Randall Hughes* and John J. Stachowicz
Section of Evolution and Ecology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
Edited by G. David Tilman, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, and approved May 4, 2004 (received for review April 14, 2004)
Motivated by recent global reductions in biodiversity, empirical
and theoretical research suggests that more species-rich systems
exhibit enhanced productivity, nutrient cycling, or resistance to
disturbance or invasion relative to systems with fewer species. In
contrast, few data are available to assess the potential ecosystem-
level importance of genetic diversity within species known to play
a major functional role. Using a manipulative field experiment, we
show that increasing genotypic diversity in a habitat-forming
species (the seagrass Zostera marina) enhances community resis-
tance to disturbance by grazing geese. The time required for
recovery to near predisturbance densities also decreases with
increasing eelgrass genotypic diversity. However, there is no effect
of diversity on resilience, measured as the rate of shoot recovery
after the disturbance, suggesting that more rapid recovery in
diverse plots is due solely to differences in disturbance resistance.
Genotypic diversity did not affect ecosystem processes in the
absence of disturbance. Thus, our results suggest that genetic
diversity, like species diversity, may be most important for enhanc-
ing the consistency and reliability of ecosystems by providing
biological insurance against environmental change.
There is growing recognition that humans are highly depen-dent on natural ecosystems for a variety of goods and
services (1). Maintaining the provision of these goods and
services in the face of natural and anthropogenic disturbances is
critical to achieving both conservation and economic goals.
Motivated by accelerating rates of worldwide decline in biodi-
versity (2), considerable research has focused on the conse
quences of local species loss for goods and services provided by
ecosystems (2– 8). Much of this work focuses on the effects of
declining species richness on short-term processes such as pro-
duction, community respiration, and nutrient cycling (2). Al-
though the results are far from unequivocal and subject to
varying interpretation (e.g., ref. 9), it does appear that, in some
systems, reductions in local species diversity contribute to a
decline in ecosystem properties such as productivity and resis-
tance to disturbance (see review in ref. 2).
Nevertheless, many important ecosystems, such as kelp forests,
cattail marshes, and fir forests, are dominated by, and dependent
on, one or a few key plant species (10). Furthermore, individual
predator and herbivore species often play a disproportionate role in
determining ecosystem processes, overwhelming any effect of spe-
cies diversity (11). Dominant, numerically abundant s ...
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
Secondary forests in southeastern Wisconsin were found to have distinct plant compositions compared to primary forests. Herbaceous layers in secondary forests were dominated by lower quality species like white avens, goldenrod, and multiflora rose, rather than native species found in primary forests. Canopies of secondary forests contained ash, cherry, and box-elder trees rather than oak species present in primary forests. Native plant richness and floristic quality in secondary forests increased with proximity to primary forest edges, suggesting limited dispersal of native species into secondary forests from forest interiors over time.
This document summarizes the major ecological effects of roads. It discusses how roadsides serve as habitat for some plant and animal species but generally do not facilitate animal movement or plant dispersal along roads. Roadkill is a major source of mortality for some species. The barrier effect of roads can subdivide populations and impact genetic exchange. Road networks also alter hydrologic flows, sediment and chemical movement in landscapes. Overall, roads impact an estimated 15-20% of land in the United States through their ecological effects.
- The study examined the impacts of insect herbivory on population dynamics of tree cholla cactus across an elevational gradient in New Mexico.
- Insect herbivore abundance and damage to cacti decreased with increasing elevation, inversely correlated with cactus density.
- Experimental exclusion of insects showed their negative effects on cactus growth and seed production were strongest at low elevation and decreased at higher elevations.
- Demographic modeling predicted insect herbivory depressed population growth rates the most at low elevation, less so at mid elevation, and hardly at high elevation.
This document summarizes a study that examines the effects of invasive riparian plant species on macroinvertebrate populations in cold water streams. The researchers hypothesize that reaches with invasive species will have higher pollution tolerance scores and lower macroinvertebrate diversity than restored reaches. Samples will be taken from one degraded reach dominated by invasive buckthorn and garlic mustard, and one restored reach. Macroinvertebrates will be identified and riparian plant biomass will be estimated to determine impacts on aquatic communities.
This document discusses a study investigating the effects of invasive species eradication methods on seabird populations on islands. The study will use a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to synthesize data from previous studies examining changes in seabird populations after successful removal of invasive predators from islands. Nine steps for conducting a systematic review are outlined, and the methods describe an initial literature search that identified over 10,000 papers, of which 41 remained after screening for relevance criteria. Nine of these studies contained sufficient quantitative data in the form of effect sizes that could be included in a meta-analysis to assess if a correlation exists between seabird population changes and successful invasive species eradications.
This study tested the feasibility of using classification tree analysis (CTA) on high resolution aerial imagery and linear spectral unmixing (LSU) on Landsat TM data to map the distribution of invasive flowering rush in the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge wetlands in Ohio. CTA was used to classify the aerial imagery and derive endmembers, which were then input into LSU to estimate sub-pixel abundances from the Landsat imagery. Validation showed the aerial imagery results were slightly better than the Landsat results at mapping flowering rush. Overall, both methods showed promise for predicting flowering rush distribution but require further research using different datasets and modeling techniques.
This study investigated the effects of habitat restoration in 12 urban parks in Metro Vancouver on plant and pollinator communities. Restored plots had higher plant species richness and diversity compared to control plots, but similar plant abundance. Pollinator abundance, richness and diversity were not significantly different between restored and control plots. Network analysis found control plots had higher asymmetry, suggesting invasive plants increase network resilience. The results suggest that while restorations improved plant diversity, added native plants did not provide enough additional floral resources to significantly change pollinator communities compared to resources from invasive species in control plots. Managers should ensure alternative forage is available after invasive removal by planting generalist native species with overlapping blooms.
1. Abundance and distribution of invasive understory species at Redwood Regional Park with
proximity to roads
Oakland, CA
Beverly Perez
May 18th, 2015
San Jose State University
Senior Seminar
Spring 2015
2. 2
Abstract:
This study focuses on the abundance and distribution of native and invasive understory species
with proximity to roads in Redwood Regional Park in Oakland, California. Abundance of
invasive species was predicted to be higher near road, and abundance of native species to be
higher far from road. Distribution of native species was predicted to be higher more than three
kilometers from road, and distribution of invasive species to be higher less than two kilometers
from road. Samples were taken with a 1.8 ft. by 1.8 ft. quadrant and data was later analyzed
using a non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis, and a regression analysis. Results lead to rejecting
all of the null hypotheses. Roads clearly have a strong influence on the distribution and
abundance of species. For clearer results, all species surveyed should be identified, and an area
that is not between two roads should be surveyed.
3. 3
Table of Contents:
Introduction and literature review: .……………………………………………………………...4
Research Objectives: .……………………………………………………………………………6
Methods:...………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Study System: .………………………………………………………………………………...6
Study design: .…………………………………………………………………………………6
Data Collection Procedures: .………………………………………………………………….7
Analytic Methods: .……………………………………………………………………………8
Results: …………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Discussion: ...………………………………………………………..……………………….....11
Conclusion: ...…………………………………………………………………………………..12
Recommendations: …………………………………………………………………………..…12
References cited: …………………………………………………………………………..…...14
Appendix A: ……………………………………………………………………………………16
4. 4
Introduction and literature review:
Redwood forests have been under the influence of human activity since California’s 1849
gold rush, when redwood logging initiated (Save the Redwoods League 2015). During this
period, more than eighty percent of old growth was logged, which has left less than five percent
leading to dramatic disturbances and changes within the forests (Save the Redwoods League
2015). Redwood forests tend to have high ecological diversity with very detailed and intricate
vegetation webs, but can be disrupted dramatically due to human influences such as roads
(Keyes and Teraoka 2014). Human interaction largely impacts the health of redwood forests,
causing the trees and other plant life to stress and die, even more so if they are located along the
edge of highways or near areas that have high human impacts (Jones). It is essential that the
health of redwood forests is closely monitored to develop restoration plans. Evaluating the health
and diversity of redwood forests can be done through analyzing the type, abundance, and
distribution of understory species within the area. Categorizing the amount of native vegetation
versus amounts of non-native vegetation can help with developing a plan for restoration, as well
as what areas to target (Keyes and Teraoka 2014).
During the 19th century redwood harvesting was heavily taking place by companies such
as Pacific Lumber who had great incentives to harvest old growth forests precisely because those
trees no longer matured (DeAngelo 1998). Effects of timber harvesting are prolonged in the
ecological structure of a forest, and studies have shown that canopy cover, basal area, and
species abundance in redwood forests continue to be affected even a hundred years after
harvesting has taken place (Russell 2009). Plant diversity and structure can be affected up to 150
meters into the forest due to human activities causing the plants to stress (Russell and Jones
2002) and change the composition of species (Chen et al. 1992). Plant species composition has
5. 5
been analyzed in redwood forests in Mendocino and Santa Cruz County. If plant species
composition is greatly altered by simply being located in areas that have been harvested, it is
probably the same situation for the areas located near roads, which are highly susceptible to
disturbance. Finding out abundance and distribution of understory species within Redwood
Regional Park can help with management practices in the city of Oakland.
In second growth forests, or highly disturbed areas within Mendocino and Santa Cruz
Counties, non-native species were more commonly found than in old growth forests, or
undisturbed areas (Russell 2009). One of the limitations for this study is the lack of knowledge
of species composition within the park prior to human disturbance (Ashton et al. 2005). In order
to be able to fully understand how much redwood forests have been truly disturbed by human
activity, information regarding redwood development before the eighteenth century is required
(Lorimer et al. 2009).
Studies have shown that the amount of stress on species caused by roads is high and
negative. The negative effects roads have on species abundance and distribution greatly
outweigh the positive effects (Fahrig and Rytwinksi 2009). Redwood Regional Park is a
recreational park, and recreation activities and roads both have the tendency to negatively affect
the dynamics of habitats by causing stress to the species within the area (Astudillo et al. 2014).
The influences roads have on biodiversity are usually not well documented, if documented at all
(Astudillo et al. 2014). A study done in Cajas National Park in Ecuador explains that the overall
abundance of species did not differ with proximity to roads; however, averages indicated that
bird abundance was higher far away from roads (Astudillo et al. 2014).
Another study done in the lower Florida Keys, analyzing the abundance of the invasive
fire ant with proximity to roads also indicated that roads have high influence on species
6. 6
abundance (Forys et al. 2002). Samples closest to roads had higher probability of containing fire
ants; however, fire ants were equally found in all of the different habitats (Forys et al. 2002). A
study done on Mount Norikura, Japan also indicated that roads changed the composition of plant
species (Takahasi and Miyajima 2010). The size of roads does not affect abundance of invasive
species, but there is a clear pattern that presence of roads greatly alters species distribution and
abundance (Mckinney 2002).
Research Objectives:
The general idea of this study is to find the percentage of plant species diversity within Redwood
Regional Park and their proximity to roads.
H1. Invasive species abundance is higher near the road.
H2. Native species abundance is higher far away from the road.
H3: Invasive species distribution is higher >2 meters from road.
H4. Native species distribution is higher <3 meters from road.
Methods:
Study System:
Data collection took place in Redwood Regional Park in Oakland, California.
The park is located about two miles off Skyline Boulevard. Understory species were
surveyed near and far away from main road to determine the influence roads have on
species abundance.
Study design:
In order to determine species diversity, thirty-eight samples were collected in
total. Nineteen locations were randomly selected along the edge of the road (Ashton et al.
2005), and randomization was conducted by generating a random number of footsteps to
take alongside road. Another nineteen locations were randomly selected far away from
7. 7
the road, and randomization also took place by generating a list of random number of
footsteps.
Data Collection Procedures:
A 1.8 x 1.8 ft. quadrant made out of PVC pipes and wire was used to calculate the
percentage of species within the area. The quadrant has a total of sixteen squares, where
each square totals approximately six percent. The data sheet following this description is
what was used on the field to collect the data. Unknown species were categorized as
“Species A,” “Species B,” “Species C,” and so forth.
Native Invasive
Quadrant# Proximity
to road
% % % % % % Total
Native
Total
Invasive
Table 1: Data sheet
8. 8
Analytic Methods:
The data collected was skewed, and the parametric test resulted less than |2|. An attempt
to transform the data was made but was still not normal; therefore, a non-parametric test was
conducted. Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to figure out the abundance of species with
proximity to the road and then transformed into box plots. A regression test was conducted to
analyze the distribution of native and invasive understory species. The Kruskal-Wallis test for
abundance of invasive plants yielded a significant p-value of 0.004, and the Kruskal-Wallis test
for abundance of native plants yielded a significant p-value of 0.007. The regression analysis for
invasive species distribution yielded a significant p-value of 0.007, and the regression analysis
for native species distribution resulted in a p-value of 0.002.
Results:
A total of 38 quadrants were surveyed, where nineteen were near the road and nineteen
away from road (Appendix A). Abundance of invasive species was significantly greater near the
road, where p=0.004 (Fig. 1). Abundance of native understory species was significantly greater
far from the road, but had a few outlying native plants near the road and p= 0.007 (Fig. 2).
Native plants were oddly distributed throughout the park, with a gap between two and three
kilometers (Appendix A). Distribution of native understory species with proximity to road was
significantly higher away from road, F (11,020) = 8.28, p=0.007 and R2 = 0.187 (Fig. 3).
Distribution of invasive species was significantly greater near the road, F (1, 025) = 11.42, p=
0.002, and R2= 0.241 (Fig. 4). At the beginning of the trails near the road, large amounts of
Forget me not, Periwinkle, and Poison Oak were seen, all invasive, but decreased farther from
the road. On the other hand, Trillium, Fat Solomon Seal, and Miners Lettuce, all native, were
only seen on trails away from road. Seeing the distribution of species began to indicate that
9. 9
roads have great influence on the distribution and abundance of species. There was an
observation that the native plants found near the road were Wild Strawberry and California
Blackberry, both water loving plants. There is a stream that runs next to the road, which explains
why Wild Strawberry and California Blackberry are present near the road.
Figure 1. Abundance of invasive species with proximity to road.
far near
PROX$
0
50
100
150
TOTAL_NATIVE
Figure 2. Abundance of native plant species with proximity to road obtained through quadrant
sampling.
10. 10
Figure 3. Distribution of native understory species from zero to five kilometers from road,
and p= 0.007, R2=0.187, and SE=3.50.
Figure 4. Distribution of invasive understory species from zero to five kilometers from road, p= 0.002,
R2= 0.241, and SE= 0.910.
11. 11
Discussion:
The statistical results indicate that roads clearly have an effect on species distribution and
abundance. Invasive species had a much smaller margin and abundance farther away from the
road, and also due to less human and car activity. Native species abundance was greater farther
away from the road, but had a few outliers near the road. The native plants found near the road
were Wild Strawberry and California Blackberry, both plants are water loving and are usually
found near streams. There is a stream that runs alongside the road, which can mean that the
outlying native species can be due to the stream that is adjacent to the road. Distribution of
invasive plants was higher less than two kilometers from the road, which can be due to high
amounts of car, horse, dog, and human activity.
On the other hand, distribution of native plants was spread throughout the five kilometers
surveyed, but native distribution was much higher away from the road. The native species found
near the road could be the Wild Strawberry and California Blackberry that are next to the stream,
adjacent to the road. The higher amounts of native plants away from the road can be due to less
human and car activity in the trails further away from the road. Most of the human activity was
seen closer to the road, and only a few people were seen hiking the trails that were farther from
the road and deeper into the park, however, a study done in 77 areas within United States parks
indicated that that the amount of human activity did not influence the abundance of invasive
plant species (McKinney 2002). Higher amounts of invasive plants near the road can also be due
to open canopy leading to increasing access to sunlight (Takahashi and Miyajima 2010).
There is a gap within the park that was not surveyed, which can be altering the results
because there is information missing. In addition, the area in the park that was surveyed was
located in the middle of two roads, which put a limitation on how far into the park plots could be
12. 12
surveyed. In order to get a much clearer idea of the influence roads has on plant distribution and
abundance, another area that is not in the middle of two roads should be surveyed. There is also
the issue that not all plant species that were surveyed were identified. This was due to lack of
time and resources. If all plants were identified, it would yield clearer and more specific results.
Even though there were several limitations and issues with the study, results indicate that
the null hypotheses are all rejected. As the studies conducted in Japan, Ecuador, and Florida
analyzing bird, ant, and plant distribution with their proximity to roads indicated that roads
indeed influence species abundance and distribution, this study too confirms that roads alter
species composition.
Conclusion:
It is clear that the City of Oakland has good management practices since this study found
that native plants are abundant throughout the park with high amounts farther from the road, and
non-natives high only near the roar, however, there could be an extra effort to remove the non-
native species or reduce the activities allowed on the park. For example, dogs and horses are
allowed in the park, and there is an area with barbeque pits for parties. If activities are lessened
to only hiking this would reduce the amount of stressors and influences on plant abundance and
distribution.
Recommendations:
This study indicated that abundance of native plant species is greater farther from the
road, and non-native plant abundance is higher from the road. The study also indicated that
native plant distribution is spread through the park near and far away from road, and non-native
plants are only found near the road; however, not all plants surveyed were identified due to lack
13. 13
of resources. If all plants were identified, results would give a clearer idea of native and non-
native plant distribution and abundance.
In addition, plants were only surveyed from zero to 1.56 kilometers, and from 3.21
kilometers to 4.76 kilometers. There is a gap from 1.56 kilometers to 3.21 kilometers that was
not surveyed. In order to give a clearer understanding of plant distribution throughout the entire
park, this gap would have to be surveyed. There is also the issue that Redwood Regional Park is
small, and there is a back road. This back road makes it difficult to find an area that is
completely far away from a road, because the farther I got from the main road, the closer I got to
the backroad. Another park within Oakland could be surveyed to see the impact of roads on plant
abundance and distribution.
14. 14
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