1) Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system from 1798-1805, which required princely states to accept British residents and pay subsidies for British troops stationed within their territories, gradually extending British control over Indian states. 2) The Charter Act of 1833 established the foundations for a modern legal system in India by appointing a Law Commission to study and codify laws and declaring that employment would be based on merit rather than attributes like caste or religion. 3) The First Law Commission drafted codes of criminal and civil procedure but many recommendations were not implemented until after the Second Law Commission in the 1850s, resulting in the enactment of the Indian Penal Code in 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure

1. Governor Generals from 1794-1835
• Sir. John Sore 1794-1798
• Lord Wellesley 1798-1805
• Lord Cornwallis 1805-1807
• Lord Minto 1807-1813
• Lord Hastings 1813-1823
• Lord Amherst 1823-1828
• Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835

2. WELLESLEY’S SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE SYSTEM:
Indian states was surrender its external relations to the
care of the company.
Under his Subsidiary system the ruler of the allying India
state was compelled to accept the permanent stationing
of British force within his territory and to pay a
contributory for its maintance.
The states was to accept a British resident at its
headquarter.
Nizam of Hyderabad joined in system in 1798, Mysore in
1799.
Nawab of Awad forced to sign in subsidiary system,
Krarnataka and Mysore merged in the system by 1801.
By1803, English forces defeated Maratha Peshwas and
signed on subsidiary system

3. The system led to the dismissal of the armies of the
protected states.
Lakhs of soldiers and official were lost their jobs and
livelihood at the same time they became the rivals of
the Company.

6. Company 1833

7. Reasons behind reforms of 1833
• Supreme Court’s powers and Jurisdiction, Veto power of
court
• Economic Condition of Company
• Public opinion in England
• Favor to Christianity

8. Wars of Company
• First Anglo-Maratha War 1777
• Second Anglo-Maratha War 1803
• Third Anglo-Maratha War 1817
• Four Anglo- Mysore Wars 1769-99
• The Anglo-Nepal War 1814-16
• First Burmese War 1824-26 Chittagong

9. Charter Act 1833
• Company got another twenty years the Company’s
political and administrative authority. (up to i.e. 1853)
• Company lost his monopoly over all trade activities and
had only some administrative responsibilities.
• It invested the Board of Control with full power and
authority over the Company.
• Governor General of Bengal or East India Company,
here onwards called Governor General of India.
• A centralized Government established under the
leadership of Governor General with full power and
authority in all civil and military matters.

10. • Governor General and his Council had given rights to
prepare new laws depending on the west laws.
• The governments of Madras and Bombay could make or
suspend laws in case of urgent necessity.
• The Act increased the members of the Council from
three to four. The fourth member was the Law
Member specially appointed to fulfill and legislative
duties of the Governor General.
• Section 53 of the Act of 1833 empowered to Governor
General in Council to appoint a Law Commission from time
to time.
• The purpose was to study, collect and codify various
rules and regulations prevalent in India. This laid the
foundation of codification of modern legal system in
India.

11. • A Law Commission was appointed under the leadership of
Lord Maculay to create new law for India.
• Section 87, of the Act declared that no person can be
disqualified for any place in the Company’s service by
reason of caste, colour, creed or place of birth.
• It was laid down that merit was to be the basis for
employment in Government Services and the religion,
birth place, and race of the candidates were not to be
considered in employment.

12. 1853 Act
• Sir Charles Metcalfe 1835-36
• Lord Auckland 1836-42
• Lord Ellen borough 1842-44
• Lord Harding 1844-48
• Lord Dalhousie 1848-56

13. 1853 Charter Act
• The law member was made a full member of the Governor
General’s Council.
• The Charter Act of 1853 increased the number of
legislative council members. The new legislative council was
consisted of 12 members.
1.Governor General and his Council members (1+4 )
2. Commander-in-chief
3. 4 representatives from providences
4. Chief Justice of Supreme Court Justice and a judge from
Supreme Court to be named by Governor General

14. • A separate Governor appointed for Presidency of Bengal
and also given right to Board of control to change the
boundaries of provinces.
• The number of Directors was reduced to 18 and 6 were to
be nominated by the Crown.
• The Act authoresses the crown to appoint a Law
Commission in England

15. Codification of Indian Law
• Various charters which issued from 1601 to 1693 were
purely of a commercial nature empowering the company
to control its employees by framing rule and regulations.
• George I’s Charter of 1726 created Corporations in
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and established Mayor’s
court.
• The Governor and Council in three places were
authoresses to make, constitute and bylaws and rules for
good government.
• By 1764 Baxar war company merchants gained political
power in India.

16. • The nature and contents of the Charters, which were
granted to the company after 1765 also changed.
• Number of rules and regulation were made for proper
revenue collection in Bengal and so many rules made
regarding general administration.
• All these rules were not done through any legislature but
were done through the servants of the company.
• Warren Hastings plan of 1772 was the first British
Indian Code consisting 37 rules dealing with Civil and
Criminal Code.

17. • 1773 Regulating Act which empowered the Governor
General to make issue rules, regulations and ordinances
for the good government.
• In 1781, some reforms and rules were introduced by Elijah
Emphy .
• Lord Cornwallis introduced 47 Regulations regarding
administration on the name of Code of 1793.
• In 1807, a uniform system of legislative prevailed in the
three presidencies of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
• 1833 Charter also made certain alternative in the
legislative powers to the three presidencies.

18. • In Bengal alone more than 675 regulations which
contained several sections made based on the necessity.
• The system of Regulation law proved very defective.
• ‘Diversity’ prevailed where ‘Uniformity’ was needed the
most.

19. 1st
Law Commission
• Section 53 of the Act of 1833 empowered to Governor
General in Council to appoint a Law Commission from time
to time.
• Commission was composed of T.B.Macaulay, CH. Cameron,
J.M. Macleod, G.W Anderson and F. Millett. The last
three members represented Madras, Bombay and Calcutta
respectively.
• Penal Code: With the direction of local Government
commission to take its first step to tackle Criminal
justice of law and commission submitted a draft of Penal
Code on 2nd
May, 1837.

20. Lex Loci Report or law of the land
There was no Lex Loci or law of land for person other
than Hindus and Muslims in the Mofussils where the
presidency town had a Lex Loci in English Law.
Recommendations of Commission
a. The commission recommended that an Act should be
passed making the substantive law of England the Lex Loci
i.e. the law of the land outside the Presidency towns and
all the persons other than Hindus and Muslims.
b.Nothing in the Act was to apply to non-Christians in
marriage, divorce and adoption.

21. c. All appeals from the courts in the Moffussil in all
matters decided under the Lex-Loci Report were to lie
to Supreme Court concerned instead of the Sadar
Adalats.
The Lex-Loci Report of the Indian Law commission was sent
to all the Presidencies in India for their opinion.
In the mean time the Directors ordered not pass any law
for declaring Lex-Loci and the matter remained pending
until the second Law commission was appointed.
Code of Civil Procedure: The Commission drafted a Code of
Civil Procedure and suggested various reforms in the
procedure of civil suits.

22. • Law of limitations: The Law commission prepared a
valuable report on the law Limitation and with a drafted
Bill.

23. 2nd
Law Commission 1853
• The Charter 1853 empowered Her Majesty to appoint a
Law Commission in England for India.
• The task entrusted to the commission was “to enquire
and consider the recommendations of the first Law
commission and enactment proposed by it, for the
reform of judicial procedure and laws of India as might
be referred to them for consideration.
• The Commission was composed with the best legal
luminaries of England and the persons with the judicial
experience in India and associated with the work of the
First Law Commission.

24. • First: In the first report the commission submitted a
plan for reforms in Judiciary and in court’s procedure.
• Second: The commission agreed with Lex Loci Report of
the First Commission. It suggested that there must be a
substantive civil law for persons in the moffussil who had
not law of their own.
• Third : The Commission contained a plan for establishing
a judicial system and procedure in the North-Western
province. It was on the pattern of Bengal with slight
changes to meet special conditions.
• Fourth: The report was concerning the judicial plan for
the presidencies of Bombay and Madras.

25. Enactment of some codes
• No material process was made in the Codification of
Indian law even after the various reports of the First
and Second Law Commissions.
• In 1859 the Indian Legislative enacted a Code of Civil
Procedure.
• The Indian Penal Code, which was drafted by Lord
Macaulay was revised and enacted into law in 1860.
• A Code of Criminal Procedure was passed in 1861.
• Penal Code translated into almost all the languages in
India.