Respiratory System by Roshni Kumari (1).pptxAbhishek Kumar
What is the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
FUNCTION
What does the respiratory system do?
The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out), it:
Allows you to talk and to smell.
Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs.
Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
ANATOMY
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components.
Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes your:
Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other tissues.
Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of the bones and muscles in the respiratory system include your:
Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body. Other components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung.
Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall.
Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:
Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways.
Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway.
Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and
a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism, intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment, explore anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, from nasal passages to the lungs
Respiratory System by Roshni Kumari (1).pptxAbhishek Kumar
What is the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
FUNCTION
What does the respiratory system do?
The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out), it:
Allows you to talk and to smell.
Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs.
Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
ANATOMY
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components.
Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes your:
Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other tissues.
Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of the bones and muscles in the respiratory system include your:
Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body. Other components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung.
Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall.
Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:
Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways.
Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway.
Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and
a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism, intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment, explore anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, from nasal passages to the lungs
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the respiration process in an organism. It is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat is called Otorhinolaryngology.
RESPIRATION- The oxidative process occurring within living cells by which the chemical energy of organic molecules is released in a series of metabolic steps involving the consumption of oxygen and the liberation of carbon dioxide and water is called as respiration.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the respiration process in an organism. It is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.
The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat is called Otorhinolaryngology.
RESPIRATION- The oxidative process occurring within living cells by which the chemical energy of organic molecules is released in a series of metabolic steps involving the consumption of oxygen and the liberation of carbon dioxide and water is called as respiration.
In the human body, a complex network of fluids and vessels works tirelessly to transport essential substances, ensuring the proper functioning of every cell and organ. This system, known as the circulatory system, plays a vital role in distributing oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other crucial molecules while removing waste products.
In our journey through this topic, we will explore the composition of blood, the functions of various blood components, the mechanisms of circulation, and the importance of maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Understanding body fluids and circulation is not only essential for grasping the basics of human physiology but also for appreciating the intricate balance required to sustain life.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. What is the
respiratory
system?
The primary function of this system is to furnish
oxygen for individual tissue cells, and to take
away the waste products and carbon dioxide
produced by those same cells.
The respiratory system
consists of the nose,
pharynx (FAIR inks),
larynx (LAIR inks),
trachea (TRAY kee ah),
bronchi (BRAHN kye),
and lungs.
3. External & internal respiration…
External respiration
is the process of
inhaling oxygen into
the lungs, and
exhaling carbon
dioxide. That
process includes the
ventilation of the
lungs and the
exchange of air in
the lungs and blood
within the capillaries
of the alveoli of the
lungs.
Internal respiration is the
metabolic process by which
living cells use blood
flowing through the
capillaries, absorbing the
oxygen (O2 )they need and
releasing the carbon dioxide
(CO2)they create.
Ventilating the lungs
4. The nose…
The dividing partition
between the nostrils is the
nasal septum, which forms
two nasal cavities.
Each cavity is divided into
3 air passages: the
superior, middle, and
inferior conchae (KON kuh).
The external opening of
the nose is the nostrils
or anterior nares.
5. The nose…
The conchae passages lead to
the passageway called the
pharnyx. Here, the ear is
connected to the sinuses, the
ears through the eustachian
tubes, and even the eyes
through the nasolacrimal ducts.
6. The nose…
The palatine (palate)
bones and maxilla (upper
jaw bone) separate the
nasal cavities from the
mouth cavity. Cilia (hairs)
line the mucous
membrane. About 1 qt. of
mucous is produced daily.
Maxillae
7. The nose…
The nose has 5 functions:
1. It serves as an air passageway.
2. It warms and moistens inhaled air.
3. Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust, pollen,
bacteria, and foreign matter.
4. It contains olfactory receptors, which smell odors.
5. It aids in phonation and the quality of voice.
8. The nose… Did you guess the owners of these noses?
Owen Wilson, Barbra Streisand, Tom Cruise, Michael Jackson
Ellen Barkin, Adrien Brody, Gerald Depardieu, Tori Spelling
9. The pharynx… The pharynx is
the correct term
for the throat.
It is a muscular
and
membranous
tube that is
about 5 inches
long, extending
downward from
the base of the
skull. It
eventually
becomes the
esophagus.
The nasopharynx is behind the
nose; the oropharynx is behind
the mouth; the laryngopharynx
is behind the larynx.
10. There are 7 openings
into the pharynx.
In the nasopharynx,
there are two
openings from the
eustachian tubes of
the ear , and two
openings from the
posterior nares of the
nose .
In the oropharnyx is
one opening from the
mouth .
The pharynx…
11. The pharynx…
The pharynx also
contains 3 pairs of
tissues that are part
of the lymphatic
system:
The pharynx has 3 functions:
1. serves as a passageway for air
2. serves as a passageway for food
3. aids in phonation by changing its shape.
1. the pharyngeal tonsils… the adenoids
2. the palatine tonsils
3. the lingual tonsils
12. The larynx…
The larynx, commonly called the
voicebox, is located at the upper
end of the trachea, below the root
of the tongue and hyoid bone. It is
lined with mucous membrane.
Short, tense vocal cords produce high notes;
long relaxed vocal cords produce low notes.
The larynx contains vocal
cords, which produce sound.
13. The larynx…
We can see several of the
cartilage structures of the
larynx in this side view:
1. The thyroid cartilage or
Adam’s apple is usually
larger in the male,
allowing longer vocal
cords and contributing to
a deeper male voice
2. The epiglottis covers the entrance of the
larynx while swallowing, to avoid choking
3. The cricoid (KRY koid) cartilage contains the
vocal cords
Epiglottis
Cricoid
cartilage
Thyroid
cartilage
14. The trachea…The trachea or windpipe is
a smooth, muscular tube
leading from the larynx to
the main bronchi.
Trachea
C-shaped rings
of cartilage
provide
protection on the
front and sides
Cartilage rings prevent
crushing of the trachea
15. The trachea…
The trachea is the passageway for air to and from
the lungs. It is lined with cilia (hairs), which
sweep foreign matter out of the pathway. It is only
about 1 inch in diameter and 4 ½ inches long.
16. The bronchi…
The bronchi are the
two main branches
at the bottom of
the trachea,
providing
passageway for air
to the lungs. The
trachea divides
into the right
bronchus and the
left bronchus, and
then divides
further into the
bronchial tree.
As the branches of the
bronchial tree get smaller,
the 2 primary bronchi
become bronchioles, and
then very small alveolar
(al VEE ah ler) ducts.
17. The bronchi…
The left bronchi is
smaller than the right
bronchi, because room
is needed to
accommodate the heart.
If a foreign body is inhaled
or aspirated (drawn by
suction), it usually lodges
in the larger right bronchi
(as shown in this Xray) or
enters the right lung.
18. The bronchi…
In the presence of infection, the bronchi
sometimes become inflamed, resulting in a
diagnosis of bronchitis.
19. The lungs…
The lungs are two spongy organs
located in the thorax. They
consist of elastic tissue, filled
with an interlacing network of
tubes and sacs that carry air and
blood vessels that carry blood.
Each lung is divided into lobes,
the right lung into 3 lobes and
the left lung into 2. The left lung
has an indentation called the
cardiac depression or notch…
for placement of the heart.
20. The lungs… At the end of each bronchiole
are the alveoli (al VEE oh lye).
The lungs contain about 300
million alveoli sacs, which are
the air cells where the
exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place with
the capillaries. .
Deoxygenated blood comes
in and drops off CO2;
oxygenated blood goes out.
21. The lungs… The base of the lungs rest
on the diaphragm, a
muscular wall separating
the thorax from the
abdominal cavity. It is
involved in respiration,
drawing downward in the
chest during inhalation,
and pushing upward
during exhalation.
Tidal volume refers to the amount
of air inhaled or exhaled during
normal breathing… about 500 ml.
Total lung capacity is 3.6-9.4 liters
in an average male.
22. The lungs…
This is characteristic of pneumonia. If both lungs
are involved, it is termed as double pneumonia.
If someone is unconscious, it’s possible to aspirate
stomach contents into the lungs, causing
aspiration pneumonia.
Pathogens, white
cells and immune
proteins present
during an infection
may cause the air
sacs to become
inflamed and filled
with fluid.
23. Vital signs, essential
elements for determining
an individual’s state of
health, include
temperature, pulse,
respiration, and blood
pressure. A deviation
from normal of any or all
of the vital signs indicates
a state of illness, and can
be used by the physician
in a diagnosis, prognosis
(prospects of survival and
recovery), and treatment.
Vital signs…
The normal respiration
rate for a 5 year old is
20-25 breaths per
minute; for someone
15 years or older is 15-
20 breaths per minute.