The document provides instructions for experiments to determine the natural frequency, damping ratio, and critical speed of rotating shafts. It describes the equipment setup, which includes a torsional pendulum to study damped oscillations. Procedures are outlined for experiments on a torsional pendulum and whirling shaft to measure damping properties and critical speeds. Formulas are provided to calculate characteristics like natural frequency from measured values like shaft material properties, dimensions, and oscillation times.
This document describes an experiment to determine the deflection and bending stress of a cantilever beam. A cantilever beam is clamped at one end and free at the other. Deflection measurements are taken at the free end as loads are applied. The deflection values are used to calculate the beam's Young's modulus and bending strength based on equations that relate deflection to the beam's properties and loading. Proper measurement techniques and safety precautions are outlined to ensure accurate results. The experiment is designed to analyze beam behavior under bending loads.
This lab report summarizes an experiment to determine the material properties of aluminum and cast iron samples through torsion testing. Strain gauges were used to collect strain data for an aluminum sample under various torque loads. Shear stress-strain curves were plotted from the experimental data and material properties like shear modulus, proportional limit, and modulus of rupture were calculated and compared to published values. The failure modes of the ductile aluminum and brittle cast iron samples were also analyzed based on the torsion testing results.
1. The document outlines the teaching and evaluation scheme for the 3rd semester Mechanical Engineering program, including the subjects, periods per week, internal and end semester assessments.
2. It lists 5 theory subjects - Production Technology, Strength of Materials, Engineering Materials, Thermal Engineering-I, and Environmental Studies, along with 3 practical subjects - Mechanical Engineering Drawing, Mechanical Engineering Lab-I, and Workshop-II.
3. The curriculum and course contents for the Production Technology subject are also provided, covering topics like metal forming processes, welding, casting, powder metallurgy, press work, and jigs and fixtures.
The document is a certificate from the CMR Institute of Technology certifying that a student satisfactorily completed their academic record work in the Engineering Mechanics Laboratory for the 2018-19 academic year. It provides details of the course objectives and outcomes of the Engineering Mechanics Lab, which include determining force systems, reactions, moments, friction, moments of inertia, and mechanical advantage. It also outlines the experiments performed, which verify laws of mechanics using various apparatuses.
This document provides information about an instrumentation and control lab manual. It discusses the importance of experiments in reinforcing principles taught in lectures and helping students understand them more thoroughly. Students learn to use basic instruments to measure physical quantities and analyze experimental data. The document includes the lab syllabus, list of experiments, required accessories, general instructions, and an introduction to transducers and measurement systems. The introduction defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, and describes the typical components of an electronic instrumentation system, including transducers, power supplies, and signal conditioners.
B.E.Mech SEM 06 R2021.pdf for anna universityJackson971953
This document contains the course details for Semester V and Semester VI of a mechanical engineering program. In Semester V, students take courses in machine design, metrology, professional electives, and a summer internship. They also take a metrology and dynamics lab. In Semester VI, courses include heat and mass transfer, more professional electives, an open elective, and labs in CAD/CAM and heat transfer. The document lists learning outcomes for each course and lab.
This laboratory manual provides instructions and procedures for students to conduct a series of structural analysis experiments. The first experiment is on torsion and aims to determine the shear modulus of various structural materials. Students will use a torsion testing apparatus to apply torque to a specimen and measure the resulting angle of twist. By determining the relationship between torque and angle of twist, students can calculate the specimen's shear modulus. The manual guides students step-by-step through setting up the experiment, taking measurements, and analyzing the results to obtain mechanical properties of the tested materials.
The document provides information about various hand tools used in fitting shops and workshops, including:
- Measuring tools like steel rules, micrometers, vernier calipers for linear measurements.
- Marking tools like squares, bevel gauges, and protractors for layout work.
- Thickness gauges and pitch gauges for checking dimensions.
- Surface plates and angle plates for supporting workpieces during measurement and marking operations.
The tools operate on various measurement principles and are used to ensure precision in fitting work.
This document describes an experiment to determine the deflection and bending stress of a cantilever beam. A cantilever beam is clamped at one end and free at the other. Deflection measurements are taken at the free end as loads are applied. The deflection values are used to calculate the beam's Young's modulus and bending strength based on equations that relate deflection to the beam's properties and loading. Proper measurement techniques and safety precautions are outlined to ensure accurate results. The experiment is designed to analyze beam behavior under bending loads.
This lab report summarizes an experiment to determine the material properties of aluminum and cast iron samples through torsion testing. Strain gauges were used to collect strain data for an aluminum sample under various torque loads. Shear stress-strain curves were plotted from the experimental data and material properties like shear modulus, proportional limit, and modulus of rupture were calculated and compared to published values. The failure modes of the ductile aluminum and brittle cast iron samples were also analyzed based on the torsion testing results.
1. The document outlines the teaching and evaluation scheme for the 3rd semester Mechanical Engineering program, including the subjects, periods per week, internal and end semester assessments.
2. It lists 5 theory subjects - Production Technology, Strength of Materials, Engineering Materials, Thermal Engineering-I, and Environmental Studies, along with 3 practical subjects - Mechanical Engineering Drawing, Mechanical Engineering Lab-I, and Workshop-II.
3. The curriculum and course contents for the Production Technology subject are also provided, covering topics like metal forming processes, welding, casting, powder metallurgy, press work, and jigs and fixtures.
The document is a certificate from the CMR Institute of Technology certifying that a student satisfactorily completed their academic record work in the Engineering Mechanics Laboratory for the 2018-19 academic year. It provides details of the course objectives and outcomes of the Engineering Mechanics Lab, which include determining force systems, reactions, moments, friction, moments of inertia, and mechanical advantage. It also outlines the experiments performed, which verify laws of mechanics using various apparatuses.
This document provides information about an instrumentation and control lab manual. It discusses the importance of experiments in reinforcing principles taught in lectures and helping students understand them more thoroughly. Students learn to use basic instruments to measure physical quantities and analyze experimental data. The document includes the lab syllabus, list of experiments, required accessories, general instructions, and an introduction to transducers and measurement systems. The introduction defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, and describes the typical components of an electronic instrumentation system, including transducers, power supplies, and signal conditioners.
B.E.Mech SEM 06 R2021.pdf for anna universityJackson971953
This document contains the course details for Semester V and Semester VI of a mechanical engineering program. In Semester V, students take courses in machine design, metrology, professional electives, and a summer internship. They also take a metrology and dynamics lab. In Semester VI, courses include heat and mass transfer, more professional electives, an open elective, and labs in CAD/CAM and heat transfer. The document lists learning outcomes for each course and lab.
This laboratory manual provides instructions and procedures for students to conduct a series of structural analysis experiments. The first experiment is on torsion and aims to determine the shear modulus of various structural materials. Students will use a torsion testing apparatus to apply torque to a specimen and measure the resulting angle of twist. By determining the relationship between torque and angle of twist, students can calculate the specimen's shear modulus. The manual guides students step-by-step through setting up the experiment, taking measurements, and analyzing the results to obtain mechanical properties of the tested materials.
The document provides information about various hand tools used in fitting shops and workshops, including:
- Measuring tools like steel rules, micrometers, vernier calipers for linear measurements.
- Marking tools like squares, bevel gauges, and protractors for layout work.
- Thickness gauges and pitch gauges for checking dimensions.
- Surface plates and angle plates for supporting workpieces during measurement and marking operations.
The tools operate on various measurement principles and are used to ensure precision in fitting work.
The document provides details of the 4th semester scheme of teaching and examination for a 3 year diploma in mechanical engineering. It includes information on the duration of the semester, total student contact hours, total marks distribution, subjects to be taught, teaching scheme for each subject including theory and practical hours as well as examination scheme with marks distribution. It also provides the pass marks criteria for final and internal assessment. Subject details are given for manufacturing technology, fluid mechanics and machine, thermal engineering, theory of machines, electrical engineering and other related lab and practical subjects. Recommended books, list of practical sessions and content breakdown are also included for some subjects.
This document provides an overview of machine design concepts including the basic design process, factors to consider in design, and design of simple machine elements. It discusses the definition of machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform functions efficiently. The basic design process involves understanding requirements, analyzing loads, selecting materials, choosing dimensions, and specifying tolerances. Simple elements discussed include cotter joints, knuckle joints, levers, and components under eccentric loading. Design of these elements involves calculating stresses and selecting dimensions to prevent failure under various loading conditions like tension, shear, bending, and crushing. Standards and preferred sizes are also important considerations in efficient machine design.
The document analyzes the effect of fillet radius on stress concentration in engine valves through finite element analysis. It models engine valve geometries with varying fillet radii, with and without a chamfer. It then applies appropriate boundary conditions and loads to simulate valve operation. Results for stresses, deformations, and maximum values are presented and graphs show how stresses and deformations vary with changing fillet radius. The analysis aims to determine the optimal fillet radius design for minimizing stress concentrations in engine valves.
The document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of a ductile material specimen. Key steps include measuring the original dimensions of the specimen, clamping it in a universal testing machine and applying a tensile load until fracture. Load and extension readings are recorded to plot stress-strain curves and calculate properties like yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus. The test is aimed at understanding tensile behavior, stress-strain relationships and evaluating mechanical properties of engineering materials.
The guidelines given in this presentation are useful for writing proper course outcomes of any course for a faculty who is implementing outcome based education
This document provides recommended procedures for performing a mechanical analysis of a rotary kiln prior to shutdown. It discusses analyzing the shell condition, measuring runout along the kiln, and marking test lines every 30 degrees around the circumference. Safety concerns are also addressed, such as treating the entire kiln as dangerous due to high temperatures, avoiding contact with hot surfaces, and using lockout procedures when working on equipment.
This document provides a study guide for the MTV410 Thermal Flow module, including:
- An overview of the module objectives, structure, assessment, and expectations.
- Details on lectures, study materials, and learning activities like assignments and laboratory work.
- Contact information for the lecturer and teaching assistants.
- A description of the three main parts of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - and the goal of developing an understanding of these principles and their applications to solve thermal engineering problems.
- Information on how to use this study guide effectively throughout the semester to help complete the course successfully.
This document outlines the revised syllabus for the Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering program at the University of Mumbai. It provides general guidelines for tutorials, term work, theory examinations, practical examinations, projects, and seminars.
The syllabus then details the courses offered in semesters VII and VIII, including course codes, names, credit hours, and examination schemes. Courses cover topics like process equipment design, process engineering, process dynamics and control, as well as electives in management, technology, and process systems engineering.
Finally, the document provides the detailed syllabus for the "Process Equipment Design" course, including module contents and learning outcomes. It aims to teach students to design process equipment like heat ex
This document is a record of achievement and assessment for an apprentice's training in core power and control systems. It includes modules completed on topics like workshop safety, electrical regulations, cables and glands, isolation procedures, motors, motor control, transformers, and industrial electronics. The apprentice's training officer and the apprentice must both sign off that the specified training objectives for each module have been successfully completed.
The document provides information about designing and building a concrete beam as part of a student project. Students are given specifications for the beam and learn about concepts related to concrete through a series of questionnaires. They then use what they've learned to design, build, and test their beam. The goal is for the beam to support the greatest weight possible while meeting the specifications.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEW COUPLING SYSTEM IN INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE TO IM...ijiert bestjournal
Injection molding machine is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The plastic being mel ted in injection molding machine and then injected into the mould. The barrel contains recipr ocating screw for injecting the material into the mould and the material is also melted into the barrel. This project deals with,the solution of problem occurred for reciprocating screw of Inje ction molding machine. It identifies and solves the problem by using the modeling and analys is techniques. The problem occurred in the reciprocating screw of machine which is wearing of threads due to affect of temperature of mold materials (flow ma terials) i.e. Nylon,low density polypropylene,polystyrene,PVC etc.,The main work was to model the components of machine with dimensions,and perform thermal analys is with modeled component.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62hr9HHZS14
I would like to articulate deep gratitude and veneration to Dr. Ashwani Jain, Professor, Department of Civil engineering for giving me opportunity to choose topic for seminar by my own. Last but not the least, thanks to our lord almighty for believing in me and gifting me such a utopia.
Geosynthetics have become well established construction materials for geotechnical and environmental applications in most parts of the world. Because they constitute manufactured materials, new products and applications are developed on a routine basis to provide solutions to routine and critical problems alike. Results from recent research and from monitoring of instrumented structures throughout the years have led to new design methods for different applications of geosynthetics. Because of the significant breath of geosynthetic applications, this report focuses on testing of geosynthetics products which would be more helpful in applications and design methodologies for reinforced soil and environmental protection works.
This paper discusses the development of single-diameter wellbore technology using solid expandable tubular systems. It describes:
1) How over 350 commercial installations helped prove the concept and technology.
2) The key benefits of single-diameter wells which reduce costs by conserving resources, saving time, and reducing environmental impact.
3) The multi-functional tool developed which can expand casing in one trip and provides contingencies like releasing connections if needed.
4) A field test in 2004 that successfully deployed and expanded 9-5/8 inch liners to test hydraulic isolation without cement. This demonstrated the viability of the single-diameter well construction method.
This document summarizes a paper presented at Offshore Europe 2005 that discusses realizing single-diameter wellbore technology using solid expandable tubulars. It provides details on:
- The development of expandable technology and its progression to enable single-diameter wells.
- A field test of the technology that successfully deployed and expanded 9-5/8 inch liners in a single trip.
- The multi-functional tool string used, including elements for expansion and contingencies.
- How the technology allows extended reach drilling and can increase reserves while reducing development costs.
Engineering Department documents syllabusan5458670
1. The document outlines the teaching and evaluation scheme for the 4th semester of the Mechanical Engineering diploma program. It includes 16 weeks of instruction split between theory and practical courses, along with internal and end semester exams.
2. The curriculum includes 4 theory courses (Theory of Machines, Manufacturing Technology, Fluid Mechanics, and Thermal Engineering-II), along with 2 practical lab courses and a workshop. Minimum passing marks and attendance requirements are also specified.
3. Detailed syllabi are provided for each theory course, outlining topics, number of periods for each, learning objectives, and recommended textbooks. Practical courses also have brief descriptions but no detailed syllabi. The curriculum aims
Nikhil Kulkarni's mechanical engineering design portfolio contains 10 projects showcasing his design skills and experiences. The portfolio includes projects such as designing jigs and fixtures for aircraft parts, analyzing a hydraulic system component, and creating an automatic basketball machine. Nikhil holds a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Arizona State University, where he focused on product design and simulation. He is looking to start his career in mechanical design engineering.
This document outlines the scheme and syllabus for the Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering program at Punjab Technical University for the 2011 batch. It provides details of the courses offered in the third semester, including course codes, titles, credits, and brief descriptions. Some of the key courses covered in the third semester include Strength of Materials, Theory of Machines, Machine Drawing, Applied Thermodynamics, and Manufacturing Processes. The document also lists the assessment structure, distribution of marks, and contact hours for each course.
ECM150 2023-2024.pdf ECM150 2023-2024.pdfECM150 2023-2024.pdfECM150 2023-2024...E L Harish
This 5-credit course examines statics and strength of materials related to structural analysis and design. Students learn to analyze and evaluate forces and moments of forces on systems of equilibrium, and calculate stresses, strains, centroids and moments of inertia. The course enables students to solve design problems and apply techniques to mechanical and structural systems. It has prerequisites in physics and math, and contributes to learning outcomes for civil engineering, mechanical engineering and technology programs.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Fourth Inversion Punching MechanismIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed fourth inversion punching mechanism that aims to improve efficiency over existing punching mechanisms.
2) In existing mechanisms, one rotation of the crank produces one reciprocation of the punching ram. The fourth inversion mechanism uses a four bar linkage coupled to the crank such that two reciprocations are produced per crank rotation, reducing operating time.
3) The mechanism's design and kinematics were analyzed using CREO software. Sample calculations showed it requires less force than existing mechanisms for the same punching operation, improving efficiency.
The document provides details of the 4th semester scheme of teaching and examination for a 3 year diploma in mechanical engineering. It includes information on the duration of the semester, total student contact hours, total marks distribution, subjects to be taught, teaching scheme for each subject including theory and practical hours as well as examination scheme with marks distribution. It also provides the pass marks criteria for final and internal assessment. Subject details are given for manufacturing technology, fluid mechanics and machine, thermal engineering, theory of machines, electrical engineering and other related lab and practical subjects. Recommended books, list of practical sessions and content breakdown are also included for some subjects.
This document provides an overview of machine design concepts including the basic design process, factors to consider in design, and design of simple machine elements. It discusses the definition of machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform functions efficiently. The basic design process involves understanding requirements, analyzing loads, selecting materials, choosing dimensions, and specifying tolerances. Simple elements discussed include cotter joints, knuckle joints, levers, and components under eccentric loading. Design of these elements involves calculating stresses and selecting dimensions to prevent failure under various loading conditions like tension, shear, bending, and crushing. Standards and preferred sizes are also important considerations in efficient machine design.
The document analyzes the effect of fillet radius on stress concentration in engine valves through finite element analysis. It models engine valve geometries with varying fillet radii, with and without a chamfer. It then applies appropriate boundary conditions and loads to simulate valve operation. Results for stresses, deformations, and maximum values are presented and graphs show how stresses and deformations vary with changing fillet radius. The analysis aims to determine the optimal fillet radius design for minimizing stress concentrations in engine valves.
The document describes procedures for conducting a tensile test to determine properties of a ductile material specimen. Key steps include measuring the original dimensions of the specimen, clamping it in a universal testing machine and applying a tensile load until fracture. Load and extension readings are recorded to plot stress-strain curves and calculate properties like yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus. The test is aimed at understanding tensile behavior, stress-strain relationships and evaluating mechanical properties of engineering materials.
The guidelines given in this presentation are useful for writing proper course outcomes of any course for a faculty who is implementing outcome based education
This document provides recommended procedures for performing a mechanical analysis of a rotary kiln prior to shutdown. It discusses analyzing the shell condition, measuring runout along the kiln, and marking test lines every 30 degrees around the circumference. Safety concerns are also addressed, such as treating the entire kiln as dangerous due to high temperatures, avoiding contact with hot surfaces, and using lockout procedures when working on equipment.
This document provides a study guide for the MTV410 Thermal Flow module, including:
- An overview of the module objectives, structure, assessment, and expectations.
- Details on lectures, study materials, and learning activities like assignments and laboratory work.
- Contact information for the lecturer and teaching assistants.
- A description of the three main parts of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - and the goal of developing an understanding of these principles and their applications to solve thermal engineering problems.
- Information on how to use this study guide effectively throughout the semester to help complete the course successfully.
This document outlines the revised syllabus for the Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering program at the University of Mumbai. It provides general guidelines for tutorials, term work, theory examinations, practical examinations, projects, and seminars.
The syllabus then details the courses offered in semesters VII and VIII, including course codes, names, credit hours, and examination schemes. Courses cover topics like process equipment design, process engineering, process dynamics and control, as well as electives in management, technology, and process systems engineering.
Finally, the document provides the detailed syllabus for the "Process Equipment Design" course, including module contents and learning outcomes. It aims to teach students to design process equipment like heat ex
This document is a record of achievement and assessment for an apprentice's training in core power and control systems. It includes modules completed on topics like workshop safety, electrical regulations, cables and glands, isolation procedures, motors, motor control, transformers, and industrial electronics. The apprentice's training officer and the apprentice must both sign off that the specified training objectives for each module have been successfully completed.
The document provides information about designing and building a concrete beam as part of a student project. Students are given specifications for the beam and learn about concepts related to concrete through a series of questionnaires. They then use what they've learned to design, build, and test their beam. The goal is for the beam to support the greatest weight possible while meeting the specifications.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NEW COUPLING SYSTEM IN INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE TO IM...ijiert bestjournal
Injection molding machine is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The plastic being mel ted in injection molding machine and then injected into the mould. The barrel contains recipr ocating screw for injecting the material into the mould and the material is also melted into the barrel. This project deals with,the solution of problem occurred for reciprocating screw of Inje ction molding machine. It identifies and solves the problem by using the modeling and analys is techniques. The problem occurred in the reciprocating screw of machine which is wearing of threads due to affect of temperature of mold materials (flow ma terials) i.e. Nylon,low density polypropylene,polystyrene,PVC etc.,The main work was to model the components of machine with dimensions,and perform thermal analys is with modeled component.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62hr9HHZS14
I would like to articulate deep gratitude and veneration to Dr. Ashwani Jain, Professor, Department of Civil engineering for giving me opportunity to choose topic for seminar by my own. Last but not the least, thanks to our lord almighty for believing in me and gifting me such a utopia.
Geosynthetics have become well established construction materials for geotechnical and environmental applications in most parts of the world. Because they constitute manufactured materials, new products and applications are developed on a routine basis to provide solutions to routine and critical problems alike. Results from recent research and from monitoring of instrumented structures throughout the years have led to new design methods for different applications of geosynthetics. Because of the significant breath of geosynthetic applications, this report focuses on testing of geosynthetics products which would be more helpful in applications and design methodologies for reinforced soil and environmental protection works.
This paper discusses the development of single-diameter wellbore technology using solid expandable tubular systems. It describes:
1) How over 350 commercial installations helped prove the concept and technology.
2) The key benefits of single-diameter wells which reduce costs by conserving resources, saving time, and reducing environmental impact.
3) The multi-functional tool developed which can expand casing in one trip and provides contingencies like releasing connections if needed.
4) A field test in 2004 that successfully deployed and expanded 9-5/8 inch liners to test hydraulic isolation without cement. This demonstrated the viability of the single-diameter well construction method.
This document summarizes a paper presented at Offshore Europe 2005 that discusses realizing single-diameter wellbore technology using solid expandable tubulars. It provides details on:
- The development of expandable technology and its progression to enable single-diameter wells.
- A field test of the technology that successfully deployed and expanded 9-5/8 inch liners in a single trip.
- The multi-functional tool string used, including elements for expansion and contingencies.
- How the technology allows extended reach drilling and can increase reserves while reducing development costs.
Engineering Department documents syllabusan5458670
1. The document outlines the teaching and evaluation scheme for the 4th semester of the Mechanical Engineering diploma program. It includes 16 weeks of instruction split between theory and practical courses, along with internal and end semester exams.
2. The curriculum includes 4 theory courses (Theory of Machines, Manufacturing Technology, Fluid Mechanics, and Thermal Engineering-II), along with 2 practical lab courses and a workshop. Minimum passing marks and attendance requirements are also specified.
3. Detailed syllabi are provided for each theory course, outlining topics, number of periods for each, learning objectives, and recommended textbooks. Practical courses also have brief descriptions but no detailed syllabi. The curriculum aims
Nikhil Kulkarni's mechanical engineering design portfolio contains 10 projects showcasing his design skills and experiences. The portfolio includes projects such as designing jigs and fixtures for aircraft parts, analyzing a hydraulic system component, and creating an automatic basketball machine. Nikhil holds a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Arizona State University, where he focused on product design and simulation. He is looking to start his career in mechanical design engineering.
This document outlines the scheme and syllabus for the Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering program at Punjab Technical University for the 2011 batch. It provides details of the courses offered in the third semester, including course codes, titles, credits, and brief descriptions. Some of the key courses covered in the third semester include Strength of Materials, Theory of Machines, Machine Drawing, Applied Thermodynamics, and Manufacturing Processes. The document also lists the assessment structure, distribution of marks, and contact hours for each course.
ECM150 2023-2024.pdf ECM150 2023-2024.pdfECM150 2023-2024.pdfECM150 2023-2024...E L Harish
This 5-credit course examines statics and strength of materials related to structural analysis and design. Students learn to analyze and evaluate forces and moments of forces on systems of equilibrium, and calculate stresses, strains, centroids and moments of inertia. The course enables students to solve design problems and apply techniques to mechanical and structural systems. It has prerequisites in physics and math, and contributes to learning outcomes for civil engineering, mechanical engineering and technology programs.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Fourth Inversion Punching MechanismIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed fourth inversion punching mechanism that aims to improve efficiency over existing punching mechanisms.
2) In existing mechanisms, one rotation of the crank produces one reciprocation of the punching ram. The fourth inversion mechanism uses a four bar linkage coupled to the crank such that two reciprocations are produced per crank rotation, reducing operating time.
3) The mechanism's design and kinematics were analyzed using CREO software. Sample calculations showed it requires less force than existing mechanisms for the same punching operation, improving efficiency.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
1. DESIGN LABORATORY
(17MEL76)
VII Semester
[AS PER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME]
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DAVANGERE- 577 004
2. DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN LAB MANUAL
(17MEL76)
VII Semester
[AS PER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME]
Name : ……………………………………………
USN : ……………………………………………
Semester: …………… Batch No.………………….
B BASAVARAJ Suresh U M
Faculty Incharge Instructor
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DAVANGERE- 577 004
3. VISION OF THE INSTITUTE
To be center of excellence recognized nationally and internationally, in
distinctive areas of engineering education and research, based on a culture
of innovation and invention.
MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
BIET contributes to the growth and development of its students by
imparting a broad based engineering education and empowering them to
be successful in their chosen field by inculcating in them positive approach,
leadership qualities and ethical values.
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT
The department endeavors to be a center of excellence, to provide
quality education leading the students to become professional
mechanical engineers with ethics, contributing to the society through
research, innovation, entrepreneurial and leadership qualities.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT
l. To impart quality technical education through effective
teachinglearning process leading to development of professional skills
and attitude to excel in Mechanical Engineering.
2. To interact with institutes of repute, to enhance academic and research
activities.
3. To inculcate creative thinking abilities among students and develop
entrepreneurial skills.
4. To imbibe ethical, environmental friendly and moral values amongst
students through broad based education
4. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S)
1.Enable to understand mechanical engineering systems those are technically
viable, economically feasible and socially acceptable to enhance quality of
life.
2.Apply modern tools and techniques to solve problems in mechanical and
allied engineering streams.
3.Communicate effectively using innovative tools, to demonstrate leadership
and entrepreneurial skills.
4.Be a professional having ethical attitude with multidisciplinary
approach to achieve self and organizational goals.
5.Utilize the best academic environment to create opportunity to cultivate
lifelong learning skills needed to succeed in profession.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’S)
PS01:-Apply the acquired knowledge in design, thermal, manufacturing
and interdisciplinary areas for solving industry and socially relevant
problems.
PS02:-To enhance the abilities of students by imparting knowledge in
emerging technologies to make them confident mechanical engineers.
5.
6. DO’s
1. Students must always wear uniform and shoes before entering the lab.
2. Proper code of conduct and ethics must be followed in the lab.
3. Windows and doors to be kept open for proper ventilation and air
circulation.
4. Note down the specifications of the experimental setup before performing
the experiment.
5. Check for the electrical connections and inform if any discrepancy found to
the attention of lecturer/lab instructor.
6. Perform the experiment under the supervision/guidance of a lecturer/lab
instructor only.
7. After the observations are noted down switch off the electrical
connections.
8. In case of fire use fire extinguisher/throw the sand provided in the lab.
9. In case of any physical injuries or emergencies use first aid box provided.
10. Any unsafe conditions prevailing in the lab can be brought to the notice
of the lab in charge.
DONT’s
1. Do not operate any experimental setup to its maximum value.
2. Do not touch/ handle the experimental setups/Test Rigs without their
prior knowledge,
3. Never overcrowd the experimental setup/Test Rig, Leave sufficient space
for the person to operate the equipment’s.
4. Never rest your hands on the equipment or on the display board.
7. DESIGN LABORATORY
[AS PER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME] SEMESTER – VII
Subject Code 17MEL76 CIE Marks 40
Number of Lecture Hours/
Week
03 ( 1 Hour Instruction+ 2 Hours
Laboratory
SEE Marks 60
RBT Levels L1, L2, L3 Exam Hours 03
CREDITS - 02
Prerequisites: Knowledge of Dynamics and Machines and Design of Machine Elements
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the natural frequency, logarithmic decrement, damping ratio and damping.
2. To understand the balancing of rotating masses.
3. To understand the concept of the critical speed of a rotating shaft.
4. To understand the concept of stress concentration using Photo elasticity.
5. To understand the equilibrium speed, sensitiveness, power and effort of Governor.
PART-A
01. Determination of natural frequency, logarithmic decrement, damping ratio and damping Co-
efficient in a single degree of freedom vibrating systems (longitudinal and torsional)
02. Determination of critical speed of rotating shaft.
03. Balancing of rotating masses.
04. Determination of fringe constant of Photo-elastic material using Circular disk subjected
diametric compression, Pure bending specimen (four point bending)
05. Determination of stress concentration using Photo elasticity for simple components like Plate
with hole under tension or bending, circular disk with circular hole under compression, 2-D
crane hook.
PART-B
01. Determination of equilibrium speed, sensitiveness, power and effort of Porter/ Proel /
Hartnell Governor. (At least one)
02. Determination of pressure distribution in Journal bearing
03. Determination of principle stresses and strain in a member subjected to combined loading
using strain rosettes.
04. Determination of stresses in curved beam using strain gauge.
05. Experiments on Gyroscope (Demonstration only)
8. COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this subject, students will be able to:
01. To understand the working principles of machine elements such as Governors, Gyroscopes
etc.
02. To identify forces and couples in rotating mechanical system components.
03. To identify vibrations in machine elements and design appropriate damping methods and to
determine the critical speed of a rotating shaft.
04. To measure strain in various machine elements using strain gauges.
05. To determine the minimum film thickness, load carrying capacity, frictional torque and
pressure distribution of journal bearing.
06. To determine strain induced in a structural member using the principle of photo-elasticity.
Scheme of Examination:
ONE question from part –A : 50 Marks
ONE question from part –B : 30 Marks
Viva –Voice : 20 Marks
Total : 80 Marks
Reference Books:
[1] “Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design”, Richards G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett,
McGraw-Hill Education, 10th
Edition, 2015.
[2] “Design of Machine Elements”, V.B. Bhandari, TMH publishing company Ltd.
New Delhi, 2nd
Edition 2007.
[3] “Theory of Machines”, Sadhu Singh, Pearson Education, 2nd
Edition, 2007.
[4] “Mechanical Vibrations”, G.K. Grover, Nem Chand and Bros, 6th
Edition, 1996.
9. CONTENTS
NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.
PART – A
01. DAMPED TORSIONAL PENDULUM 02
02. WHIRLING OF SHAFT 05
03. STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING 10
04. POLARISCOPE 14
PART – B
05. GOVERNOR 19
a. WATT GOVERNOR 20
b. PORTER GOVERNOR 22
c. PROELL GOVERNOR 24
d. HARTNELL GOVERNOR 26
06. PRINCIPAL STRESS IN COMBINED LOADING 29
USING STRAIN ROSETTES
07. STRESSES DEVELOPED IN CURVED BEAM 34
11. Experiment No. 01
DAMPED TORSIONAL PENDULUM
Aim: To study the damped torsional oscillations and determine the damping coefficient. Ct
Description of set up:
Figure 6.1 shows the general arrangement for the experiment. It consists of a long elastic shaft
gripped at the upper end by the chuck in the bracket. The bracket is clamped to the upper beam of
the main frame. A heavy steel flywheel clamped at the lower end of the shaft suspends from the
bracket. Damping drum is immersed in the oil which provides damping; oil container can be taken
up and down by varying the depth of immersion of damping drum. Depth of immersion can be read
from the scale. Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be
wrapped around the recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with help of specially
designed piston of dash pot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing the sketching pen.
Procedure:
1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time for 10
oscillations.
2. Put thin mineral oil (SAE 10 or 20) in the drum and note the depth of immersion
3. Put the sketching pen in its bracket.
4. Allow the flywheel to vibrate.
5. Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with the paper.
6. Note the time for some oscillations by means of stop watch.
7. Determine Xn amplitude at any position and Xn+r amplitude after 'r' cycles.
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Depth of
immersion (m)
Xn
(m)
Xn+1
(m)
Logarithmic
decrement ‘’
Damping
factor ‘Ct’
1
2
3
4
12. Calculation:
1 Find kt of shaft as follows:
𝑘𝑡 =
𝐺𝐼𝑝
𝐿
N.m/rad
Where G= modulus of rigidity of shaft = 84 GPa.
Ip = Polar second moment of area of the shaft =
32
4
d
, m4
d = dia of shaft = 4.9 X 10-3
m
L = Length of the shaft = 1 m
2. Calculate mass moment of inertia of flywheel using
t
k
J
T
2
s
T= periodic time of oscillations in still air.
3. Calculate critical damping coefficient = Cc = t
Jk
4
4. Determine logarithmic decrement as follows,
1
1
n
n
n
x
x
l
n
5. Find damping ratio = 𝐶𝑡
𝐶𝑐
= 𝛿
√
4𝜋
2
+𝛿
2
or 𝛿 =
2𝜋
√1−2
6. Find damping factor 𝐶𝑡 = 𝐶𝑐
7. Plot the graph v/s depth of immersion.
14. Experiment No. 02
WHIRLING OF SHAFT
Aim: To Study the Whirling of shaft and to find the critical speeds of shaft and natural frequency of
transverse vibration
Description of the apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a frame to support its driving motor, fixing and sliding blocks, etc. A
special design is provided to clear out the effects of bearings of motor spindle from those of testing
shafts. The special design features of this equipment are as follows refer Fig.8.1.
(a) KINEMATIC COUPLING (C)
This coupling is specifically designed to eliminate the effect of motor spindle bearings on
those of rotating shafts.
(b) BALL BEARING FIXING END (M & N)
These ends fix the shafts while it rotates. The shaft can be replaced within a short time with
the help of this unit. The fixing ends provide change of end fixing condition of the rotating
shaft as per the requirement.
Shafts supplied with the equipment
Polished bar steel shafts are supplied with the machine, the dimensions being as under:
Shaft No
Diameter (mm)
(Approx)
Length (mm)
(Approx)
01 5 1100
02 6 1100
03 8 1100
End fixing arrangement
A) At motor end
The end supporting block may be used with the conditions of fixed end of the rotating shaft.
To make the end fixed, both ball bearings support the rotating sleeve. Use Block marked
FM (Fixed bearing on Motor side).
15. B) Other end
To provide fixed end and directionally free end, the separate sleeves are provided, each
sleeve may be easily fitted in the end supporting block or use the block marked FRT (Free
bearing - Tail End)
Guards D1 & D2
The guards D1 and D2 (Fig. 8.1) can be fixed at any position on the supporting bar frame E
which fits on side supports F. Rotating shafts are to be fitted in blocks in A and B stands.
Speed control of driving motor
The driving motor is Tullu make, 250 Volts, AD/DC 1/6 HP 6000 rev/min 50 cps motor and speed
control unit is a dimmerstat 240V 2A 50 Hz.
Measurement of speed
To measure the speed of the rotating shaft strobometer should be used. A simple tachometer may
also be used by removing the bearing cover on the opposite side of shaft extension of the motor,
in case strobometer is not available.
Precaution to be observed during experiment:
If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft arc gradually increased it will be found that a certain speed
will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft deflecting into a single bow and
whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is maintained the deflection will become so large
that the shaft will be fractured, but if this speed is quickly run throu9h the shaft will become so
large that the shaft will become straight again and run true until it another higher speed the same
phenomenon will occur, the deflection now, however, being in a double bow and so on. Such speeds
are called critical speeds of whirling.
It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the critical speeds first rather
than observing the 1st
critical speed which increases the speed of rotation slowly. In this process
there is a possibility that the amplitude of vibration will increase suddenly bringing the failure of
the shaft. If, however, the shaft speed is taken to maximum first and then slowly reduced, (thus not
allowing time to build-up the amplitude of vibration at resources) higher mode will be observed
first and the corresponding speed noted by using a stroboscope and then by reducing the speed
further the next mode of lower frequency can be observed without any danger of rise in amplitude
as the speed is being decreased and the inertia forces are smaller in comparison with the dangerous
amplitudes at recourse or near recourse is avoided.
Procedure:
1. One end of the shaft is connected to the motor directly and the other end of the shaft is
supported by bearings.
2. A dimmerstat is connected to the motor to vary the speed of the motor.
16. 3. The speed of the motor is varied with the help of dimmerstat such that the shaft exhibits first
frequency mode.
4. Note down the speed of the shaft.
5. Again increase the speed of the motor such that the shaft exhibits the second frequency mode.
6. Note down the speed of the shaft.
7. Calculate the natural frequency of given shaft.
Typical test observation:
a) Both ends of shaft free (supported); first and second mode of vibration can be observed on
shafts with 5 mm dia and 6 mm dia.
b) One end of shaft fixed and the other free; first and second mode of vibration can be
observed on shaft with 5 mm dia.
c) Both ends of shaft fixed; second mode of vibration cannot be observed on any of the shafts
as the speeds are very high and hence beyond the range of the apparatus.
There is a difference between theoretical speed of whirl and actual speed observed, due to the
following reasons:
1) The end conditions are not as exact as assumed in theory.
2) Pressure of damping at the end bearing.
3) Assumption made in theoretical predictions.
4) Lack of knowledge of exact properties of the shaft material.
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
End condition Mode of whirl Speed
(rpm)
Frequency
fexp (Hz)
Frequency
fthe (Hz)
1
Supported-fixed
First mode
2 Second mode
3
Supported-supported
First mode
4 Second mode
17. Calculation:
The frequency of vibration for the various modes is given by the equation,
4
WL
EIg
k
f Hz
L = Length of the shaft, m
E = Young’s Modulus, Pa
I = Second moment of area of the shaft, m4
W = Weight of the shaft per unit length, N/m
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
The various values for K are given below:
End condition Value of k
1st
mode 2nd
mode
Fixed, Supported 2.45 7.96
Supported, Supported 1.57 6.30
32
4
d
I
81
.
9
7800
0
.
1
4
2
d
W
Shaft diameter
(mm)
I
(m4
)
Weight / m length, W
(N/m)
5.0 6.135 X 10-11
1.502
6.4 1.647 X 10-10
2.461
8.0 3.974 X 10-9
3.750
Natural frequency 𝜔𝑛 =
2𝜋𝑁
60
rad/s
Experimental value of frequency 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝜔𝑛
2𝜋
Hz
20. Experiment No. 03
STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING
Aim: To determine the position of counter balancing weights in the rotating mass system.
Description:
The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main
frame. As set of four blocks of different weights are provided and may be clamped in any position
on the shaft; they can also be easily detached from the shaft. A disc carrying a circular protractor
scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame, shaft carries a disc and rim of this disc is grooved
to take a light string provided with two cylindrical metal containers of exactly the same weight.
A scale is fitted to the lower member of the main frame and when used in conjunction with the
circular protractor scale, allows the exact longitudinal and angular position of each adjustable block
to be determined. The shaft is driven by a 230 volts single phase 50 cycles electric motor, mounted
under the main frame, through a round section rubber belt.
For static Balancing of individual weights the main frame is rigidly attached to support frame by nut
and bolts and in this position the motor driving belt is removed.
For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from the support
frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting frame are in the same plane.
Procedure:
Static Balancing:
For finding out 'mr' during static balancing proceed as follows: -
1. Remove the belt and attach the main frame to support frame rigidly and right angles as shown
in figure.
2. Screw the Combined hook to the pulley with groove (thus pulley is different than the belt pulley)
3. Attach the cord-ends of the pans to the above hook.
4. Attach block No.1 to the shaft at any convenient position.
5. Put steel balls in one of the pans to make the block horizontal.
6. Number of ‘N’ balls gives the ‘mr’ value of block 1.
7. Repeat the procedure for other three blocks.
21. Dynamic Balancing:
It is necessary to level the machine before the experiment. Using the values of ‘mr’ obtained as
above, if the angular positions and planes of rotation of two or possibly three of the blocks are
known, the student can calculate the position of the other block/blocks for the balance of the
complete system. From the calculations, the student finally clamps all the blocks into the shaft in
their appropriate positions. Replace the motor belt, transfer the main frame to its hanging position
and then by running the motor up to certain speed to verify the calculations are correct and the
blocks are perfectly balanced. If, by chance the student goes wrong in his calculations, then the fact
that the blocks are not dynamically balanced is at once revealed by the vibration of the suspended
assembly.
1. Determine the weight of each block.
2. A force polygon is to be drawn to determine the angular positions of block-3 and 4.
3. To calculate the longitudinal positions of block-3 and 4, let the distance from block-1 be m and
l respectively.
4. Plot the couple polygon and determine the unknown distances.
5. After knowing the distances and the angular positions, fix the blocks to those positions and
check whether the shaft vibrates or not by running it.
To statically and dynamically balance a four plane rotating mass system, block-2 is to be positioned
at 600
anticlockwise and 150mm along the shaft from block-1. Determine the angular and
longitudinal positions of block -3 and 4 for perfect balance.
Tabular column:
Block
No.
Force polygon,
‘mr’ in gm-mm
Distance from the reference
plane, ‘l’ in mm
Couple polygon,
‘mrl’ in gm mm2
1
2
3
4
22.
23.
24. Experiment No. 04
POLARISCOPE
Aim: To find out the stresses developed in models made of Photo elastic material.
Introduction:
The photo elastic polariscope is an instrument used to find out the stress developed in many
complicated machine and structural parts by making use of models made of photo elastic material.
The polariscope basically consists of polarizer, two quarter wave plates, and an analyzer and light
source. The light source is diffused system. For observations in circularly polarized light two quarter
wave plates are introduced, between the polarizers on each side of the model. The axes of the
Polaroid’s may be either crossed or parallel and so also may those of the quarter wave plates. The
model is placed in the field of circularly polarized light between the quarter wave plates.
The arrangement shown, fig ‘A’, in which both the polaroid’s and the quarter wave plates are
crossed is known as circular polarisocpe. The plane polarized wave emerging from the polarizer is
converted by the first quarter wave plate into a counter clockwise circularly polarised wave. The
second quarter wave plate reconverts this into a plane polarised wave vibrating in the vertical plane
identical with that emerging from the polariser, except for some loss of intensity. With the axis of
analyser horizontal the light is therefore extinguished. Thus when a model is inserted in this
polariscope it appears against a dark background. If the analyser is rotated through 90 degree from
the position shown so that it is then parallel to the polariser, the emerging from second quarter
wave plate is transmitted and the back ground will be bright.
Loading method:
It is obvious that a suitable straining machine is essential for photo-elastic studies. The problems in
a photo-elastic laboratory are different from the problems of material testing laboratory and the
equipment must also be different.
A simple universal testing machine can produce tension, compression, bending and torsion. It is
provided with a horizontal and vertical motion for the model under load, and the whole machine
can easily be adjusted to remove space effect. It is very sensitive & has a range from a few kilograms
to a ton. It can easily accommodate models cut from a whole bakelite plate. It has been used not
only to apply small loads for photo-elastic stress pattern but also to test specimen to destruction.
The bars are equipped with rows of circular holes to facilitate the application of tensile and
compressive loads and bending loads. Tensile loads are applied through devices which are
suspended from pins passing through the holes in the bars. Compressions are applied through pins
resting in the grooves.
25. Calibration of fringe pattern:
The relative retardation can be expressed either in the form of fringe order or in terms of wave
lengths. If 'N' is the number of wave lengths of relative retardation.
fN
2
1
or
N
d
F
2
1
Where, f = model fringe constant
F = material fringe constant
The model fringe constant is defined as the value of necessary to cause of relative retardation of 1
in the model of given thickness d. the material fringe constant F is the value of 1 - 2 to cause a
relative retardation in the f unit thickness. The method to determine either f or F for given model
material is called calibration method.
Circular disc
Observation:
Diameter of the specimen, D = _ _ _ _ mm
Thickness of the specimen, h = _ _ _ _ mm
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Load applied
(N)
No. of fringes
1
2
3
4
A circular disc under diametric compression is also used as a calibration specimen. A circular disc
can be easily machined and loading is simpler.
The stress distribution along horizontal diameter is given by,
hD
P
8
2
1
26. The formation of fringes at the centre can easily be observed & a curve can be plotted and the
average load P1 to obtain one fringe at the centre determined.
Hence value of 1 - 2 necessary to give one fringe in a calibration model of thickness ‘h’
hD
P
f
1
8
27. Therefore material fringe value,
hD
P
f
1
8
Where P1 is load per fringe, obtained from the slope in graph drawn load v/s no. of fringe
29. Experiment No. 05
GOVERNOR
Aim: To study the operating characteristics of a) Watt, b) Porter, c) Proell and d) Hartnell type
governors by plotting the graph of Force v/s radius and Speed v/s Sleeve displacement
Description of the set-up:
Drive: DC Motor, ¼ H.P Speed: 1500 rev/min
Speed variation arrangement is provided. Separate linkages for governor arrangements mentioned
above are provided using same motor and base. Speed measurement is to be done by hand
tachometer, (Not provided with unit) sleeve displacement is to be noted on scale provided. Variable
speed control unit is provided with the apparatus. Following experiments can be conducted on the
Gravity controlled governor apparatus i.e. for Watt governor, Porter governor and proell governor
and also on spring loaded governor.
Experimental procedure:
The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and spring, where
applicable, and inserted in to the drive unit. The following simple procedure may then be followed.
The control unit is switched on and the speed control slowly rotated, increasing the governor speed
until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with the first division on the graduated
scale. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded. Speed may be determined using a hand
tachometer on the spindle. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve
movements and readings repeated at each stage throughout the range of sleeve movement
possible.
The result may be plotted as curves of speed against sleeve position. Further tests are carried out
changing the value of variable at a time to produce a family of curves.
Drive unit- DC motor 0-1500 rev/min provides between 0 to 750 rev/min at governor main shaft.
Procedure:
1. Arrange the set up as a Watt, Porter, Proell and Hartnell governor. This can be done by removing
the upper sleeve on the vertical spindle of the governor and using proper linkages provided.
2. Make proper connections of the motor.
3. Increase the motor speed slowly and gradually.
4. Note the speed by tachometer and sleeve displacement on the scale provided.
5. Plot the graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for watt, porter, proell and hartnell governor.
6. Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for watt governor.
7. Plot the governor characteristic after doing the necessary calculations
30. a. WATT GOVERNOR
Observation:
a) Length of each link l = _____, mm
b) Initial height of governor h0 = _____, mm
c) Initial radius of rotation ro = _____, mm
d) Mass of each ball m = 0.4 kg
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Speed ‘N’
(rpm)
Sleeve displacement
‘x’ (mm)
Height, h
in mm
Radius of rotation
‘r’ in mm
Force ‘F’
1
2
3
4
5
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'x', radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as
follows:
Calculation:
i) Height
2
0
x
h
h
ii) Find ‘’ using
l
h
cos
iii) Radius
sin
50 l
r
iv) Force r
m
F 2
Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics
i) Force v/s radius of rotation
ii) Speed v/s displacement
31.
32. b. PORTER GOVERNOR
Observation:
a) Length of each link l = _____, mm
b) Initial height of governor h0 = _____, mm
c) Initial radius of rotation ro = _____, mm
d) Mass of sleeve. = _____, kg
e) Mass of each ball m = 0.4 kg
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Speed ‘N’
(rpm)
Sleeve displacement
‘x’ (mm)
Height, h
in mm
Radius of rotation
‘r’ in mm
Force ‘F’
1
2
3
4
5
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'x', radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as
follows:
Calculation:
i) Height
2
0
x
h
h
ii) Find ‘’ using
l
h
cos
iii) Radius
sin
50 l
r
iv) Force r
m
F 2
Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics
i) Force v/s radius of rotation
ii) Speed v/s displacement
33.
34. c. PROELL GOVERNOR
In the proell governor, with the use of fly weights (Forming full ball) the governor becomes highly
sensitive.
Under these conditions large sleeve displacement is observed for very small change in speed.
In order to make it stable, it is necessary to carry out the experiments by using half ball flyweight
on each side.
Observation:
a) Length of each link, l = _____, mm
b) Initial height of governor, h0 = _____, mm
c) Initial radius of rotation, ro = _____, mm
d) Mass of sleeve. = _____, kg
e) Mass of each ball m = 0.4 kg
f) Extension of length BG = _____, mm
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Speed ‘N’
(rpm)
Sleeve displacement
‘x’ (mm)
Height, h
in mm
Radius of rotation
‘r’ in mm
Force ‘F’
1
2
3
4
5
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement, 'x' radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as
follows:
Calculation:
i) Height
2
0
x
h
h
ii) Find ‘’ using
l
h
cos
iii) Radius
sin
sin
50 BG
l
r
Where 𝛽1 = 𝛼1 − 𝛼0
iv) Force r
m
F 2
Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics
i) Force v/s radius of rotation
ii) Speed v/s displacement
35.
36. d. HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Observation:
a) Length a = _____, mm
b) Length b = _____, mm
c) Free height of spring = _____, mm
d) Initial radius of rotation ro = _____, mm
e) Mass of each ball m = 0.4 kg
Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Speed ‘N’
in (rpm)
Sleeve displacement
‘x’ (mm)
Radius of
rotation ‘r’ mm
Force ‘F’
1
2
3
4
5
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'x', radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as
follows:
Calculation:
Radius
b
a
x
r
r 0
Force r
m
F 2
Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics
i) Force v/s radius of rotation
ii) Speed v/s sleeve displacement
37.
38.
39. Experiment No. 06
PRINCIPAL STRESS IN COMBINED LOADING USING STRAIN ROSETTES
Aim: To determine Principal stress, principal strain, max shear stress, max shear strain using strain
gauge rosettes.
Apparatus required:
1. Strain gauge rosette
2. Digital strain indicator
3. Solid shaft (Mild steel)
Specification for strain gauge:
Type : Rectangular rosette (Foil)
Gauge Resistance : 120 ohms ± 0.5
Gauge Factor : 2
Gauge Length : 5mm
Theory:
The mathematical analysis of stresses in complex components may not, in some cases, be practical
or either not available or cumbersome and uneconomical investigations for confirmation of
analytical formulations. Experimental stress analysis of strain measurement techniques has served
on increasingly important role in aiding designers to produce not only efficient but economic
designs. The accurate measurement of stresses strain and loads in components under working
conditions is an essential requirement of successful engineering design. In particular location of
peak stress values and stress concentration, and subsequently their reduction are removal by
suitable design, as applications in every field of engineering.
The main techniques of experimental stress analyses which are in use today are:
1. Brittle Lacquers
2. Strain Gauges
3. Photo Elasticity
4. Photo Elastic coatings
Strain Gauges:
A strain gauge is strain transducer. It is device for measuring dimensional change on the surface of
a structural member under test.
Rosettes:
Multiple grid or rosettes are a group of gauges bounded in the same supporting material in definite
relative positions. Depending on the agreement of the grids we have rectangular, delta and T-delta
rosettes. The gauges are to be aligned in principal directions. θ is the angle of reference measured
positive in counter clockwise direction. The strain gauges can be arranged in combination to get
three elemental rectangular rosettes or three element rectangular rosettes three element delta
rosette or four elemental rectangular rosettes.
40. Setup:
The setup consists of L- bracket in which bottom plate is fixed rigidly on the table and vertical plate
holds the specimen. One end of the specimen is rigidly fixed by means of screws. The end of the
specimen is fixed with loading arm. Strain gauges are mounted on the specimen in the form of three
elements rectangular rosettes. The strain gauge outputs are taken out through connectors. These
outputs are connected to the corresponding channels of strain indicator. Strain indicator is provided
with three independent displays for each gauge. Separate zero and calibration provision is made
individually.
Procedure:
1. Make the necessary connections to the digital strain indicator from sensor. Adjust the indicator
knob to zero.
2. Load the specimen with the aid of loading arm in steps.
3. Record the strain in micro strains by connecting corresponding strain gauges to the indicator
with the help ob probes.
4. The three recording are recorded which indicates bending and torsional strains. (torsional- >
two readings +ve and -ve)
5. Repeat the above procedure for different load in steps.
6. Compute the required parameters by using appropriate equations.
7. Finally draw the Mohr's circle to compare the obtained results.
Observation:
Material of the specimen: Mild steel
Diameter of the specimen, D =
Length of the shaft, =
Length of the torque arm, L =
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 210 GPa
Modulus of Rigidity, G = 70 GPa
Poison's Ratio, µ = 0.3
41. Tabular Column:
Sl.
No
Load
in N
Strain indicator
reading
Principal
stress
(MPa)
Principal
strain
(µ strain)
Max shear
stress
(MPa)
Max
shear
strain
εA εB εC σ1 σ2 ε1 ε2 τmax
ϒmax
1
2
3
4
Rosette Analysis
Three Elements Rectangular Rosette Analysis:
εA = εxx cos2
θA + εyy sin2
θA + ϒxy sinθA . cosθA
εB = εxx cos2
θB + εyy sin2
θB + ϒxy sinθB . cosθB
εC = εxx cos2
θC + εyy sin2
θC + ϒxy sinθC . cosθC
Where εxx – Strain along x - axis
εyy – Strain along y - axis
ϒxy – Strain along xy – plane
Normally, θA = 00
, θB = 450
, θC = 900
When θA = 00
; εA = εxx cos2
θA = εA = εxx
θB = 450
; εB = (εxx + εyy + ϒxy) / 2
θC = 900
; εC = εyy
Principal strains ε1,2 is given by
ε1,2 =
𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦𝑦
2
±
1
2
√(𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦𝑦)
2
+ 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2
ε1,2 =
𝜀𝐴 + 𝜀𝐶
2
±
1
2
√(𝜀𝐴 − 𝜀𝐶)2 + (2𝜀𝐵 − 𝜀𝐴 − 𝜀𝐶)2
42. ϒxy = τxy/G;
G- Rigidity modulus = 70 GPa for steel
ϒxy = 2εB – εA - εC
And the orientation is given by
𝜃 =
1
2
tan−1
|
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦𝑦
|
Principal stresses
𝜎1 =
𝐸
1 − 𝜇2
(𝜀1 + 𝜇𝜀2)
𝜎2 =
𝐸
1 − 𝜇2
(𝜀2 + 𝜇𝜀1)
Where µ = poison's ratio = 0.3 for steel
43. Analytical method:
Shaft subjected to combined bending and torsion
Consider a shaft of diameter ‘D’ subjected to a moment ‘M’ and torque ‘T’. Bending stress and shear
stresses are maximum at extreme points. At these points
𝜎 =
𝑀
𝑍
=
32𝑀
𝜋𝐷3
and shearing stress ‘τ’ is given by
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
16𝑇
𝜋𝐷3
Principal stresses
𝜎1 =
16
𝜋
[
𝑀
𝐷3
+ √(
𝑀
𝐷3
)
2
+ (
𝑇
𝐷3
)
2
]
𝜎2 =
16
𝜋
[
𝑀
𝐷3
− √(
𝑀
𝐷3
)
2
+ (
𝑇
𝐷3
)
2
]
44. and Max. Shear stress is given by
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
16
𝜋
√(
𝑀
𝐷3
)
2
+ (
𝑇
𝐷3
)
2
Further, we know the stress - strain relationship and therefore, we use the following equations to
calculate the principal strain in terms of principal stress by knowing the young's modulus (E)
𝜀1 =
1
𝐸
(𝜎1 − 𝜇𝜎2)
𝜀2 =
1
𝐸
(𝜎2 − 𝜇𝜎1)
Where µ = poison's ratio = 0.3 for steel and E = 210GPa
45. Experiment No. 07
STRESSES DEVELOPED IN CURVED BEAM
Aim: To determine the stresses developed
in curved beam.
Apparatus Required:
1. Test specimen (bonded with strain
gauge).
2. Load cell.
3. Load indicator.
4. Strain indicator.
5. Fixture.
Theory:
A curved beam is defined as a beam in which the neutral axis in the unloaded condition is curved
instead of straight. Bending stresses in curved beams do not follow the same linear variation as
straight beams because of the variation in arc length. There is linear stress variation in a straight
beam and the hyperbolic stress distribution in a curved beam.
A load cell is an electronic device (transducer) that is used to convert a force into an electrical
signal.
A strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain of an object. The most common type of strain
gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is
attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate. As the object is deformed, the
foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change. This resistance change, usually
measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge
factor.
Gauge factor is defined as the ratio of fractional change in electrical resistance to the fractional
change in length (strain):
𝐺𝐹 =
ΔR/R
ΔL/L
=
ΔR/R
𝜀
Procedure:
1. Calibration of the load indicator.
a) Connect the load cell with the load indicator.
b) Switch on the load indicator.
c) Set, zero by pressing the button (red).
46. d) Display shows zero
e) Put standard dead weight (at least 1/4th of the load cell capacity) on the load cell.
Maximum load cell capacity is 200 kg.
f) If the load applied is 80 kg (say, weight of a student), the load indicator displays it as 79
then -press the first key on the load indicator. On successive pressing of the 1st key the
displays are bd, pt, o, op, dp.
g) Suppose the display shows a number (say 1900) then increase this value by pressing the
2nd key and if the reduction is required then press the 3rd key.
h) Now press the 1st key and if the load shown is same to the dead weight
then STORE the data else repeat the process.
i) To store the data, press the 4th key,
2. Fix the specimen with the help of fixture to the load cell.
3. Clamp the load cell with the base of equipment.
4. Connect the strain gauge to the strain indicator.
5. Select '2 arm' in the strain indicator.
6. Apply the load on the specimen by the screw.
7. Load indicator when crosses the value: or 50 kg then start taking the readings on the strain
gauge indicator.
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
R0 = 40 mm R0 = 38 mm
R = 30.5 mm R = 30.5 mm
Ri = 21 mm Ri = 21 mm
b = 19 mm b = 17 mm
h = 19 mm h = 17 mm
c = 9.5 mm c = 9.5 mm
47. Tabular column:
Sl.
No.
Load applied in
kg
Strain indicator reading
in µ strain
Theoretical
µ strain
1 50
2 75
3 100
4 125
5 150
Calculation:
𝑒 = 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅 −
ℎ
log𝑒
𝑅 + 𝐶
𝑅 − 𝐶
Ci = Rn – Ri =
C0 = R0 – Rn =
Let the load applied be W newton
Therefore bending moment,
M = W x (Distance between the point of application of load and the centroidal axis)
48. At the outer fiber the maximum tensile stress due to bending,
𝜎0 =
𝑀𝐶0
𝐴𝑒𝑅0
At the inner fiber the maximum compressive stress due to bending,
𝜎𝑖 = −
𝑀𝐶𝑖
𝐴𝑒𝑅𝑖
Direct stress, 𝜎𝑑 =
𝐹
𝐴
Total stress = (σ0 + σd) or (σi + σd)
𝜎 = E x ε ε is the strain
Find ε (Theoretically) =
𝜎
𝐸
Result:
1. The value of stress = _ _ _ _ _ N/mm2
2. The value of strain = _ _ _ _ _