This document discusses TCP/IP addressing and the IPv4 address space. It covers IP address classes, classful addressing, and how addresses are assigned in blocks to networks. It also introduces the concepts of subnetting and supernetting which were approaches used to help alleviate the depletion of available classful address space as demand grew. Subnetting created additional hierarchy by dividing network blocks into smaller subnets, while supernetting combined blocks into larger supernets. Both techniques are now largely obsolete with the introduction of classless or CIDR addressing.
This document discusses IP address classes and classful addressing in IPv4. It begins by introducing the objectives and topics to be covered, which include IPv4 addresses and classes, identifying address classes, finding network addresses from IP addresses, and understanding masks and subnets. It then covers address classes A, B, C, D and E, including how they divide up the address space and the number of addresses in each class. Examples are provided to identify address classes from both binary and decimal notation. The concepts of network IDs, host IDs, blocks, and network addresses are also explained.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP addressing and classful IP addressing. It discusses IP address notation and classes, how addresses are divided into network and host portions based on class, default network masks for each class, how to determine the network address range from an individual address, and examples of finding network information like number of hosts from addresses of different classes. The key points covered are IP address format and classes, default subnet masks, how addresses are allocated into blocks for each class, and techniques for extracting network information from individual IP addresses.
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following key points:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. They are organized into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the binary pattern of the address.
- Classful addressing allocates address blocks to organizations based on these classes. However, this led to inefficient address usage and rapid depletion of available addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within the original classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks. However, classful addressing is now mostly obsolete.
This document discusses IP addressing and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It covers the following topics:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. Early IP addressing used a system of address classes (A, B, C, etc.) that is now obsolete.
- Subnetting and supernetting were techniques used to work around the limitations of classful addressing and allow for more flexible allocation of address blocks.
- The document provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal IP address notations. It also covers how to determine the network address, subnet mask, and address range for given IP addresses.
This document discusses IPv4 addressing and classful addressing. It begins by introducing IP addresses and their notation. It then covers classful addressing, including recognizing the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), network addresses, default masks, and finding the network address given an IP address. It also discusses issues with wasted addresses in certain classes and the concepts of netid and hostid. The document uses examples to illustrate key points.
hello everyone this a very interesting pps about general concepts of ip address here u can find lot of stuff and all those matter which u could not find even in a search engine
HOPE U LOVE IT
This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It begins by explaining IP addresses, which are 32-bit identifiers for devices connected to the Internet. IP addresses are divided into classes based on the values of their most significant bits, with Class A having 8 network bits, Class B having 16 network bits, and Class C having 24 network bits. The document then covers subnetting, which adds additional network bits to IP addresses, creating hierarchical subnetworks and conserving address space. It also briefly discusses supernetting, which combines network blocks into larger supernetworks.
This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It begins by explaining IP addresses, classes of addresses, and how to determine the class of an address. It then discusses subnetting and supernetting as ways to address the depletion of classful addresses. It provides examples of converting between binary, decimal, and dotted-decimal notation. It also covers network addresses, default masks, and how to calculate subnet addresses using subnet masks.
This document discusses IP address classes and classful addressing in IPv4. It begins by introducing the objectives and topics to be covered, which include IPv4 addresses and classes, identifying address classes, finding network addresses from IP addresses, and understanding masks and subnets. It then covers address classes A, B, C, D and E, including how they divide up the address space and the number of addresses in each class. Examples are provided to identify address classes from both binary and decimal notation. The concepts of network IDs, host IDs, blocks, and network addresses are also explained.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP addressing and classful IP addressing. It discusses IP address notation and classes, how addresses are divided into network and host portions based on class, default network masks for each class, how to determine the network address range from an individual address, and examples of finding network information like number of hosts from addresses of different classes. The key points covered are IP address format and classes, default subnet masks, how addresses are allocated into blocks for each class, and techniques for extracting network information from individual IP addresses.
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following key points:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. They are organized into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the binary pattern of the address.
- Classful addressing allocates address blocks to organizations based on these classes. However, this led to inefficient address usage and rapid depletion of available addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within the original classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks. However, classful addressing is now mostly obsolete.
This document discusses IP addressing and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It covers the following topics:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. Early IP addressing used a system of address classes (A, B, C, etc.) that is now obsolete.
- Subnetting and supernetting were techniques used to work around the limitations of classful addressing and allow for more flexible allocation of address blocks.
- The document provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal IP address notations. It also covers how to determine the network address, subnet mask, and address range for given IP addresses.
This document discusses IPv4 addressing and classful addressing. It begins by introducing IP addresses and their notation. It then covers classful addressing, including recognizing the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), network addresses, default masks, and finding the network address given an IP address. It also discusses issues with wasted addresses in certain classes and the concepts of netid and hostid. The document uses examples to illustrate key points.
hello everyone this a very interesting pps about general concepts of ip address here u can find lot of stuff and all those matter which u could not find even in a search engine
HOPE U LOVE IT
This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It begins by explaining IP addresses, which are 32-bit identifiers for devices connected to the Internet. IP addresses are divided into classes based on the values of their most significant bits, with Class A having 8 network bits, Class B having 16 network bits, and Class C having 24 network bits. The document then covers subnetting, which adds additional network bits to IP addresses, creating hierarchical subnetworks and conserving address space. It also briefly discusses supernetting, which combines network blocks into larger supernetworks.
This document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It begins by explaining IP addresses, classes of addresses, and how to determine the class of an address. It then discusses subnetting and supernetting as ways to address the depletion of classful addresses. It provides examples of converting between binary, decimal, and dotted-decimal notation. It also covers network addresses, default masks, and how to calculate subnet addresses using subnet masks.
The document discusses classless addressing and subnetting in TCP/IP networking. It begins by explaining the concepts of variable-length blocks in classless addressing, where the entire IP address space is divided into blocks of different sizes. It then discusses how to find the network address, first address, last address, and number of addresses given a subnet prefix. Examples are provided to illustrate how to perform these tasks. The document also covers how organizations can create subnets to divide up allocated address blocks and meet their networking needs.
This document discusses classless addressing and subnetting in TCP/IP networks. It begins by explaining classless addressing and how variable-length blocks are assigned IP addresses. It then discusses how to find the network address, first address, last address, and number of addresses given a subnet prefix. Examples are provided to illustrate how to perform these calculations. The document next explains how organizations can create subnets to divide a larger address block into multiple smaller blocks to meet their needs using subnetting. It provides examples of how to determine the subnet mask and subnet addresses for a given network configuration.
This document provides examples and explanations of classless and variable-length subnet masking. It begins by defining classless addressing and variable-length blocks. It then provides 11 examples of finding network addresses, subnet masks, broadcast addresses, and designing subnets within allocated blocks. The examples demonstrate how to determine network prefixes and subnet masks and allocate addresses and subnets for different network needs.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following topics:
1. Classful addressing which divides the IPv4 address space into classes A, B, C, D, and E and assigns blocks of addresses to networks. This leads to inefficient use of addresses.
2. Classless addressing which was introduced to replace classful addressing and allow flexible subnetting to better utilize the available addresses.
3. Special addresses like network, broadcast addresses and how subnet masks are used to identify the network portion of an IP address.
4. Network address translation (NAT) which can help alleviate the depletion of available IPv4 addresses by allowing multiple devices to share a single public IP address
- An organization was granted a block of IP addresses with the beginning address 14.24.74.0/24, containing 256 addresses total.
- The organization needs to create 11 subnets within this block to meet its networking needs.
- To create 11 subnets, the subnet prefix length would need to increase by 4 bits to /28, dividing the block into 16-address subnets (2^4 = 16 subnets).
This document discusses classless addressing and variable-length subnetting. It begins by explaining that in classless addressing, variable-length blocks of IP addresses are assigned without class boundaries. It then provides examples of how to determine the network address, broadcast address, and number of addresses given a classless IP address and prefix length. The document also describes how organizations can create subnets within a granted address block to meet their needs using variable-length subnetting.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and classful addressing. It discusses IP address classes and how to identify the class of an address. It also covers network addresses, subnetting, and supernetting. The key points are:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses divided into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the high-order bits.
- Classful addressing assigns address blocks to networks but wastes many addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks.
hey! everybody this is my third and last pps of this month and i ensure that this will definately guide you about ip address and its contain and what r all different kinds of ip r available with questions tags specified also. all thoes who u cannot find on any search engine u can get all stuff here!!!!!!
hope u loved it ???!@@@#
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing. It covers the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they divide up the IP address space, network addresses, subnet masks, and provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal notation. It also discusses concepts like broadcast addresses and private addressing blocks.
This document discusses IP addressing and provides an overview of:
- The IPv4 address space and address notation in binary, dotted-decimal, and hexadecimal formats.
- Classful addressing which divides the IP address space into classes A, B, C, D and E and assigns a fixed number of addresses to each block within a class. This leads to inefficient use of addresses.
- The concept of hierarchical or two-level addressing used in classful addressing where each address contains a network ID and host ID portion.
This document discusses computer networks and IPv4 addressing. It covers:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They can be written in binary, decimal, or hexadecimal notation.
- Examples are provided to convert between these notations and find network addresses, prefixes, suffixes, and number of addresses in blocks.
- The concept of classful addressing is introduced, which divides IPv4 space into classes A, B, C, D, and E based on address bits. Subnetting and classless addressing are also covered.
- Classless addressing uses variable length blocks and prefix notation to provide more flexibility than classful addressing. Block allocation and extraction of block
This document discusses addressing in networks using TCP/IP. It defines physical addresses (MAC addresses), logical addresses (IP addresses), and port addresses. It explains IP version 4 addressing using dotted decimal notation and how addresses are divided into network and host portions based on class (A, B, C). Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into subnets or combined into larger supernets. The document provides examples of addressing calculation, network/broadcast addresses, subnet and supernet masks.
This document discusses internetworking and connecting networks together. It covers topics related to network layer design issues like store-and-forward packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, and implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services. Specific protocols discussed include IPv4, IPv6, addressing schemes, network address translation, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
In this lecture you can learn about IPv4 addressing Schemes and subnetting in easy and simple way. the topics are explained with example which can help you to understand the concept.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and networking concepts. It defines an IPv4 address as a 32-bit address that uniquely identifies devices on the Internet. IPv4 addresses have either a binary or dotted decimal notation. The document also covers IPv4 classes, subnetting, supernetting, and classless addressing which allow for flexible allocation of address blocks.
IP addresses are divided into classes (A, B, C, D, E) based on the first bits of the address. Classful addressing wastes address space. Subnetting and supernetting borrow bits from the host/network parts to create more efficient variable length subnets and supernets. Classless addressing uses CIDR notation of address/prefix length to define variable length blocks.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It provides an example where an ISP is granted a block of 65,536 IPv4 addresses. The ISP needs to allocate these addresses to three groups of customers with different address requirements. It designs the subnet blocks for each group using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate the addresses. In total, 40,960 addresses are allocated, leaving 24,576 addresses still available.
NP - Unit 2 - Internet Addressing, ARP and RARP hamsa nandhini
This document discusses Internet addressing, ARP, and RARP. It begins by defining IP addresses and how they identify both the network and specific host. It then covers IPv4 addressing schemes including classful addressing using classes A-D, classless addressing using CIDR, and subnetting. The document also discusses address resolution using ARP for dynamic binding between IP and MAC addresses when they differ in size. IPv6 improvements such as larger addresses and direct mapping of IP to MAC are briefly mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Subnet Masking in Computer Network--CST 2nd year by Tanushree BhadraSovonesh Pal
Network Layer:
Logical Addressing
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely identifies a device connected to the Internet. An IPv4 address space contains over 4 billion addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and expand the available address space vastly. Classful addressing divided the IP address space into classes A, B, C, D and E based on network size. However, classful addressing wasted large parts of the address space. Classless or subnetting addressing was introduced to allocate address blocks more efficiently.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The document discusses classless addressing and subnetting in TCP/IP networking. It begins by explaining the concepts of variable-length blocks in classless addressing, where the entire IP address space is divided into blocks of different sizes. It then discusses how to find the network address, first address, last address, and number of addresses given a subnet prefix. Examples are provided to illustrate how to perform these tasks. The document also covers how organizations can create subnets to divide up allocated address blocks and meet their networking needs.
This document discusses classless addressing and subnetting in TCP/IP networks. It begins by explaining classless addressing and how variable-length blocks are assigned IP addresses. It then discusses how to find the network address, first address, last address, and number of addresses given a subnet prefix. Examples are provided to illustrate how to perform these calculations. The document next explains how organizations can create subnets to divide a larger address block into multiple smaller blocks to meet their needs using subnetting. It provides examples of how to determine the subnet mask and subnet addresses for a given network configuration.
This document provides examples and explanations of classless and variable-length subnet masking. It begins by defining classless addressing and variable-length blocks. It then provides 11 examples of finding network addresses, subnet masks, broadcast addresses, and designing subnets within allocated blocks. The examples demonstrate how to determine network prefixes and subnet masks and allocate addresses and subnets for different network needs.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following topics:
1. Classful addressing which divides the IPv4 address space into classes A, B, C, D, and E and assigns blocks of addresses to networks. This leads to inefficient use of addresses.
2. Classless addressing which was introduced to replace classful addressing and allow flexible subnetting to better utilize the available addresses.
3. Special addresses like network, broadcast addresses and how subnet masks are used to identify the network portion of an IP address.
4. Network address translation (NAT) which can help alleviate the depletion of available IPv4 addresses by allowing multiple devices to share a single public IP address
- An organization was granted a block of IP addresses with the beginning address 14.24.74.0/24, containing 256 addresses total.
- The organization needs to create 11 subnets within this block to meet its networking needs.
- To create 11 subnets, the subnet prefix length would need to increase by 4 bits to /28, dividing the block into 16-address subnets (2^4 = 16 subnets).
This document discusses classless addressing and variable-length subnetting. It begins by explaining that in classless addressing, variable-length blocks of IP addresses are assigned without class boundaries. It then provides examples of how to determine the network address, broadcast address, and number of addresses given a classless IP address and prefix length. The document also describes how organizations can create subnets within a granted address block to meet their needs using variable-length subnetting.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and classful addressing. It discusses IP address classes and how to identify the class of an address. It also covers network addresses, subnetting, and supernetting. The key points are:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit addresses divided into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the high-order bits.
- Classful addressing assigns address blocks to networks but wastes many addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks.
hey! everybody this is my third and last pps of this month and i ensure that this will definately guide you about ip address and its contain and what r all different kinds of ip r available with questions tags specified also. all thoes who u cannot find on any search engine u can get all stuff here!!!!!!
hope u loved it ???!@@@#
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing. It covers the different address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they divide up the IP address space, network addresses, subnet masks, and provides examples of converting between binary, decimal and hexadecimal notation. It also discusses concepts like broadcast addresses and private addressing blocks.
This document discusses IP addressing and provides an overview of:
- The IPv4 address space and address notation in binary, dotted-decimal, and hexadecimal formats.
- Classful addressing which divides the IP address space into classes A, B, C, D and E and assigns a fixed number of addresses to each block within a class. This leads to inefficient use of addresses.
- The concept of hierarchical or two-level addressing used in classful addressing where each address contains a network ID and host ID portion.
This document discusses computer networks and IPv4 addressing. It covers:
- IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They can be written in binary, decimal, or hexadecimal notation.
- Examples are provided to convert between these notations and find network addresses, prefixes, suffixes, and number of addresses in blocks.
- The concept of classful addressing is introduced, which divides IPv4 space into classes A, B, C, D, and E based on address bits. Subnetting and classless addressing are also covered.
- Classless addressing uses variable length blocks and prefix notation to provide more flexibility than classful addressing. Block allocation and extraction of block
This document discusses addressing in networks using TCP/IP. It defines physical addresses (MAC addresses), logical addresses (IP addresses), and port addresses. It explains IP version 4 addressing using dotted decimal notation and how addresses are divided into network and host portions based on class (A, B, C). Subnetting and supernetting allow networks to be divided into subnets or combined into larger supernets. The document provides examples of addressing calculation, network/broadcast addresses, subnet and supernet masks.
This document discusses internetworking and connecting networks together. It covers topics related to network layer design issues like store-and-forward packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, and implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services. Specific protocols discussed include IPv4, IPv6, addressing schemes, network address translation, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
In this lecture you can learn about IPv4 addressing Schemes and subnetting in easy and simple way. the topics are explained with example which can help you to understand the concept.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and networking concepts. It defines an IPv4 address as a 32-bit address that uniquely identifies devices on the Internet. IPv4 addresses have either a binary or dotted decimal notation. The document also covers IPv4 classes, subnetting, supernetting, and classless addressing which allow for flexible allocation of address blocks.
IP addresses are divided into classes (A, B, C, D, E) based on the first bits of the address. Classful addressing wastes address space. Subnetting and supernetting borrow bits from the host/network parts to create more efficient variable length subnets and supernets. Classless addressing uses CIDR notation of address/prefix length to define variable length blocks.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It provides an example where an ISP is granted a block of 65,536 IPv4 addresses. The ISP needs to allocate these addresses to three groups of customers with different address requirements. It designs the subnet blocks for each group using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate the addresses. In total, 40,960 addresses are allocated, leaving 24,576 addresses still available.
NP - Unit 2 - Internet Addressing, ARP and RARP hamsa nandhini
This document discusses Internet addressing, ARP, and RARP. It begins by defining IP addresses and how they identify both the network and specific host. It then covers IPv4 addressing schemes including classful addressing using classes A-D, classless addressing using CIDR, and subnetting. The document also discusses address resolution using ARP for dynamic binding between IP and MAC addresses when they differ in size. IPv6 improvements such as larger addresses and direct mapping of IP to MAC are briefly mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Subnet Masking in Computer Network--CST 2nd year by Tanushree BhadraSovonesh Pal
Network Layer:
Logical Addressing
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely identifies a device connected to the Internet. An IPv4 address space contains over 4 billion addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and expand the available address space vastly. Classful addressing divided the IP address space into classes A, B, C, D and E based on network size. However, classful addressing wasted large parts of the address space. Classless or subnetting addressing was introduced to allocate address blocks more efficiently.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
IP Addresses:
Classful Addressing
• Understand IPv4 addresses and classes
• Identify the class of an IP address
• Find the network address given an IP address
• Understand masks and how to use them
• Understand subnets and supernets
2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify
each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or IP
address. An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet. IP addresses
are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one,
and only one, connection to the Internet. Two devices on the Internet can
never have the same address.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Address Space
Notation
7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7
The binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
number systems are reviewed in
Appendix B.
Note:
8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8
Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to
dotted-decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111
Example 1
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239 b. 193.131.27.255
c. 231.219.139.111 d. 249.155.251.15
9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9
Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal
notation to binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82
c. 241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78
Example 2
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent:
a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010
c. 11110001 00001000 00111000 00001100
d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110
10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10
Find the error, if any, in the following IP addresses:
a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20
c. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67
Example 3
Solution
a. There are no leading zeroes in dotted-decimal notation (045).
b. We may not have more than four numbers in an IP address.
c. In dotted-decimal notation, each number is less than or equal
to 255; 301 is outside this range.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not
allowed.
11. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11
Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to
hexadecimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
Example 4
Solution
We replace each group of 4 bits with its hexadecimal equivalent
(see Appendix B). Note that hexadecimal notation normally has
no added spaces or dots; however, 0X (or 0x) is added at the
beginning or the subscript 16 at the end to show that the
number is in hexadecimal.
a. 0X810B0BEF or 810B0BEF16
b. 0XC1831BFF or C1831BFF16
12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12
4.2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of
classes. This architecture is called classful addressing. In the mid-1990s,
a new architecture, called classless addressing, was introduced and will
eventually supersede the original architecture. However, part of the
Internet is still using classful addressing, but the migration is very fast.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Recognizing Classes
Netid and Hostid
Classes and Blocks
Network Addresses
Sufficient Information
Mask
CIDR Notation
Address Depletion
17. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17
How can we prove that we have 2,147,483,648 addresses in
class A?
Example 5
Solution
In class A, only 1 bit defines the class. The remaining 31 bits
are available for the address. With 31 bits, we can have 231
or 2,147,483,648 addresses.
18. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
Find the class of each address:
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 10100111 11011011 10001011 01101111
d. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111
Example 6
Solution
See the procedure in Figure 4.4.
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address.
c. The first bit is 0; the second bit is 1. This is a class B address.
d. The first 4 bits are 1s. This is a class E address..
20. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20
Find the class of each address:
a. 227.12.14.87 b.193.14.56.22 c.14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111 e.134.11.78.56
Example 7
Solution
a. The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239); the class is D.
b. The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223); the class is C.
c. The first byte is 14 (between 0 and 127); the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252 (between 240 and 255); the class is E.
e. The first byte is 134 (between 128 and 191); the class is B.
21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21
In Example 5 we showed that class A has 231 (2,147,483,648)
addresses. How can we prove this same fact using dotted-
decimal notation?
Example 8
Solution
The addresses in class A range from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255.
We need to show that the difference between these two numbers
is 2,147,483,648. This is a good exercise because it shows us
how to define the range of addresses between two addresses.
We notice that we are dealing with base 256 numbers here.
Each byte in the notation has a weight. The weights are as
follows (see Appendix B):
See Next Slide
22. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22
2563, 2562, 2561, 2560
Example 8 (continued)
Last address: 127 × 2563 + 255 × 2562 +
255 × 2561 + 255 × 2560 = 2,147,483,647
First address: = 0
Now to find the integer value of each number, we multiply each
byte by its weight:
If we subtract the first from the last and add 1 to the result
(remember we always add 1 to get the range), we get
2,147,483,648 or 231.
29. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 29
The number of addresses in class C is
smaller than the needs of most
organizations.
Note:
30. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30
Class D addresses are used for
multicasting; there is only one block in
this class.
Note:
31. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31
Class E addresses are reserved for
future purposes; most of the block is
wasted.
Note:
32. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 32
In classful addressing, the network
address (the first address in the block)
is the one that is assigned to the
organization. The range of addresses
can automatically be inferred from the
network address.
Note:
33. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 33
Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the class, the block,
and the range of the addresses.
Example 9
Solution
The class is A because the first byte is between 0 and 127. The
block has a netid of 17. The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to
17.255.255.255.
34. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34
Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the class, the block,
and the range of the addresses.
Example 10
Solution
The class is B because the first byte is between 128 and 191.
The block has a netid of 132.21. The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
35. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 35
Given the network address 220.34.76.0, find the class, the
block, and the range of the addresses.
Example 11
Solution
The class is C because the first byte is between 192
and 223. The block has a netid of 220.34.76. The
addresses range from 220.34.76.0 to 220.34.76.255.
39. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 39
The network address is the beginning
address of each block. It can be found
by applying the default mask to any of
the addresses in the block (including
itself). It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.
Note:
40. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 40
Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the beginning address
(network address).
Example 12
Solution
The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means that only the first
byte is preserved and the other 3 bytes are set to 0s. The
network address is 23.0.0.0.
41. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 41
Given the address 132.6.17.85, find the beginning address
(network address).
Example 13
Solution
The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means that the first 2
bytes are preserved and the other 2 bytes are set to 0s. The
network address is 132.6.0.0.
42. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 42
Given the address 201.180.56.5, find the beginning address
(network address).
Example 14
Solution
The default mask is 255.255.255.0, which means that the first 3
bytes are preserved and the last byte is set to 0. The network
address is 201.180.56.0.
43. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 43
Note that we must not apply the
default mask of one class to an address
belonging to another class.
Note:
44. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 44
4.3 OTHER ISSUES
In this section, we discuss some other issues that are related to
addressing in general and classful addressing in particular.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Multihomed Devices
Location, Not Names
Special Addresses
Private Addresses
Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses
58. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 58
4.4 SUBNETTING AND
SUPERNETTING
In the previous sections we discussed the problems associated with
classful addressing. Specifically, the network addresses available for
assignment to organizations are close to depletion. This is coupled with
the ever-increasing demand for addresses from organizations that want
connection to the Internet. In this section we briefly discuss two
solutions: subnetting and supernetting.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Subnetting
Supernetting
Supernet Mask
Obsolescence
59. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 59
IP addresses are designed with two
levels of hierarchy.
Note:
60. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 60
Figure 4.20 A network with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)
61. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 61
Figure 4.21 A network with three levels of hierarchy (subnetted)
62. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 62
Figure 4.22 Addresses in a network with and without subnetting
65. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 65
What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is
200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
Example 15
Solution
We apply the AND operation on the address and the subnet
mask.
Address ➡ 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000
Subnet Mask ➡ 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Subnetwork Address ➡ 11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000.
68. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 68
In subnetting, we need the first
address of the subnet and the subnet
mask to define the range of addresses.
In supernetting, we need the first
address of the supernet and the
supernet mask to define the range of
addresses.
Note:
69. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 69
Figure 4.27 Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks
70. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 70
The idea of subnetting and
supernetting of classful addresses is
almost obsolete.
Note: