16) fungal diseases.pdf
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This document summarizes various fungal, bacterial, parasitic, and other diseases that can infect livestock and pets. It provides descriptions of the clinical signs and lesions of diseases such as aspergillosis in maize, aflatoxicosis in liver tissue, histoplasmosis in dogs, anaplasmosis, coccidiosis, theileriosis, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amphistomosis, schistosomiasis, ascariasis, haemonchosis, stephanurosis, oesophagostomiasis, onchocerciasis, rickets, and fluoride toxicity. Images show examples of the
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 4. MAIZE INFECTED BY ASPERGILLOSIS. FUNGUS IS FORMING A THICK MASS OF MYCELIUM.
- 5. Poisoning by Aspergillus clavatus. A, B, cattle poisoned by A. clavatus toxins showing weakness of the hind limbs and recumbence. C, whitish appearance of the hind limb muscles due to degeneration and necrosis. D, chromatolysis and cytoplasmatic pallor with cellular swelling of neurons is observed in the brain
- 6. Degnala disease, which is believed to be a mycotoxicosis, has clinical syndrome similar to chronic egotism and is characterised by development of oedema, necrosis and gangrene of the legs, tail, ears, etc.
- 7. post-mortem examination, aflatoxicosis may produce lesions in the liver. In acute cases, the liver may be enlarged, pale, and friable (shown here). In chronic cases, the liver may be small, firm, nodular and the gallbladder may be distended . Additionally, hemorrhages may be present on the liver.
- 9. Histoplasmosis in dog : Macroscopic view of the lesions (a) Dorsal neck skin presented multiple crusted papules and (b) gingiva of left maxilla is erythematous and swollen.
- 11. ANAPLASMOSIS
- 14. Q-fever
- 18. coccidiosis
- 20. theilariosis
- 22. Certain clinical symptoms of tropical theileriosis. Swollen sub-iliac lymph node (A), Petechial hemorrhages in the conjunctiva (B), Giemsa-stained pyroplasmic forms of T. annulata (C), Schizont of T. annulata in a lymphoid cell (D) [30].
- 23. Post-mortem findings of bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bigemina. Enlarged urinary bladder containing dark-colored urine (A), kidney degeneration (B), lung edema (C), jaundice of the liver (D), intra-erythrocytic merozoites on a Giemsa-stained blood smear (E) [30].
- 26. Surra with anemia, hypoglycemia and nervous signs
- 27. Clinical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a cow: ulcerative and exudative skin lesions on the ear basis (a); numerous round plaque-like lesions and nodules on the muzzle (b) [arrow indicates localization of the ear lesion shown enlarged in (a)]; large ulcerative skin lesions on the carpus regions (c and d), and udder lesion (e).
- 29. Amphistomes
- 30. FIGURE (2) Low protein levels in the blood stream, caused by F. hepatica infection, causes swelling under the jaw, known as “bottle jaw”
- 32. ascarids
- 33. Kids infected with Haemonchus contortus infective larvae showing (I) bottlejaw, (II) pale ocular mucous membrane), (III) emaciation and lethargy, and (IV) diarrhoea
- 34. stephanurosis
- 37. Rickets in dog