This document summarizes research evaluating yellow sweet corn varieties for processing. Researchers conducted field trials from 1948-1951, evaluating varieties for traits like yield, ear characteristics, and quality after processing. Varieties were grown in Ohio and evaluated for attributes important to the processing industry like tenderness, color, and flavor. Higher quality varieties that yielded well were identified as opportunities to increase profits for Ohio's sweet corn processing industry.
Effect of hydro and Osmo priming on quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) ...Premier Publishers
Laboratory and lath-house experiment were carried out at National Seed Quality Control Laboratory Center, and at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center lath-house, Ethiopia, respectively with the objectives to determine the effectiveness of seed priming and variety on seed quality and stand establishment. Experimental factors were three priming media [H2O, 0.5% KH2PO4, unprimed)] and six Chickpea varieties (DZ-10-4, Arerti, Habru, DZ-10-11, Akaki and Natoli) arranged in CRD with four replications. The laboratory results revealed significant differences (p<0.01)><0.05)><0.01) for all quality parameters excluding vigor index II, seedling shoot and root length and seedling dry weight. Significant correlations were also observed between emergence index and most of the vigor parameters. Moreover, water priming enhanced the germination and vigor index I of all varieties except DZ-10-4 and Habru; speed of germination of Arerti and electrical conductivity of all varieties tested. Hydropriming decreased electrical conductivity of seeds by 20% as compared to osmopriming. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydro priming can step-up economical benefit of chickpea growing farmers.
NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE FALLOW WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION COMPARISON IN...nacaa
An on-farm study compared conventional tillage fallow, no-till early seeding, and no-till late seeding winter wheat systems over four years. Soil moisture was similar down to three feet between treatments, but conventional tillage had more moisture in the upper eight inches. No-till systems had less soil compaction between ten and sixteen inches deep. Grain yield and economic return were similar for conventional tillage and no-till early seeding, averaging over $170 per acre. No-till late seeding yielded 20% less and had $115 per acre return over costs.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop. Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using GenSta 5th edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant, plant height , primary tillers plant-1, seeds pod-1, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63 cm), leaf area (1073 cm2), seeds pod-1(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1) and harvest index (32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number of primary tillers, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and the highest leaf area (1084 cm2), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1) was obtained from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 rate of phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area. However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive recommendation.
Herman Warsaw developed a corn production system that got the attention of other farmers and agribusiness when he set a new world corn yield record in 1975 of 338 bu/A. Through diligent observation and experimentation, he identified and removed yield-limiting factors like inadequate soil nutrients and plant populations. By 1975, he had increased his farm's average yield to 274 bu/A. He challenged others to further improve corn yields while stewarding soil and water resources.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Rates of Nitrogen and P...Premier Publishers
In Ethiopia, wheat is being cultivated on about 1.51 million hectares, delivering 3.3 million tons of grain yields. However, productivity of this crop is low compared to its potential due to many factors among which N and P play a vital role. Field study was conducted in 2014 crop season at Fiche-Salale with the objective of determining the optimum rates of N and P fertilizer for wheat production. The treatments consist factorial combination of four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. The result of the study indicated that grain and biological yields were significantly affected only due to main effect N. The highest (3284 kg/ha) and lowest (2383 kg/ha) grain yield was obtained from application of 96 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively. Similarly, the highest (6611.00 kg/ha) and lowest (5145.00 kg/ha) biological yield was obtained from 96 kg N/ha and 64 kg N/ha, respectively. The highest MRR was also attained at 96 kg N/ha (6998.80%). Hence, 96 kg N/ha is profitable for the area.
Aprendizajes en 15 años y 120 variedades de arándanos cultivados en el Pacífi...Cooprinsem
This document summarizes the findings from 15 years of trials evaluating over 120 blueberry cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Key learnings include: 1) netting is essential for evaluating summer cultivars to prevent bird damage; 2) a randomized block design is better than a completely randomized design for managing the trial; 3) three replications were sufficient to detect meaningful yield differences; and 4) yields in years 4-6 strongly correlated with long-term performance. The trials found that northern highbush cultivars were generally best adapted, with a few southern cultivars also performing well. Rabbiteye cultivars worked for late season but had lower fruit quality.
Effect of hydro and Osmo priming on quality of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) ...Premier Publishers
Laboratory and lath-house experiment were carried out at National Seed Quality Control Laboratory Center, and at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center lath-house, Ethiopia, respectively with the objectives to determine the effectiveness of seed priming and variety on seed quality and stand establishment. Experimental factors were three priming media [H2O, 0.5% KH2PO4, unprimed)] and six Chickpea varieties (DZ-10-4, Arerti, Habru, DZ-10-11, Akaki and Natoli) arranged in CRD with four replications. The laboratory results revealed significant differences (p<0.01)><0.05)><0.01) for all quality parameters excluding vigor index II, seedling shoot and root length and seedling dry weight. Significant correlations were also observed between emergence index and most of the vigor parameters. Moreover, water priming enhanced the germination and vigor index I of all varieties except DZ-10-4 and Habru; speed of germination of Arerti and electrical conductivity of all varieties tested. Hydropriming decreased electrical conductivity of seeds by 20% as compared to osmopriming. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydro priming can step-up economical benefit of chickpea growing farmers.
NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE FALLOW WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION COMPARISON IN...nacaa
An on-farm study compared conventional tillage fallow, no-till early seeding, and no-till late seeding winter wheat systems over four years. Soil moisture was similar down to three feet between treatments, but conventional tillage had more moisture in the upper eight inches. No-till systems had less soil compaction between ten and sixteen inches deep. Grain yield and economic return were similar for conventional tillage and no-till early seeding, averaging over $170 per acre. No-till late seeding yielded 20% less and had $115 per acre return over costs.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop. Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using GenSta 5th edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant, plant height , primary tillers plant-1, seeds pod-1, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63 cm), leaf area (1073 cm2), seeds pod-1(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1) and harvest index (32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number of primary tillers, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and the highest leaf area (1084 cm2), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1) was obtained from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 rate of phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area. However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive recommendation.
Herman Warsaw developed a corn production system that got the attention of other farmers and agribusiness when he set a new world corn yield record in 1975 of 338 bu/A. Through diligent observation and experimentation, he identified and removed yield-limiting factors like inadequate soil nutrients and plant populations. By 1975, he had increased his farm's average yield to 274 bu/A. He challenged others to further improve corn yields while stewarding soil and water resources.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Rates of Nitrogen and P...Premier Publishers
In Ethiopia, wheat is being cultivated on about 1.51 million hectares, delivering 3.3 million tons of grain yields. However, productivity of this crop is low compared to its potential due to many factors among which N and P play a vital role. Field study was conducted in 2014 crop season at Fiche-Salale with the objective of determining the optimum rates of N and P fertilizer for wheat production. The treatments consist factorial combination of four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. The result of the study indicated that grain and biological yields were significantly affected only due to main effect N. The highest (3284 kg/ha) and lowest (2383 kg/ha) grain yield was obtained from application of 96 kg N/ha and 0 kg N/ha, respectively. Similarly, the highest (6611.00 kg/ha) and lowest (5145.00 kg/ha) biological yield was obtained from 96 kg N/ha and 64 kg N/ha, respectively. The highest MRR was also attained at 96 kg N/ha (6998.80%). Hence, 96 kg N/ha is profitable for the area.
Aprendizajes en 15 años y 120 variedades de arándanos cultivados en el Pacífi...Cooprinsem
This document summarizes the findings from 15 years of trials evaluating over 120 blueberry cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Key learnings include: 1) netting is essential for evaluating summer cultivars to prevent bird damage; 2) a randomized block design is better than a completely randomized design for managing the trial; 3) three replications were sufficient to detect meaningful yield differences; and 4) yields in years 4-6 strongly correlated with long-term performance. The trials found that northern highbush cultivars were generally best adapted, with a few southern cultivars also performing well. Rabbiteye cultivars worked for late season but had lower fruit quality.
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureAbed Hawas
Banana plantlet production through tissueculture
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissueculture
Groups planted lettuce seeds in three soils previously containing reed canary grass: orange-pink (OP), green-pink (GP), and green-white (GW). They measured seed germination rates and root lengths. Lettuce in GW soil had the second longest average root length and highest germination rate. OP soil produced the longest average roots but lowest germination. GP soil resulted in the shortest roots and second highest germination. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in root lengths between soil types when accounting for variation. The experiment provided inconclusive results about reed canary grass's allelopathic effects on lettuce.
Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90) soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1 (32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1 (33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from 44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general, there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits, including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.
YIELD PERFORMANCE and ADAPTATION of KABULI CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) VARI...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted under rain fed condition at Chiro agricultural research center and Arberekete research station during the year of 2019 main cropping season to evaluate the yield performance and adaptability among released Kabuli chickpea varieties for the target area. The varieties were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The environment by variety interaction analysis showed highly significant difference for the varieties, implying that there is best fit cultivar independently for each location. Accordingly, the highest grain yield at Arberekete was revealed by shasho, Habru, Chefe and Kasech consecutively; while at Chiro; Yelibe, Habru, Ejere and Kasech demonstrated top four yield scores. Therefore, Shasho, Habru, Chefe and Kasech varieties were adapted for Arberekete and similar agro-ecological zones of the western Hararge; Yelibe, Habru, Ejere and Kasech varieties were adapted and promoted for Chiro and similar agro-ecological zones of the western Hararghe zone.
This document provides methods for assessing the biological activity and health of pasture soils. It describes making soil and plant tissue samples to analyze nutrient levels and the effects of fertilization programs. Six methods are outlined for assessing soil biological properties without expensive lab tests: 1) Counting the diversity of living organisms on the soil surface. 2) Counting earthworms and their burrows. 3) Noting the smell of soil. 4) Testing soil aggregate stability in water. 5) Timing water infiltration into the soil. 6) Measuring soil compaction using a homemade penetrometer. Conducting regular assessments using these methods provides insight into soil nutrient cycling and identifies areas for improving pasture soil quality.
Performance of Late-Summer Seeded Spring Oats as a Forage Crop in Northern I...nacaa
This study evaluated the forage yield and quality of four spring oat varieties seeded in late summer in northern Illinois over three years. Seeding dates were mid-August, late-August, and early-September. Oats seeded in mid-August yielded the most at 1.8 tons/acre on average, followed by late-August at 1.3 tons/acre and early-September at 0.6 tons/acre. Crude protein levels were highest for late-August seeding at 22.1% on average and relative feed value was highest for early-September seeding at 168 on average. There were also differences between varieties for yield and quality.
Effect of Date of Sowing and Varieties on Yield of Brown Sarson (Brassica Rap...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : A field experiment was conducted in Kashmir valley during rabi season 2011-12 to study the effect of date of sowing and varieties on yield of brown sarson (Brassica rapa L.) under temperate Kashmir. The results indicated that, days taken to different phenological stages, yield components, seed, stover, biological and oil yield were affected by treatments. Early planting on 1st October has taken more number of days to reach maturity. Highest yield and yield components were obtained in first sowing date and P-3 variety was superior in many traits. Also in interaction of sowing date and varieties, the highest seed yield was obtained in first sowing date and P-3 variety. There was no significant difference among the sowing dates and varieties with respect to oil percentage. Thus, it can be suggested that use P-3 and first sowing date (1st October).
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. In general, fruit weight and diameter decreased from the green mature to ripe stage for most varieties. The study aims to identify pepper genotypes suitable for local cultivation conditions that have desirable growth and yield traits.
Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum. Identification of materials ...Maarouf Mohammed
This study investigated the potential for developing high-yielding dual-purpose (grain and fodder) sorghum cultivars. 122 sorghum genotypes were screened and 21 were selected based on traits like early flowering, high regrowth, plant height, panicle size, and grain/fodder yield. These 21 genotypes plus 3 checks were evaluated in field trials. Significant variation was found among genotypes for fodder and grain yields. Some genotypes like SG33 and S.25Abu70 showed potential for high dual yields. Positive associations were found between grain and fodder yields and related traits, suggesting dual-purpose cultivars can be developed by combining high levels of these traits.
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek Volume 73 2016 P L A N T .docxcargillfilberto
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek
Volume 73 2016
P L A N T B R E E D I N G A N D S E E D S C I E N C E
Fardin Khazaei
1
, Majid AghaAlikhani
1
, Samad Mobasser
2
, Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
1
,
Hesam Asharin
2
, Hossein Sadeghi
2
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;
2
Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
EVALUATION OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM, L.) SEED QUALITY
OF CERTIFIED SEED AND FARM- SAVED SEED
IN THREE PROVINCES OF IRAN
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to study the seed quality aspects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the
extent of weed seed contamination present in wheat seeds produced in different regions of Iran. Four districts
(cities), each including 12 fields (six certified seed fields and six farm-saved seed fields), were selected in
each regions (provinces). One kilogram of the wheat seed sample was collected from each field for analysis in
the laboratory. Wheat seeding was commonly done by farm-saved seed sourced from within the farm due to
the high costs of certified seeds purchased from outside sources, followed by the low seed quality. The use of
a farm-saved seed resulted in a higher germination rate and a lower mean time to germination compared with
another system. The more positive temperatures experienced by mother plants could decrease the number of
normal seedling and seedling length vigor index. Generally there was virtually no difference about physiologi-
cal quality between certified seed and farm- saved seed sector that is related to lower quality of certified seed.
The certified produced seeds had the lower number of weed seed, species and genus before and after cleaning.
The highest seed purity and 1000 seed weight was obtained from the certified seed production system. The
need for cleaning the farm-saved seed samples before sowing is one of the important findings of this survey.
Keywords: germination indices; seed production system; vigor; weed seed dispersal; winnowing
INTRODUCTION
Importance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an agricultural crop is punctuated
by the fact that it ranks second after maize in the world cereal output and it is a staple
food for billions of people of the world. It is also the most important winter cereal
DOI: 10.1515/plass-2016-0009
100 Fardin Khazaei et al..
grown in Iran (Zand et al. 2007). A little more than 9 million ha of arable land in Iran
are planted with cereals, of which wheat occupies 6.6 million ha. To grow this plant,
80-85% of the national seed requirements of the country are derived from farm-saved
seeds, so a substantial investment has been made in agricultural research to evaluate
the wheat farm-saved seed performance (Mobasser et al. 2012).
More than 80% of the crops in developing countries are planted from seed stocks
.
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek Volume 73 2016 P L A N T .docxdrandy1
This document evaluates the seed quality of certified wheat seed and farm-saved wheat seed in three provinces of Iran. Seed samples were collected from certified and farm-saved fields in four districts within each province. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for various quality attributes including germination rates, weed seed contamination, and physiological measures. The results found that farm-saved seed generally had similar quality to certified seed, with some differences observed between regions. Certified seed had lower weed seed contamination both before and after cleaning compared to farm-saved seed.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
This document summarizes information about organic hops production in the United States. It outlines that organic hops production is finding a niche among growing microbreweries that currently import organic hops. It also discusses that organic hops production relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and natural pest and weed control instead of synthetic pesticides. Varieties that have potential for organic production on the East Coast and Pacific Northwest are also listed.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureAbed Hawas
Banana plantlet production through tissueculture
Banana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissuecultureBanana plantlet production through tissueculture
Groups planted lettuce seeds in three soils previously containing reed canary grass: orange-pink (OP), green-pink (GP), and green-white (GW). They measured seed germination rates and root lengths. Lettuce in GW soil had the second longest average root length and highest germination rate. OP soil produced the longest average roots but lowest germination. GP soil resulted in the shortest roots and second highest germination. Statistical analysis found no significant differences in root lengths between soil types when accounting for variation. The experiment provided inconclusive results about reed canary grass's allelopathic effects on lettuce.
Genetic variability studies provide basic information for breeders to develop different stress-tolerant varieties. In the present study, forty-nine Tef genotypes were evaluated under strong acid soil (pH 4.97) and lime treated (pH 5.90) soils in the lathouse at Assosa Agricultural Research Center in 2017 to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of various traits of tef genotypes in relation to soil acidity stress. The result indicated that there was high significant (p<0.01) differences among genotypes for all traits under both environments; except for shoot biomass in the combined data analysis. The two environments differed significantly in their effect on all traits except on plant height, panicle length, culm length, total and fertile tillers and number of primary branches, although environment contribution to total TSS was less than 10% in 13 of the 17 traits studied; its high contribution was to harvest index (42.6%) and grain yield pot-1 (32.5%). Big reduction due to soil acidity was recorded for yield of primary panicle (27.78%), grain yield pot-1 (33.85%) and harvest index (35.6%). A contribution of G was from 44.5% in harvest index to 90.5% in panicle length. The GxE interaction was also significant for all traits and it contributed more than 15% in 11 of the traits, indicating inconsistency of performance of genotypes under acidic and lime treated soils. PCV, GCV, and GAM were high (>20%) for fertile tillers per plant, panicle weight, yield of primary panicle, grain yield, and harvest index under both acidity levels and in the combined analysis. Heritability was high (>60%) for all traits except for shoot biomass in the combined analysis and lime treated soil. In general, there was wide genetic variability in the traits studied pointing to the possibility of improving the desired traits, including grain yield under both environments and over environments through the selection of elite genotypes.
YIELD PERFORMANCE and ADAPTATION of KABULI CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) VARI...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted under rain fed condition at Chiro agricultural research center and Arberekete research station during the year of 2019 main cropping season to evaluate the yield performance and adaptability among released Kabuli chickpea varieties for the target area. The varieties were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The environment by variety interaction analysis showed highly significant difference for the varieties, implying that there is best fit cultivar independently for each location. Accordingly, the highest grain yield at Arberekete was revealed by shasho, Habru, Chefe and Kasech consecutively; while at Chiro; Yelibe, Habru, Ejere and Kasech demonstrated top four yield scores. Therefore, Shasho, Habru, Chefe and Kasech varieties were adapted for Arberekete and similar agro-ecological zones of the western Hararge; Yelibe, Habru, Ejere and Kasech varieties were adapted and promoted for Chiro and similar agro-ecological zones of the western Hararghe zone.
This document provides methods for assessing the biological activity and health of pasture soils. It describes making soil and plant tissue samples to analyze nutrient levels and the effects of fertilization programs. Six methods are outlined for assessing soil biological properties without expensive lab tests: 1) Counting the diversity of living organisms on the soil surface. 2) Counting earthworms and their burrows. 3) Noting the smell of soil. 4) Testing soil aggregate stability in water. 5) Timing water infiltration into the soil. 6) Measuring soil compaction using a homemade penetrometer. Conducting regular assessments using these methods provides insight into soil nutrient cycling and identifies areas for improving pasture soil quality.
Performance of Late-Summer Seeded Spring Oats as a Forage Crop in Northern I...nacaa
This study evaluated the forage yield and quality of four spring oat varieties seeded in late summer in northern Illinois over three years. Seeding dates were mid-August, late-August, and early-September. Oats seeded in mid-August yielded the most at 1.8 tons/acre on average, followed by late-August at 1.3 tons/acre and early-September at 0.6 tons/acre. Crude protein levels were highest for late-August seeding at 22.1% on average and relative feed value was highest for early-September seeding at 168 on average. There were also differences between varieties for yield and quality.
Effect of Date of Sowing and Varieties on Yield of Brown Sarson (Brassica Rap...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : A field experiment was conducted in Kashmir valley during rabi season 2011-12 to study the effect of date of sowing and varieties on yield of brown sarson (Brassica rapa L.) under temperate Kashmir. The results indicated that, days taken to different phenological stages, yield components, seed, stover, biological and oil yield were affected by treatments. Early planting on 1st October has taken more number of days to reach maturity. Highest yield and yield components were obtained in first sowing date and P-3 variety was superior in many traits. Also in interaction of sowing date and varieties, the highest seed yield was obtained in first sowing date and P-3 variety. There was no significant difference among the sowing dates and varieties with respect to oil percentage. Thus, it can be suggested that use P-3 and first sowing date (1st October).
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. The results identify pepper genotypes suitable for cultivation in the local environment and provide information to plant breeders for developing new varieties adapted to local conditions.
Agronomic evaluation of eight genotypes of hot pepper (capsicum spp l.) in a ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the agronomic performance of eight pepper genotypes, including six exotic and two local varieties, under rain-fed conditions in Ghana. The study found that exotic hybrid varieties matured earlier and had better fruit weight, length, and yield compared to the local varieties. However, the two local varieties, Anloga and Legon 18, produced the highest number of undamaged fruits. In general, fruit weight and diameter decreased from the green mature to ripe stage for most varieties. The study aims to identify pepper genotypes suitable for local cultivation conditions that have desirable growth and yield traits.
Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum. Identification of materials ...Maarouf Mohammed
This study investigated the potential for developing high-yielding dual-purpose (grain and fodder) sorghum cultivars. 122 sorghum genotypes were screened and 21 were selected based on traits like early flowering, high regrowth, plant height, panicle size, and grain/fodder yield. These 21 genotypes plus 3 checks were evaluated in field trials. Significant variation was found among genotypes for fodder and grain yields. Some genotypes like SG33 and S.25Abu70 showed potential for high dual yields. Positive associations were found between grain and fodder yields and related traits, suggesting dual-purpose cultivars can be developed by combining high levels of these traits.
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek Volume 73 2016 P L A N T .docxcargillfilberto
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek
Volume 73 2016
P L A N T B R E E D I N G A N D S E E D S C I E N C E
Fardin Khazaei
1
, Majid AghaAlikhani
1
, Samad Mobasser
2
, Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
1
,
Hesam Asharin
2
, Hossein Sadeghi
2
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;
2
Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
EVALUATION OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM, L.) SEED QUALITY
OF CERTIFIED SEED AND FARM- SAVED SEED
IN THREE PROVINCES OF IRAN
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to study the seed quality aspects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the
extent of weed seed contamination present in wheat seeds produced in different regions of Iran. Four districts
(cities), each including 12 fields (six certified seed fields and six farm-saved seed fields), were selected in
each regions (provinces). One kilogram of the wheat seed sample was collected from each field for analysis in
the laboratory. Wheat seeding was commonly done by farm-saved seed sourced from within the farm due to
the high costs of certified seeds purchased from outside sources, followed by the low seed quality. The use of
a farm-saved seed resulted in a higher germination rate and a lower mean time to germination compared with
another system. The more positive temperatures experienced by mother plants could decrease the number of
normal seedling and seedling length vigor index. Generally there was virtually no difference about physiologi-
cal quality between certified seed and farm- saved seed sector that is related to lower quality of certified seed.
The certified produced seeds had the lower number of weed seed, species and genus before and after cleaning.
The highest seed purity and 1000 seed weight was obtained from the certified seed production system. The
need for cleaning the farm-saved seed samples before sowing is one of the important findings of this survey.
Keywords: germination indices; seed production system; vigor; weed seed dispersal; winnowing
INTRODUCTION
Importance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as an agricultural crop is punctuated
by the fact that it ranks second after maize in the world cereal output and it is a staple
food for billions of people of the world. It is also the most important winter cereal
DOI: 10.1515/plass-2016-0009
100 Fardin Khazaei et al..
grown in Iran (Zand et al. 2007). A little more than 9 million ha of arable land in Iran
are planted with cereals, of which wheat occupies 6.6 million ha. To grow this plant,
80-85% of the national seed requirements of the country are derived from farm-saved
seeds, so a substantial investment has been made in agricultural research to evaluate
the wheat farm-saved seed performance (Mobasser et al. 2012).
More than 80% of the crops in developing countries are planted from seed stocks
.
Communicated by Grzegorz Żurek Volume 73 2016 P L A N T .docxdrandy1
This document evaluates the seed quality of certified wheat seed and farm-saved wheat seed in three provinces of Iran. Seed samples were collected from certified and farm-saved fields in four districts within each province. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for various quality attributes including germination rates, weed seed contamination, and physiological measures. The results found that farm-saved seed generally had similar quality to certified seed, with some differences observed between regions. Certified seed had lower weed seed contamination both before and after cleaning compared to farm-saved seed.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
This document summarizes information about organic hops production in the United States. It outlines that organic hops production is finding a niche among growing microbreweries that currently import organic hops. It also discusses that organic hops production relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and natural pest and weed control instead of synthetic pesticides. Varieties that have potential for organic production on the East Coast and Pacific Northwest are also listed.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
1. RESEARCH CIRCULAR 19 APRIL 1953
EVALUATION OF YELLOW SWEET CORN
VARIETIES FOR PROCESSING
WILBUR A. GOULD, F. E. JOHNSTONE, Jr., H. D. BROWN,
F. A. KRANTZ, Jr., REES DAVIS, J.AMES MAVIS,
E. A. CARROLL and NOEL COOPER
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
Wooster, Ohio
2. CONTENTS
* * *
Introduction 3
Materials and Methods 4
Processing .. 6
Evaluation of Quality . 10
Discussion of Results 13
Summary ... 29
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 31
References 32
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Credit is due to Dr. E. K. Alban, Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, who supervised the planning and collection of
field data for the 1948 tests.
3. EVALUATION OF YELLOW SWEET CORN
VARIETIES FOR PROCESSING
WILBUR A. GOULD, F. E. JOHNSTONE, Jr., H. D. BROWN,
F. A. KRANTZ, Jr., REES DAVIS, JAMES MAVIS,
E. A. CARROLL and NOEL COOPER
INTRODUCTION
Many new varieties are being produced by breeders. However,
all high yielding varieties are not always suitable for processing. The
principal objective of this study has been to evaluate sweet corn hybrids
and varieties for processing in terms of desirable plant characteristics,
ear and kernel which make a variety desirable for processing, whole
kernel (whole grain) yellow sweet corn.
Production of sweet corn in Ohio for processing is largely centered
in the southeastern and west central part of the state (see map) . If one
draws a broad oval with apexes in Hamilton and Franklin Counties it
will include roughly two-thirds of the processing plants and approxi-
mately two-thirds of the acreage. The variety trials reported herein
were conducted in the central part of Franklin County.
The average annual acreage of sweet corn grown in Ohio for pro-
cessing for 1947 was 23,100 acres, 1948-20,400, 1949-17,700, 1950
-9,600 and 1951-17,300 with a 10-year (1938-47) average of 23,200
acres. The 10-year average yield per acre was 2.1 tons with a high of
3.0 tons in 1948. The 10-year average value of the crop was $660,000
with a high of $1,414,000, reported in 1948 (3).
Since the average production per acre for Ohio is less than the
average of the lower yielding varieties reported herein and since it has
been determined by inquiry and observation that many of the growers
are using the same low yielding varieties tested and since the higher
yielding varieties reported herein yield consistently two or more times
the state average, it seems probable that the farm value of sweet com in
this state can be considerably increased by simply using a better adapted
variety.
3
4. Materials and Methods
A. Varieties and Seed Source
Varieties selected for these tests were those known to be
used in Ohio for processing and the newer varieties submitted by the
seed companies listed below. A number of varieties and experimental
crosses were eliminated on the basis of 1947 and 1948 preliminary and
observational tests. The following companies and individuals gener-
ously contributed seed for these trials and are identified as the source of
seed in the tables by the letter symbol preceding the company name.
As -Associated Seed Growers, Inc.
C -Corneli Seed Company
FM-Ferry-Morse Seed Company
ML-Michael-Leonard Seed Company
R -Robson Seed Farms
W -F. H. Woodruff and Sons
An attempt was made to have the same source of seed, but
not necessarily the same strain, from year to year in the trials. How-
Fig. 1.-This illustration shows one of the varieties of corn that was
checked in this study on the evaluation of yellow sweet corn for
processing.
4
5. ever, this was not always possible for various reasons, but since in only
one case was there a statistically significant difference between different
strains or stocks of the same variety in the same test that could not be
accounted for by difference in stand, it is not believed that this is an
important source of error.
B. Soils
The plots were located on a Brookston silt loam grading
into a somewhat eroded Miami silt loam. No irrigation was used.
Plots were adequately drained with four inch tile. The plots received
ten tons of manure plus 1000 pounds per acre of a 5-10-10 plowed down
prior to planting the corn in all four years.
C. Plot Design
The field trials were arranged in randomized blocks 1/484,
1/286, and 1/208 and 1/145 acres in size for 1948, 1949, 1950, and
1951 respectively. There were four plots each in 1948 and five in 1949,
1950 and 1951. In 1949 most of the varieties were used to obtain data
on the processed quality when harvested at different stages of maturity.
Since in 1949 one replication was harvested at each of four stages and
Since in 1949 one replication was harvested at each of four stages of
maturity and the yields obtained are an average of these, the yield data
do not lend themselves to statistical analyses. The planting plan was
changed in 1950 so as to have two complete plantings adjacent to each
other, one for yields and other field data, and the second for the evalua-
tion of the varieties for processing quality.
All plots were in hills three feet apart in the row and
thinned to three plants to a hill insofar as stand permitted. Planters
were adjusted to plant rows 3~ feet apart but it was found by checking
with a tape after emergence that this was not always achieved. Plot
sizes in calculations for per acre yields were adjusted accordingly.
D. Field Data (1948, 1949, and 1950)
Yield data were obtained by weighing and counting the
pulled ears from each plot for two harvests. Only ears with three
inches or more of good com and otherwise usable were harvested.
Shanks were included in ear weights if they were normally pulled with
the ears. All yield data from replicated plots were analyzed by the
analysis of variance method.
Days to 50% silking were obtained on each plot by daily
sample counts. Days to main harvest for yield study were from date of
planting. Dates of planting were June 5, May 16, May 9, and June 9
for 1948, 1949, 1950, and 1951 respectively. The objective was to
5
6. plant as soon after May 1 as weather and soil moisture conditions
permitted.
Ear characteristics were obtained by taking at random five
ears from each plot at time of harvest and obtaining all measurements
from these, except that individual weights of unhusked ears were
obtained by dividing the total weights by the total number of ears.
Length of ear was from butt to end of good filled grains on the cob.
Length of shank was measured from junction of shank with stalk to
butt of cob. Diameter of butt and tip of ears were measured at points
one-fourth of the distance from the butt and tip of cob respectively.
Plant characteristics were obtained on ten stalks taken at
random from each plot at time of harvest. Height of stalk was
measured from ground at base of stalk to tip of tassel. The height of
first ears was taken from same stalks as those utilized for total height
and was measured to the node of attachment of the shank of the first
good ear. Number of marketable ears per stalk was obtained by divid-
ing the number of ears by the stand. Stands did not include sucker~.
Insect damage was determined by classifying and counting
the number of ears showing any damage to kernels from borers or ear-
worms regardless of degree of damage and is expressed as a percentage
of the total ears pulled. Smut and bacterial wilt were noted when
present. No field data were taken in 1951.
E. Processing
In the processing plots there were six replications and
samples for the different dates of maturity were obtained by harvesting
one-fourth of each replication at each of four harvests or a total of five
hills from each replication. The time to make the first harvest was
determined by continuous checking of the plots. Immediately upon
harvest each sample was taken to the Processing Laboratory and pro-
cessed as follows: (see Flow Sheet No. 1 for a schematic diagram of
the operations). Upon receipt of the sample the gross weight was
taken, the sample hand husked and trimmed. The husked com was
washed under a water spray and cleaned further in a soak tank with the
aid of a brush to remove the majority of the silks. The corn was cut
from the cob with a Food Machinery Corporation No. 2 whole grain
single corn cutter. The cut corn was washed in a rotary high pressure
spray washer and inspected on a continuous inspection belt. The
inspected product was weighed and the percent cut-off was calculated
by dividing this weight by the weight of the unhusked corn as received
from the field. A two pound sample was removed after the inspection
6
7. for raw product analysis (discussed below under quality evaluation, also
Flow Sheet No. 2) . The corn was placed in a wire mesh blanching
basket and blanched in live steam for 4 minutes for the immature and
optimum corn and 5 minutes for the mature corn. Immediately after
blanching, the basket and contents were immersed in cold running
water and held here for the same period of time as used for blanching
the sample. The corn was then drained and divided into two equal
lots, one-half for freezing and one-half for canning. The sample for
J.la.p No, l LCCATICN OF CORN CJ.N'.JING PUNTS IN OHIO by counties
WILLIAMS FULTON
SUTL.ER
•
• - One canning factory.
7
8. Flow Sheet 1. Freezing and canning of whole grain corn.
Raw Product by
Variety and Harvest
Hand Huak
Wash and Trim
Single Cut
FMC 112 Cutter
Wash and Dedlk
GroBB Wei ht
Husk Wei ht
eight
Calculated JC
Cut-ott Corn
-----.t::====:;;---a Cut Corn Wei ht,___
Blanch - LiYe Stearn
11- Minutes
Cool - Water (70°-ao0 r.)
11- lo!inut a
FROZEN PRODUCT
(one-half lot)
8
Steril1114
Ho.2 Can1
•o•-enamel
9. freezing was immediately put into 1 pound cellophane bags, which were
heat sealed, and placed in cardboard cartons and the cartons coded.
The filled cartons were placed in a single contact plate freezer at -20°
F. for 6 hours, removed to 0° F. storage room and held for 6 months.
The sample for canning was filled into No. 2 'C' enamel
cans, 13.5 ounces each, covered with boiling water, and exhausted for
four minutes. The cans were sealed, coded, processed for 25 minutes
at 250° F., water cooled to l00° F., and stored at room temperature for
six months. In addition to the above sample for canning, in 1950 and
Flow Sheet 2. Schematic diagram of quality evaluation methods.
Canned
Produot
AIS Content
( FDA. Method )
Perioarp Content
(Gould Method )
8ucoulence
(Kramer Method)
Subjective
Evaluation
Representative Sample
by
Variety, Harvest and Year
Raw
Product
AIS Content
( FDA Method )
Pericarp Content
(Gould Method)
Mo1eture Content
(Oven &Steinlite)
Succulence
(Ira.mer Method)
Soluble Solids
(Refractive Inde~)
navor
Tenderness
Color-Unitormit & Bri ht
9
J'rozen
Product
AIS Content
FDA Method )
Pericarp Content
(Gould Method)
Suooulenoe
(Iramer Method)
Subjective
Evaluation
,,
10. 1951 a separate series of samples at each stage of maturity were pro-
cessed exactly the same, except that a one and one-half percent salt
solution was used as a brine in order to be able to evaluate the flavor of
the samples with brine added.
F. Evaluation of Quality
The alcohol insoluble solids content (1) (Food and Drug
Administration modified method) of the fresh, frozen and canned
samples was determined to ascertain the stage of maturity of the corn.
The alcohol insoluble solids content is a measure of the crude starch
content plus a small amount of other insoluble materials. This was
determined by taking duplicate representative 10 gram samples,
macerating in a Waring Blendor for 3 minutes with 150 cc. of 80%
alcohol, washing into a 600 cc. beaker with another 150 cc. of 80%
alcohol and simmering for exactly 30 minutes. The sample was then
filtered onto a previously dried and weighed filter paper, washed with
80 percent alcohol until clear and colorless, dried in an electric oven at
100° C. for two hours, cooled in a desiccator and reweighed. The
difference in weight multiplied by 10 gives the percent alcohol insoluble
the different harvests for the raw, frozen and canned samples was classi-
fied into one of the three stages of maturity as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 was calculated from a regression line of percent
alcohol insoluble solids of the raw sample on percent alcohol insoluble
solids of the canned and frozen samples. A correlation coefficient of
0.956 was found between the alcohol insoluble solids content of the raw
and canned product and 0.958 between the raw and frozen product.
The Food and Drug Administration has established a tolerance of 27%
alcohol insoluble solids content on the canned product; however, 25%
was considered in this study to be the maximum limit for mature corn.
Since the Food and Drug Administration has established this tolerance
and since the alcohol insoluble solids values of raw and canned, and raw
and frozen gave the highest correlation; the alcohol insoluble solids con-
TABLE 1.-Percent Alcohol Insoluble Solids Content as a Standard in
Determining Stage of Maturity of Raw, Frozen and Canned Sweet Corn
Producf Young Immature Optimum Mature Overmature
Raw under 10 10 to 15.9 16 to 21.9 22 to 28.0 over 28
Frozen under 10 10 to 15.4 15.5 to 20.9 21 to 27.0 over 27
Canned under 10 10 to 14.4 14.5 to 18.9 19 to 25.0 over 25
10
11. TABLE 2.-Correlation Coefficients of Objective and Subjective Measures
of Quality for 15 Varieties of Raw, Frozen and Canned Yellow Sweet
Corn Hybrids with Maturity (1948, 1949, and 1950 Data)
Product Between Correlation
Coefficients "r" Values
Raw <j, AIS and % Soluble Solids 0.742
Raw '/< AIS and Succulence -0.620
Raw '/< AIS and '/o Pericarp 0.823
Raw '/oAIS and % Moisture -0.970
Raw vs. Canned '/< AIS and <fo AIS 0.956
Raw vs. Frozen '/oAIS and <j,, AIS 0.958
Canned Tenderness and <j,, Pericarp -0.897
Canned '/< AIS and Tenderness -0.811
Canned '/< AIS and Succulence -0.879
Canned '/r·AIS and Flavor -0.305
Frozen '/cAIS and Tenderness -0.384
Frozen '/c AIS and Succulence -0.831
Frozen '/c AIS and Flavor 0.089*
•Nol significant. All others significant at 1'lo level.
tent was thus used as the standard for all other quality measurements.
These quality measurements were correlated with the alcohol insoluble
solids (AIS) content as shown in Table 2.
The pericarp content was determined to measure the
tenderness of the corn objectively, that is, a measure of the toughness of
the kernels (8). The pericarp content was determined by macerating
duplicate 25 gram samples with 200 cc. of water in a Waring Blendor
for exactly three minutes. The slurry was washed on a previously
weighed 30-mesh monel screen. This was dried in an electric oven at
100° C. for two hours. The sample and screen were cooled in a desic-
cator, reweighed and the percent pericarp content was calculated by the
difference in weight multiplied by four. The pericarp content was not
determined on the 1948 samples.
The moisture content was determined by drying duplicate
100 gram samples in a vacuum oven for two hours under 26 inches of
vacuum, cooling the sample for 30 minutes in a desiccator and then
weighing. The weight of the sample was then subtracted from 100 and
reported as the moisture content. This was determined only on the
samples of the last two harvests in 1948 and 1949. In 1950 and 1951,
the moisture content was determined with a wet-cell Steinlite Moisture
Meter (3a).
11
12. The succulence was determined on duplicate 100 gram
samples using the Succulometer in accordance with the method of
Kramer and Smith (13). The soluble solids content was determined
from the liquid expressed from the Succulometer with a Spencer
Refractometer in 1948, 1949, and 1950. In 1951 an Abbe '56 Refrac-
tometer was used. The reading was corrected for temperature to 26°
C. and then reported as percent soluble solids.
The subjective quality measures were determined by a
selected panel of seven judges. The judges were trained on samples
previously discussed by the panel to point out distinct differences using
Golden Cross Bantam as the standard of quality. This does not mean
that Golden Cross Bantam at all stages of maturity was perfect, but it
served as a basis to orient the panel. Each sample was scored by each
judge individually for uniformity and brightness of color, tenderness
TABLE 3.-Yields, Percent Stan~s and Average Rank of
Yellow Sweet Corn Varieties 1948-50
Yield in tons per oacre
Variety Percent
Carmelcross . . . . . . . . . . ....... .
stand
1950t
Seneca Chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Golden Cross Bantam .. , . . . . . . . 88
loana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
lochief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Victory Golden ............... .
Tendermost . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Tendergood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Aristogold Bantam # 1 . . . . . . . . . 83
Golden Security ..... , . . . . . . . , 100
Flagship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Illinois Golden # 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Oto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen . . . . . 98
Huron* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Ohio Gold # 3 .............. .
L.S.D. at 5% level ........... .
*Carried as Golden Hybrid 54 in 1948.
1948
4.74
4.94
4.85
5.86
6.98
6.14
5.51
6.14
5.58
1.43
1949
2.23:j:
2.55:j:
2.21
3.21:1:
4.30
3.62
2.83
2.50
3.07
4.66
4.95
3.27
3.60
4.08
tAll stands in 1948 and 1949 were good. Percents not calculated.
:j:Not in same blocks with others in the column but adjacent thereto.
12
1950
4.77
3.55
5.98
4.82
4.10
4.50
4.11
6.28
4.20
5.23
6.55
5.47
7.01
.72
Ave.
1949
1950
2.88
4.56
3.47
3.50
3.59
5.47
4.58
4.25
5.08
4.78
13. and flavor. Each factor was scored separately from 0 to 10 with 0
being unsatisfactory and 10 being perfect. The scores assigned to each
sample by all judges were averaged and reported as such. In 1948 the
panel judged the samples only for color and :flavor.
Discussion of Results
The field data are presented in summarized form in Tables 3, 4,
and 5 and in detail in the tables in the appendix.
Yields
It was thought at the start of these trials that there were con-
siderable differences in yielding ability of different strains of the same
variety. However, using different sources (same strains when indicated
on seed tag) of Golden Cross Bantam and Joana, in only one case was
there a significant difference that could not be attributed to differences
in stand.
Since most of the strains could be considered equal in yield-
ing ability, all data in cases where there were more than one strain or
source were averaged in presenting the data in Table 3. For this
reason source of seed is not given in this table.
In Table 3 it will be noted that all varieties are not included
each year. This is due to the inclusion into the test of new varieties
each year and the elimination of those which were clearly inferior.
Also, some varieties were omitted because of the failure to obtain suffi-
cient seed in time. In one case at least, one variety was left out of 1949
and 1950 tests because of generally inferior performance but is included
in the table because the authors have learned that it is popular with
certain groups of growers.
Carmelcross and Seneca Chief are included in the tables only
as a tie-in with the later varieties. They probably have no place as
processing vanet1es. Golden Cross Bantam is used as a standard of
comparison. Since it is difficult to average or rank data of this kind to
show all entries comparatively, it is perhaps best to compare each
variety individually with Golden Cross Bantam or with some other
variety with which the reader is familiar, and which is included in these
tests.
The significant characteristic of the yield data seems to be the
consistency with which certain newer varieties have outyielded Golden
Cross Bantam and Tendermost which have been widely used in Ohio.
Golden Security, Flagship, Huron, Oto and Aristogold Bantam Ever-
green have consistently appeared among the top three or four varieties,
13
14. TABLE 4.-Ear and Stalk Characteristics and Insect Damage of Yellow Sweet Corn
Varieties in Franklin County, 1950
Ear Characteristics Stalk Characteristics
"Cl
.. .. ...
:; ~ "Cl 0
~
a :t .. .. - ~=
ii "Cl .. ..c: "Cl ... " .. ... u::
c .. c ... c .. .a .. 0 ..
... Ci : § " 0 "
:t .. ..c: ....c: -.. .... O; ..c:
=..
ii 0 .c .. " .. " o_l II .C .. l
Variety - :;i - c -c -.. -" .. ·~ r
e_.. 'f: ..c: "f
!I !I
.. c -..c:
..11- ..c: c .c " .a
.- E .. Ill"' m,.
·~·i E ·- me E '"II .. E
C IS ~-5 ·-"Cl
:!J .. II)
a- g z II C
; ii
c ..
] "I " IS IS '"IS
c .. ..! c ~ " .. .c
'ii ii :a Ci ..C:.>< c :! II E z"Cl
;."j - ,, I> II - " .... .,a
.. .. .. 0 ., .: .. I> IS
°'"Cl .... ]-i -E
m•
:-: ll>"'CI
e-1 ll>"'CI ll>"'CI m'ln m'ln mo 11) ... IS'"
a D. IS_..
!! l IS I> 2 .. s~ !! c !! c !! c IS u 0 ..
:e ;
.. .. .. c .. II) ..... ..... .. " -..
.. .. m IS
~;
...... .... .. .... .. .. ..·- ..·- ...... .. ..
> IS > ..c: > G > " > IS
> ..
> " > IS > IS
~z ~Ci ~j *Z
c( .. c( .. <- < .. c( ..c: < .. <l < .c < E <E
~
Seneca Chief . . . . . .. .86 6.2 4 long .49 .44 8.1 1.6 1.4 67 .83 17.4 5.6 27.3 None
Joana . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1.30 4.8 6 long .63 .43 7.9 1.7 1.3 78 1.10 20.0 2.6 7.8 3.8
Illinois Golden # 10 ... 1.16 6.8 5 medium .57 .39 7.2 1.7 1.3 82 .98 23.4 3.0 10.4 0.5
Tendergood . . . . . .. .. .. - .. .85 7.4 7 medium .57 .48 7.5 1.8 1.4 73 .95 20.4 1.6 11.7 2.5
lochief ................... .78 5.4 3 short .71 .60 8.0 1.9 1.6 72 .90 22.4 1.4 13.0 1.5
Golden Cross Bantam .... .. .74 4.8 6 long .56 .51 7.9 1.8 1.4 70 .93 21.4 5.0 14.0 1.0
Tendermost . . . . . . .. . ..... .84 6.2 6 short .57 .52 7.7 1.8 1.3 62 .93 15.4 2.4 16.0 0.9
Aristogold Bantam # l ...... .98 4.4 3 long .58 .52 7.6 l.8 1.3 71 .95 17.4 1.6 7.6 0.6
Golden Security ....... -.... 1.34 5.6 6 medium .65 .48 7.5 1.8 1.3 84 .90 19.6 3.3 2.9 0.4
Flagship . .. .. .... .. . . . . .87 4.0 6 short .59 .48 7.5 1.8 1.3 82 .95 24.2 2.8 9.2 None
Oto ................... 1.36 6.4 5 long .57 .52 9.0 1.6 1.2 80 .93 19.4 4.7 11.0 None
Huron .................. - 1.46 6.0 4 long .60 .56 8.9 1.8 1,2 86 1.10 26.8 3.3 4.8 0.7
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen .. 1.05 4.6 7 medium .68 .58 8.4 1.8 1.2 84 .93 20.6 1.8
15. whereas Golden Cross Bantam and Tendermost have been consistently
near the bottom. (see Table 3).
Varieties are arranged in tables in approximate order of
maturity as determined by days to 50% silking and days from planting
to main harvest.
Plant Characteristics
Although no experiments have been conducted to determine the
type of plant most desirable from the standpoint of mechanical harvest-
ing, it is believed that the collection and summation of the data on
height of plant, height of lower ears, length of shank and number of
suckers (Table 4) can be of help in evaluating the worth of the different
varieties from this standpoint. It is assumed that exceptionally tall
varieties or those that sucker excessively, and also those with the first
ears very low or very high would be undesirable from the standpoint of
machine harvesting. The average length of shanks added to the height
of the first ear node indicates the approximate height above ground of
the butt of the ear.
TABLE 5.-Yields, Percent Stand, Days to Silking, Days to Peak Picking
of Yellow Sweet Corn Varieties in Franklin County, 1950
Source Days to Days to Yield
Variety of Percent 50% peak tons per
seed* stand silking picking ocre
Seneca Chief ....... ' ...... ' R 96 67 87 4.77
loana .................. w 92 69 87 5.98
Illinois Golden #10 ........ w 86 70 87 5.35
Tendergood ................ Ml_ 96 70 90 4.50
lochlef ............ ..... . w 93 70 90 4.82
Golden Cross Bantam ........ w 88 70 90 3.55
Tendermost . . . . ........... ML 90 69 97 4.10
Aristogold Bantam #1 ....... ML 83 70 99 4.11
Golden Security ............ w 100 70 99 6.28
Flagship .................. c 97 71 99 4.20
Oto ...................... As 93 69 99 6.55
Huron .................... As 96 71 99 7.01
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen .. ML 98 71 102 5.47
L.S.D. 5% level .......... .72
*R -Robson Seed Co.
W -F. H. Woodruff Seed Co.
C -Corneli Seed Co.
ML-Michael-Leonard Co.
ls-Associated Seed Growers Inc.
15
16. Ear Characteristics
Length, diameter of tip, and diameter of butt measurements
(Table 4) are attempts to describe the shucked ear irt mathematical
terms. The selection of points one-fourth of the distance from each
end was made, after observing typical ears from a number of varieties,
for measurement of tip and butt diameters. It is believed that except
for unusual types the average ear of a variety can be fairly accurately
drawn to scale using length and diameter measurements as given, and
that the variations to be found from year to year or location to location
are fairly accurately represented. These ears may not always represent
closely the ideal shape as pictured by salesmen of the variety in question,
but present fairly closely the average shape in these tests especially with
respect to slope which is of importance to the canner.
Growing Days and Maturity
Total number of growing days i~ perhaps thr olde~t yardstick of
drtermining when to harvest any single variety. It is subject to tre-
mendous variation within the different locations of the corn growing
section because the seedsmen have assigned an average total number of
growing days based on observation within each area of production over
the .different years. It was found in this study that growing days is a
good measure of degree of maturity after one can determine when to
make the first harvest. However, days to the first harvest varied as
mudh as from 8 to 11 days during the four years. In 1948, 1949 and
in 1951 ac.tual growing days were about the same for the varieties but
in 1950 approximately 9 more days were required to mature the corn to
the same stage of maturity. At first, this was thought to be due to
variations in planting dates among the four years but the 1948 and 1951
corn was planted about the same time and nearly three weeks later than
the 1949 and 1950 corn which was planted one week apart. Thus it
should be seen that the processor relying entirely on growing days might
have standard grade corn wht"n it was actually thought to be in the
fancy stage for maturity.
Growing days are important when evaluating varieties as to
number of days the corn can be allowed to stand in the field from the
time the corn reaches the fancy or grade A stage of maturity to the
standard or grade C stage of maturity. Some varieties studied were at
a usable maturity for two weeks though others were overmature after
only one week. Golden Security was found to be the longest standing
variety while Golden Cross Bantam and Toana were found to be the
shortest. Usable maturity of most of the other varieties varied from 9
16
17. TABLE 6.-Relationship of Growing Days, Growth Degree Days, Percent Soluble Solids Content and Percent Peri-
carp Content for 12 Varieties of Sweet Corn at Three Stages of Maturity. Average for 4 Years (most varieties).
(Varieties with Only 1 Year Trial Are Not lncluded--see Appendix Tables.)
Ist Harvest 2nd Harvest 3rd Harvest
Ill
t'a1111 c e-
Ill
..c t:- .. !It
- e- Ill -!;: GI Cit
c e-
•E ~ i .... c :ii,, .: ..,..
~f~ ;:g:!! c a c .. .; QJ"' c :a,,
Variety ~ a e >- G> ~ ·- .. e ~ >- .. u ·~ ~ ~ e >- GJ :Ji·- .. e
e,, o 111 a ~ -o ~ "i: f .g oi:rt.g ::!oO ~ ·.:: e,, 0 Ill 0
to"§ ~ "i::
.....,, .. 0 .. .... .. .. ... ..,, ....
Cl C>,, ..... ...... C> ;.; :.lftVI ... 0. C> C>,, ... .. ... ...
loana ....................... 81.7 1891 5.2 1.02 86 1939 10.0 1.29 89 2076 11.7 1.92
Golden Security ............... 81 1994 7.1 1.25 87.7 2053 10.7 1.52 94.7 2218 12.7 2.29*
Flagship ................... 83 l 842 9.0 -- 89.3 2089 l 1.0 1.60 93.7 2188 12.1 1.90
.....,
Illinois Gold # 10 ............. 84 1991 6.5 1.13 86 2143 10.0 1.44 93.7 2188 12.2 2.09*
Golden x Bantam ............ 81.5 1982 10.6 85 1964 10.3 1.16 87 2008 15.0 J.44
Tendermost ........... 81 1817 7.0 1.16 85.7 1926 9.4 1.43 92 2078 13.8 1.83
Aristogold Bantam # 1 - . . . . . . . . 84 1904 6.8 1.27 88 1990 11.3 1.58 94 2147 12.8 2.05*
Tendergood .................. 85.5 1915 6.2 1.29 89 2021 11.3 1.52 94 2147 14.0 1.93
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen ..... 86.5 1949 5.9 1.20 91.5 2062 10.8 2.04* 97 2209 12.8 2.46*
lochief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 1801 5.4 1.31 85 1909 11. l l.74 91 2070 13.1 2.1 l *
Oto ............ - ........... 84 1896 5.4 1.23 89 2012 9.6 1.65 93 2113 12.8 2.46*
Victory Golden ..... . . . . . . 79.5 1868 6.2 l.23 85 2113 9.1 1.56 88.7 2129 11.3 2.08*
Average ............. 6.6t 1.21 10.4t 1.54 12.8t 2.05
-
*Considered tough.
t'48-'49-'50 data only.
18. to 12 days. The above data were the averages for the four years and
with one or two exceptions they were found to be in very close agree-
ment for any variety during the four years for this one factor. These
data are summarized in Table 6, and given in detail in Appendix II.
Growth Degree Days and Maturity
The use of the growth degree day or heat unit system is the newest
technique employed by several processors to determine when to plant
and harvest sweet corn. Growth degree days are determined daily by
subtracting the base temperature from the mean temperature for that
day. A growth degree unit is one temperature degree above the base
growing temperature for the crop. With sweet corn the base tempera-
ture has been established as 50° F. (4a), thus a mean temperature of
51° F. yields one growth degree day for that day. By knowing the
required total number of growth degree days for any variety, a pro-
cessor can determine how many acres the grower should plant daily in
the spring of the year so that he does not have an excess of corn matur-
ing at any time in August and September. That is, if in August the
daily average growth degree days (G.D.D.) was 35 (G.D.D.) and a
variety required 1900 (G.D.D.) to develop to the desired stage of
maturity for the quality contemplated and the packing and the pro-
cessors' factory had a production capacity of 10 tons per hour for a lO
hour day and a particular variety had an average yield of 2.5 tons to
the acre, the processor would specify to his growers a maximum of 40
acres planted on the 15th of May and then 40 acres after the accumula-
tion of 35 G.D.D. from each planting until all his acreage has been
planted. Thus, the processor is able to project his harvest dates with
some systematic i>cheme and prevent all his corn from maturing at one
time.
The average growth degree days are given in Table 6 and by years
in the Appendix at the three different stages of maturity for each
variety. From Table 6, it can be seen that the minimum number of
growth degree days is 1801 and a maximum number of 2218. It
should be pointed out, however, that these figures are averages for any
one variety over the four year period. With a growing season as experi-
enced in 1950 and 1951, one might find considerably less growth degree
days than this average for any one stage of maturity. The growth
degree days in 1950 were approximately 150 units less than for the pre-
vious two years but it required approximately 10 more days to mature
the corn to the same stages of maturity. In 1951, the corn required
approximately 6 days less than the 4 year average and the corn also
18
19. required approximately 150 G.D.D. units less than the 4 year average.
This can be explained in part by the dry growing season in 1951.
Relationship of Yields and Percent Cut-off
This relationship is perhaps the most important single objective
measurement made in this study. In Table 7 the yield data, as taken
at the optimum harvest, the percent cut-off and calculated cases per
acre and cases per ton packed are given. These data show that a high
yield does not necessarily mean that a high total of cases per acre will be
packed. In other words, yield data must take into account the amount
of waste (husks, cobs, shanks, undeveloped kernels, etc.) and the per-
centage of cut-off corn. There are two ways of analyzing this data (1)
from the growers standpoint, that is, cases per acre or (2) from the pro-
cessors standpoint, that is, cases per ton. All the varieties used in this
study vary somewhat in yield and cut-off. From the grower's stand-
point the varieties with the highest yield in Franklin County were
Iochief (5.90 tons/acre, Golden Security (5.47 tons/acre), Victory
Golden (5.42 tons/acre), Oto (5.08) and Aristogold Bantam Evergreen
(4.78) while Tendergood (3.50), Aristogold Bantam No. 1 (3.59),
Tendermost (4.08), Illinois Gold No. 10 (4.25) and Golden Cross
Bantam (4.49) were the lowest in yields per acre (Table 3).
TABLE 7.-Relationship of Yield and Percent Cut-off to Quality
of Corn Packed per Acre and per Ton (Yield Data From
Optimum Maturity Only). Averages for 4 Years
Yield per Percent Packed corn Oa:ses*
Variety Years acre in cut-off per acre per
tons corn in cases* ton
Tendermost ' ....... ' ....... 3 4.08 32 128.9 31.6
Illinois Golden #10 ......... 3 4.25 34 142.8 33.6
Aristogold Bantam #1 ....... 2 3.59 33 116.7 32.5
lochief ...... ' ........... '. 3 5.90 34 198.2 33.6
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen ... 2 4.78 31 146.3 30.6
loana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' .. . . 3 4.57 31 139.8 30.6
Tendergood ......... '' ..... 2 3.50 30 103.6 29.6
Golden Cross Bantam ...... '. 4 4.49 25 110.9 24.7
Victory Golden ' .......... ' .. 3 5.42 27 144.7 26.7
Golden Security ............ ' 3 5.47 28 151.5 27.7
Flagship . . . . . ' . . . . . . .. . .. . . 3 4.58 27 122.3 26.7
Oto ' ..................... 2 5.08 26 130.6 25.7
Average ' ....... ' . ' 4.687 29.67 137.05 29.31
•cases-basis of 24 No. 2 cans (13.5 ozs/can).
19
20. From a percent cut-off standpoint, Illinois Gold No. 10 (34%),
Iochief (34%), Aristogold Bantam No. 1 (33% ) and Tendermost
(32%) were the highest while Golden Cross Bantam (25%), Oto
(26%), Flagship (27%), Victory Golden (27%), and Golden Security
(28%) were the lowest. In maximum number of cases packed per
acre, lochief (198.2 cases), Golden Security (151.5), Aristogold Ban-
tam Evergreen (146.3), and Victory Golden (144.7) were the superior
varieties while Tendergood (103.6 cases), Golden Cross Bantam (110.9
cases) and Aristogold Bantam No. 1 (116.7 cases) were the poorest.
In maximum cases packed per ton, Illinois Gold No. 10 (33.6),
lochief (33.6), Aristogold Bantam No. 1 (32.5 cases) and Tendermost
(31.6) were the top varieties; while Golden Cross Bantam (24.7), Oto
(25.7 cases), Flagship (26.7 cases) and Victory Golden (26.7) were
the poorest.
The above means more when the price per ton and f.o.b. price per
case are a.'isociated with any particular variety. As an example, figuring
$20.00 per ton for raw corn and the farmer using a low yielding variety,
he would receive approximately $60.00 per acre for his corn whereas
with the high yielding varieties he would receive approximately $100.00
per acre. The processor on the other hand m:;ing a variety with a low
percentage cut-off as contrasted to one with a high percentage cut-off
would be able to pack 10 more cases from a given ton of corn. Using a
price of $2.00 per case the processor could pay the farmer for the
original raw ton of corn from the extra cases packed from a high per-
centage cut-off corn. Of course, the raw product cost is only a part of
the total cost in processing a case of corn and these other costs, such as
cans, labor, cartons, etc. must be considered in figuring the cost of pro-
ducing a case of corn.
In Table 8 the above data are presented for harvest<; at three stages
of maturity as determined by measuring the alcohol insoluble solids
content. At the first harvest, there is a difference in yields per acre of
3.4 tons with F. M. Cross the best yielding variety while Tendergood
and Aristogold Bantam Evergreen were the poorest; in percent cut-off
there is a difference of 15% with Tendermost (1951) the best and
Victory Golden the poorest; in cases packed per acre there is a differ-
ence of over 100 cases per acre with Aristogold Bantam Evergreen tops
and Aristogold Bantam No. 1 the poorest; and in cases packed from a
ton there is a difference of 15 cases with Tendermost the highest and
Victory Golden the poorest.
20
22. TABLE 8.-Relationship of Maturity to Yield and Percent Cut-off to
Quantity of Packed Corn per Acre and per Ton at Three Stages of
Maturity for 1950 and 1951 Crop Only-Continued
3rd Harvest-Mature
Tons % Cases Cases
Variety Year per cut- per per
acre off acre ton
loana ' ... ' .... 1950 6.5 39.0 241.9 37.2
Golden Security 1950 6.8 48.0 310.5 45.7
Flagship 1950 6.4 44.7 272.3 42.5
Illinois Golden #10 1950 6.0 41.0 234.3 39. l
Golden Cross Bantam '50&'51 6.3 33.4 199.3 32.4
Tendermost ........ ' '50&'51 4.6 38. l 166.6 36.7
Aristogold Bantam #1 ... ' . ' 1950 4.5 48.0 205.7 45.7
Tendergood . . ' .. . . . . 1950 4.7 50.4 225.7 48.0
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen .. 1950 5.7 46.6 248.6 43.6
lochief ....... '50&'51 7.6 43.2 303.3 41.8
Oto ............ 1950 7.6 32. l 232.4 30.6
F. M. Cross ... . . .. . . . . . . . 1951 8.9 31.5 277.0 31.l
Victory Golden 1951 7.5 38.9 288.0 38.4
Normandie .. ' . ' 1951 7.9 31.5 245.7 31.1
Coronia 1951 8.4 35.9 298.2 35.5
Average ...... 6.63 40.15 249.97 38.63
Cases-basis 24/ #2 cans per case 113.5 oz. corn per can or 20.25 pounds corn per
case.)
At the second harvest there is an average increase for all varieties
to 0.46 tons in yield per acre over the previous harvest with Normandie
the highest yielder and Aristogold Bantam No. 1 poorest (a difference
of 3.9 tons per acre) ; there was an average increase of 9.3 % in the
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen the highest and F. M. Cross the poorest
(a difference of 15.7%); in cases per acre, Aristogold Bantam Ever-
green the highest and F. M. Cross the poorest with a difference of 114
cases packed per acre; and in cases packed per ton Aristogold Bantam
Evergreen is highest and F. M. Cross is the poorest with a difference of
14.2 cases per ton packed.
At the third harvest, there is an average increase in yield from the
second harvest of 0.51 tons per acre for all varieties with F. M. Cross
the highest and Tendermost and Aristogold Bantam No. 1 the poorest
(a difference of 4.4 tons per acre) ; there was an average increase of
9.2% in the percent cut-off corn with Tendergood, Aristogold Bantam
22
23. No. 1 and Golden Security the highest while F. M. Cross and Nor-
mandie were the poorest (a difference of 18.9%) ; in cases packed from
an acre, Golden Security and Iochief are the highest while Tendermost
and Golden Cross Bantam are the poorest with a difference of 144 cases
per acre; and in cases packed per ton Tendergood is the highest and
F. M. Cross and Normandie the poorest with a difference of 10.8 cases.
By averaging the cases per acre packed for the different varieties
at the three stages of maturity in the 1950 and 1951 seasons, it appears
that Nonnandie (234.8 cases), Golden Security (233.4 cases), Aristo-
gold Bantam Evergreen (223.2 cases) and lochief (209.9 cases) were
the best varieties with Aristogold Bantam No. 1 (136.8 cases), Tender-
good (157.1 cases) and Tendermost (164.4 cases) the poorer varieties.
In the cases packed from a given ton, Aristogold Bantam Evergreen
(35.4 cases) Golden Security (35.1 cases) and Tendermost (33.3 cases)
were the best varieties with F. M. Cross, Oto and Normandie (24.6
cases) the poorest varieties.
The above data do not fully agree with the optimum harvest data
as previously discussed, but the trends are somewhat the same. The
difference between the optimum harvest data and the mean of the three
harvests data are probably due to (1) one year's data for some varieties
and not an average of two to four years as the optimum harvest data,
and/or (2) not always three stages of maturity harvested when the corn
was classified on the alcohol insoluble solids basis (in particular Golden
Cross Bantam and Victory Golden).
Quality Evaluation
Quality measurements for raw products data are presented in
Table 6, those for the canned product in Table 11 and the frozen
product in Table 12, while the detailed data by years and harvests are
to be found in the Appendix. It should be mentioned again as pointed
out in the experimental procedure that maturity was determined for
each harvest classification by determining the alcohol insoluble solids
content as shown in Table 1. The alcohol insoluble solids content was
thus the means of classifying the corn into the three stages of maturity.
In some cases two or more harvests might be averaged if they fell
within any one AIS range, thus the reason for lack of data in some
places.
Pericarp Content
The pericarp content was determined on the raw, canned and
frozen product; but the frozen and canned values agreed within the
23
24. limits of experimental error to those of the raw values, thus only the
raw values are given in Table 6. The pericarp content increased from
an average of 1.21 % at the first harvest to 1.54% at the second harvest
and up to an average for all varieties of 2.05% at the third harvest.
There was a significant difference between harvests. For evaluating
varieties we have set a maximum of 2.00% as a limit of acceptability
for any variety at any stage of maturity. No attempt was made to
evaluate the difference in tenderness between varieties at the immature
or first harvest and the optimum or second harvest unless a variety
exceeded this value of 2.00%. Thus, a variety exceeding this value at
any stage of maturity would be considered high in pericarp content and
not highly recommended for processing.
In Table 6 the only variety to exceed this value of 2.00% at the
second harvest was Aristogold Bantam Evergreen. At the third harvest
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen and Oto were found to contain the high-
est pericarp content followed by Golden Security, lochief, Illinois Gold
No. 10, Victory Golden and Aristogold Bantam No. 1. All of these
above varieties were over the proposed 2.00% tolerance. The varieties
with the lowest percent pericarp content and those which would be con-
sidered highly acceptable to the processors at all stages of maturity are
Golden Cross Bantam, Tendermost, Flagship, Joana and Tendcrgood.
All of these were below 2.00% at all stages of maturity.
It should be pointed out that the values in 1950 were found to be
an average of 0.16% higher than in 1949. This was in accord with
the opinions of many corn specialists that the corn seemed to be tougher
than normal when evaluated subjectively. However, pericarp value&
are averages for the different years and except for Joana and Tender-
good which exceeded the 2.00% tolerance in 1950 and Victory Golden
in 1951, the above recommendation of the varieties holds true.
Percent Soluble Solids Content as a Means of Determining Maturity
For the raw product, the percent soluble solids as determined by a
refractometer is one of the quickest, most reliable methods of determin-
ing maturity of yellow sweet corn. The average value for all varieties
was 6.6% at the first harvest, 10.4% at the second havest and 12.8%
at the third harvest for 1948, 1949, and 1950. The 1951 data is not
included since the readings were taken on the Abbe '56 refractometer
and the values were considerably higher. Golden Cross Bantam values
at the first and third harvests were found to be considerably higher than
the averages. All the other varieties were very close to the average for
all varieties at any one harvest except Flagship at the first stage of
24
25. maturity and Tendergood and Tendermost at the third stage of
maturity. This method is not a good means for evaluating variety
difference as the differences are due to maturity and not due to variety.
The differences between years were greater than for variety differences,
as in the 1949 season all varieties were found to have much lower values
at all stages of maturity than during the 1948 and 1950 seasons. The
data for the latter two years were in rather close agreement for the
different varieties at the different stages of maturity. After the pro-
cessor has selected his varieties, he can then set up soluble solids tables
to determine the maturity for any one particular variety.
The soluble solids data for the frozen and canned product are not
given as the blanching and canning operations leach out considerable
quantities of the soluble solids and the differences between varieties and
maturity are too small to distinguish differences in maturity or variety
on the processed products.
Succulometer Values as a Means of Determining Maturity
The succulence as measured by the Succulometer for each variety
at each stage of maturity for the raw, frozen and canned product are
given in the Appendix. These values cannot be used to measure
varietal differences nor are they entirely reliable as a measure of
maturity on the raw product. However, the succulometer values for
the canned and frozen products do measure the differences in maturity.
Table 9 gives the averages for each stage of maturity for the raw,
frozen and canned products.
TABLE 9.-Average Succulometer Values for Three Stages of
Maturity of Raw, Frozen and Canned Sweet Corn
Product
Raw .................. .
Frozen ........ .' ."....... .
Canned ................ .
Average for three years-succulometer values
Immatura corn
1st harvest·
23.83
27.30*
21.16
Optimum corn
2nd harvest
22.31
23.89
17.24
Mature corn
3rd harvest
17.12
17.63
13.25
*In 1948 the succulometer values were recorded as 25 plus only as the original method
indicated that values beyond this were too immature. Consequently how far beyond 25 is
unknown_.:_probably at least an average of 2 or 3, making this value about 28.
25
26. Moisture Content as a Means of Determining Maturity
The moisture content was determined only for the latter stages of
maturity in 1949 and for all stages of maturity in 1950 for the raw
product only. Consequently great reliance cannot be placed on these
data as an inspection of the data in the Appendix shows the moisture
values vary tremendously with the season. The latter part of these
statements could apply to the succulence measurements as both determ-
inations measure somewhat the same thing and they both tend to fluc-
tuate with the season. Furthermore this measurement is not a means
of evaluating varietal differences, but is a means of determining the
maturity rather rapidly. Table 10 gives the average moisture content
and the range for each stage of maturity on the raw product as
determined in 1949 and 1950.
Subjective Evaluation of Varieties for Quality
The subjective evaluation of the varieties for quality was made by
a panel of 7 judges. Each judge scored the frozen and canned
product for color, flavor and tenderness from 0 to 10 with 0 being con-
sidered very poor (or off) and 10 being considered perfect. The varie-
ties were evaluated for these three factors at each stage of maturity
(two stages of maturity for the frozen product and three stages of
maturity for the canned product). A total score was assigned each
variety at each stage of maturity and then a grand total score for all
three stages of maturity. These data are presented in Table 11 for the
canned product and Table 12 for the frozen product. In most cases,
if a variety was rated high at one or more stages of maturity it followed
through with a high rating at all stages of maturity.
The varieties were ranked according to high total score with the
following varieties considered best for the canned product: Golden
Cross Bantam and Victory Golden first, with Aristogold Bantam No. 1
TABLE 10.--Moisture Content (average and range) for Three Stages
of Maturity of Yellow Sweet Corn-Raw Product Values Only
law product
Average (in %)
Range (in %1
Average for three yNrs-rnoidure value
Immature corn Optimum mature corn Mat11ro corn
1st harvest 2nd harved 3rd liarvest
80.0
77.4 to 83.0
26
75.7
71.1 to 78.9
70.0
65.0 to 74.9
27. TABLE 11.-Four Years Average Score for Color, Flavor and Tenderness at Three Stages of Maturity
for Canned Whole Grain Sweet Corn (most varieties)
1st Harvest 2nd Harvest 3rd Harvest
.. .!. .. .!.
~
.!. .,, _
.. 0 .. .. .. 0 .... .. .... ca
""
Variety 0 > -a ..
l 0 > -a .. ii 0 > -a ..
l
c .. c .. c .. a- c
0 a 11 C 0 a 11 C
l 0 a 11 C .. 0
:I
u ii: ... J! u ii: ... u ii: ... J! "...
Joana ........................ 6.0 6.1 10.0 22.l 6.0 6.3 9.5 21.8 8.0 6.3 5.5 19.8 63.7 4
Golden Security ................ 4.0 6.6 9.5 20.1 6.7 7.5 9.0 23.2 9.5 5.3 3.8 18.6 61.9 6
I) Flagship
.......
........ ... . ... 5.0 6.8 10.0 21.8 7.2 7.2 7.5 21.9 7.8 6.0 5.5 18.5 62.2 5
Illinois Gold #10 ........... .. 4.3 5.8 9.7 19.8 7.0 6.9 7.0 20.9 7.8 5.0 5.3 18.1 58.8 9
Golden Cross Bantam .... .... ·-. 5.0 8.1 10.0 23.1 7.7 8.2 8.3 24.2 8.6 5.4 5.3 19.3 66.6 1
Tendermost ............ .. .. . . 4.3 5.0 9.5 18.8 7.5 6.6 7.8 21.9 9.5 5.1 5.0 19.6 60.3 7
Aristogold Bantam # l .. .... . . 5.5 6.3 9.5 21.3 6.5 7.4 8.5 22.4 9.0 5.5 6.5 21.0 64.7 3
Tendergood .................... 2.0 6.2 9.0 17.2 7.3 5.7 8.8 21.8 8.5 4.8 6.0 19.3 58.3 10
Aristogold Bantam Evergreen ...... 4.0 4.0 10.0 18.0 4.5 6.4 9.0 19.9 7.3 5.5 4.8 17.6 55.5 11
lochief ....................... 5.0 5.2 9.3 19.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 21.5 8.8 6.0 3.3 18.l 59.l 8
Oto .......................... 1.0 5.4 9.0 15.4 6.3 5.2 7.5 19.0 7.3 4.5 3.8 15.6 50.0 12
Victory Golden ................. 4.0 6.5 9.0 19.5 9.-0 8.0 8.5 25.5 9.5 5.7 5.5 20.7 65.7 2
29. and Ioana next. Oto, Aristogold Bantam Evergreen, Tendergood, and
Illinois Golden No. 10 were considered the poorest for canned quality
and probably would be rated unacceptable.
In the frozen product, Iochief, Aristogold Bantam No. 1 and
Tendergood were rated the best while Oto, Illinois Golden No. 10 and
Golden Cross Bantam were considered the poorest. The rating of
Golden Cross Bantam the poorest for the frozen product is not in
accord with most varietal evaluation tests, but here it was found to be
lacking in color and flavor at the second harvest (optimum maturity)
thus .rated at the bottom whereas at the mature stage (3rd harvest) it
was rated :;i.t the top of the list. Since Golden Cross Bantam received
the highest score on tenderness at even the mature stage (3rd harvest)
it would be considered one of the best varieties except at the immature
and optimum stages of maturity due to lack of color and flavor.
SUMMARY
In variety evaluation work for processing, joint studies emphasize
the relationships between yields, percent cut-off and quality. In this
work varieties with high yields, large percent cut-offs and best qualities
in the frozen and canned products would be considered the best varie-
ties to recommend for processing. An attempt has been made to point
out which varieties arc outstanding and which ones arc the poorest for
each measurement made. All characteristics for any one variety have
not been listed together, therefore, it is believed that the best way to
summarize this work would be to mention the outstanding character-
istics of the varieties and indicate those considered best for processing.
It should be emphasized again that with some varieties it was not
always possible to harvest the corn at all three stages of maturity; con-
sequently, in fairness to all varieties, the optimum maturity as deter-
mined by AIS content is used in the yield studies.
Victory Golden would be rated on~' of the best .varieties of the
group when considering all characteristics studied. It w;:i.s ranked 3rd
in yield in tons per acre for the date of optimum maturity, but near
the bottom for percent cut-off. However, it was 4th in cases packed
per acre but rather low in cases packed from a given ton of corn. It
was second only to Golden Cross Bantam in canned quality and ranked
fourth in frozen quality. It was also found to be low in pericarp con-
tent, except at the mature harvest in 1951.
29
30. Golden Cross Bantam would be rated one of the best varieties from
the processing standpoint. It was poorest in yield per acre, about
middle in percent cut-off, poorest in cases packed per acre but about
middle in cases packed per ton. However, it was the most tender corn
as determined by the pericarp content and it was ranked at the top of
the list in canned quality. Finally it ranked at the top of the list at the
mature stage of maturity for quality in the frozen product, and at the
middle of the list of varieties at the optimum stage of maturity in the
frozen product.
Tendermost would be rated one of the better varieties of the group
studied. It was one of the lowest in per acre yield but one of the high-
est in percent cut-off, thus giving somewhat less than the average
number of cases packed from a given acre but one of the highest yields
in cases packed from a given ton of raw corn. It was ranked fairly
high on canned quality at all stages of maturity and fairly high for the
frozen product. Furthermore it was ranked next to Golden Cross
Bantam on the percent of pericarp content.
Ioana and Tendergood would be rated about equal, although each
variety may have outstanding characteristics; Joana was 5th in percent
cut-off and 5th in cases packed per ton, and 4th of the group for
canned quality. Tendergood was a poor yielder, about average in
percent cut-off and cases packed per ton and, also, 2nd in frozen
product quality, but one of the poorest in canned quality.
Flagship should be rated next although it was found to be low in
yield and poor in percent cut-off. It was rated 3rd in frozen product
quality and 5th in canned product quality.
Illinois Golden No. 10 and Aristogold Bantam No. 1 would be
rated next and probably might be questionable at the mature stage of
maturity for tenderness as measured by the percent pericarp content.
Both varieties have been used in the past and they both have certain
desired characteristics; for example, Illinois Golden No. 10 was a fairly
high yielder and was the highest in percent cut-off corn, thus making it
rather high in cases packed per acre and at the top of the list in cases
packed per ton. On the other hand, it was one of the poorest in quality
of the canned or frozen product. Aristogold Bantam No. 1 was a poor
yielder, but 3rd in percent cut-off, thus making it below average in
cases packed per acre, but high in cases packed per ton. It was ranked
3rd in canned quality and 2nd in frozen quality.
30
31. Golden Security and lochief should be ranked together. Golden
Security and Iochief arc the best in yield per acre and in cases packed
per acre. Golden Security was very low in percent cut-off while Iochief
was the same as Illinois Golden No. 10. Both varieties produced the
greatest number of cases packed per acre. Iochief was also at the top
of the list in cases per ton while Golden Security was one of the poorest.
Both varieties were high in pericarp content at the mature stage of
maturity and were ranked rather low in quality in the canned product.
Golden Security was ranked low in both frozen and canned quality.
The last two varieties, Aristogold Bantam Evergreen and Oto
would be both definitely considered unsatisfactory varieties for process-
ing. They were high in yields per acre. Aristogold Bantam Evergreen
was 5th in percent cut-off corn, thus giving it third in cases per acre
packed and about middle on cases per ton. Oto had the lowest percent
cut-off corn and the poorest in cases packed from a given ton and
below the average in cases packed per acre. Aristogold Bantam Ever-
green was the only variety with over 2.00% pericarp content at the
optimum harvest and way over this tolerance at the mature harvest as
was Oto. They were both ranked at the bottom of the list in canned
quality, with Oto ranked bottom in frozen quality and Aristogold
Bantam Evergreen 8th in the frozen product.
Several other varieties have been in the trials for one year. Those
considered outstanding are being contained while those low in yields,
cut-off and/or quality are being eliminated.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion it should be pointed out that, for the varieties
studied, there is a rough inverse relationship between per acre yield in
Ohio and some of the other characteristics which make a variety desir-
able for processing. Breeders should strive to combine these factors
within the same variety.
Additional tabular material on the results of this project are avail-
able upon request. This is the material referred to as the appendix.
Requests for this material should be sent to Wilbur A. Gould, Ohio State
University, Columbus 10, Ohio.
31
32. REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIO.GRAPHY
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2. "Agricultural Statistics 1946." U.S.D.A. publication.
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3a. Steinlite LSC Unit Model # 300 Instructions. Fred Stein Lab., Atcheson,
Kansas.
4. Bailey, D. M. and Bailey, R. M. Relation of the pericarp to tenderness of sweet corn.
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men Conference 1948.
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frozen and canned sweet corn. Food Technology. Vol. V, No. 5, Pages 175-179.
1951.
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Sci. 32: 587 (1934).
-.,..----, and Sayre, C. B. Chemical studies on the open pollinated topcross and
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The Ohio State University, [1949). Unpublished.
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whole kernel corn. Canner, May 30, 1942.
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32