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‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


١٥٣
١٥٣




 
١٥٣


 

 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
?
‫א‬‫א‬
?


?
‫א‬
?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬


‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
١٥٣


 


 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬










‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

K
 







‫א‬‫א‬
F


‫א‬‫א‬
E



‫א‬‫א‬


F


‫א‬

E



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K









‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 










‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬


K

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


١

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١
-
‫א‬‫א‬
W


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

K

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
K٪
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W

٤


K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

W


 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٢
-
‫א‬‫א‬
 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
Microbiology

E


‫א‬‫א‬
F
Micros

E

F
Bios

E
‫א‬
F
Logy

E
‫א‬
K
 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
K


‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬
Microoganisms



‫א‬
Microbes




‫א‬






‫א‬
F
Microscope

E

‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٣
-
•
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬










‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

K



F
‫א‬‫א‬
E


‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬




٣٠٠










٤٠٠


K
 
 
 
 


F
٣

E

F
٢

E



F
١

E

 
 
 
 

 

 


 



F
٦

E

F
٥

E

F
٤

E


 
 



F
١
 J
١

E
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٤
-

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬

٢٠٠

‫א‬
١٦٥٠




١٨٥٠

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






K





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F
Acetobacter

E
‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬

‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠




٦٠


Z
١٢٢


–

١٤٠


‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢


١٥



،

‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K

‫א‬








‫א‬‫א‬












‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
F
‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F




E








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

F
Endospore

E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
K

 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٥
-


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬










‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 


‫א‬


W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٣

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٤

K




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
Penicillium notatum








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬
K
 


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٦
-
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Aquatic microbiology

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
٢






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
Agricultural microbiology

E





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dairy microbiology





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Food microbiologist)



‫א‬

‫א‬
K
 
 
٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Environmental microbiology

 
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬








‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٧
-
٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Industrial microbiology

 







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬
K
 
 
٥

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
Medical microbiology

 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


K
Veterinary microbiology

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K
 
 
٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Phytopathoilogy

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٨
-
•
‫א‬‫א‬

W


‫א‬
F
٣٨٤





٣٢٢


K

E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



F
١٧٠٧


١٧٨٧


KE
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٦٦



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
protista

‫א‬



‫א‬
F
‫א‬
E




‫א‬



‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 

‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٦٩


‫א‬‫א‬
K



‫א‬




‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

W


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
١


٢

KE
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
٩
-


‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬
 
١

‫א‬‫א‬
F
Monera

E
‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬



،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬،،
‫א‬
K
 
 J
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 J
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٢

‫א‬
F
Protista

E
 




‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬
 
 J
‫א‬
K
 
 J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
 
٣

‫א‬
F
Fungi

E
 
‫א‬


‫א‬




‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 J
‫א‬
K
 
 J
‫א‬
K
 
٤

‫א‬
F
Plante

E
 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

K
 
 J

‫א‬‫א‬
F
‫א‬
KE
 
 J
‫א‬

K
 J
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 J
‫א‬
K
 
٥

‫א‬‫א‬
F
Animalia

E


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
K
 J

‫א‬
–

‫א‬‫א‬
–
‫א‬
–
‫א‬
–

‫א‬
–

‫א‬


‫א‬
–

‫א‬
K

•
‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
•

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

F
١

–

٢

E
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١٠
-
‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬
W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬
‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 



W
 
Bacillus substlis
Salmonella typhi
Escherichia coli
Aspergillus niger
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١١
-
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K
 

W

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬


W
 
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬

Autotrophs
W



‫א‬



‫א‬




W
 

‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬











‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K

 
 
٢

K
‫א‬
F
‫א‬‫א‬
E

Heterotrophes
W
 


‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 
 

W

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 

١


W
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

٢

‫א‬





K
 

٣

‫א‬‫א‬






 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١٢
-

‫א‬
K
 

٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 


K
 

٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

٦

‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 

W

K
‫א‬
Respiration
W
 

‫א‬
W

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬



W
 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Aerobes

W




‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬

 


K
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Anaerobes

W

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 








‫א‬ 
‫א‬

Facultative
W



‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 


‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١٣
-
‫א‬
W

K
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬















‫א‬



W
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١٤
-
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


W
 
١

K
‫א‬
Bacteria
W

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠٠




‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬
Fungi

W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K






‫א‬‫א‬

K
 
٣

K
‫א‬
Yeasts

W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٤

K
‫א‬
Viruses

W
 







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٥

K
‫א‬‫א‬

Rickettsia

W
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٦
K
‫א‬
Protozoa

W
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٧

K
‫א‬
Algae

W
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٨

K
‫א‬
Mucoplasmas

W
 






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

-
١٥
-
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

١

L
‫؟‬
 

٢

L

‫א‬
‫א‬




‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

٣

L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

٤

L

‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 


٥

L
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫؟‬
 

٦

L
‫؟‬‫א‬
 

٧

L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


٢

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
-
١٦
-
‫א‬‫א‬
W

‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
K٪
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W



K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

W


K
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬

W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
-
١٧
-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



W
 
١

K
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٢

K

K
 
 
•
‫א‬
W
 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
•
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

K
 
٢

K
‫א‬
K
 
٣

K
‫א‬
K
 

W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٣

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F



‫א‬
E
‫א‬‫א‬


F
‫א‬
E
‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
-
١٨
-
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬

W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬
 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

W
 
١

K



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K

‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬
 

٣

K












‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٥

‫א‬‫א‬
W
 











‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٦

‫א‬‫א‬
 








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
-
١٩
-
٢
 J

‫א‬‫א‬
W
 




‫א‬
F
‫א‬
E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 


K
 


K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
W
 
١

K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
٢

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬
W
‫א‬
‫א‬

W
 
١




‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
٢

‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
-
٢٠
-
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

١

L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

٢

L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬



‫؟‬
 

٣

L
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

٤

L
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


٣

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
-
٢١
-
‫א‬‫א‬
W

‫א‬‫א‬
K
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬
‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W



‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
K٪
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W

٥


K
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

W



K
 
 


‫א‬‫א‬
W

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 

 
١٥٣


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
-
٢٢
-
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 







‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬










،‫א‬‫א‬












‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬


٧٥






،








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
‫א‬
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F



‫א‬‫א‬
E










‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬
F
‫א‬
1/1000

‫א‬

E
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،
٠{١

–

١{٥٠

‫א‬
٠{١

–

١٥


K
 
 
١
K
‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬






W
 
 
F
‫א‬‫א‬
–

‫א‬
–

‫א‬
E
 
 

 J

‫א‬‫א‬
W
Cocci
‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
W
 
١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Micrococci

‫א‬
K
 
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
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- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
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- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
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- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf
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- تخصص حماية البيئة 153 حيا - مدخل علم الأحياء الدقيقة-نظري.pdf

  • 2.    ١٥٣        ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      ،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬   ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  • 3.    ١٥٣         ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K          ‫א‬‫א‬ F   ‫א‬‫א‬ E    ‫א‬‫א‬   F   ‫א‬  E    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K      ‫א‬‫א‬
  • 5.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١ - ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠ K٪     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ٤   K     ‫א‬‫א‬  W        ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   
  • 6.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٢ - ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F Microbiology  E   ‫א‬‫א‬ F Micros  E  F Bios  E ‫א‬ F Logy  E ‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ Microoganisms    ‫א‬ Microbes     ‫א‬       ‫א‬ F Microscope  E  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K                              
  • 7.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٣ - • ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K    F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ٣٠٠           ٤٠٠   K           F ٣  E  F ٢  E    F ١  E                       F ٦  E  F ٥  E  F ٤  E          F ١  J ١  E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  • 8.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٤ -  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ٢٠٠  ‫א‬ ١٦٥٠     ١٨٥٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       K      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  F Acetobacter  E ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠     ٦٠   Z ١٢٢   –  ١٤٠   ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٢   ١٥    ،  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ KE   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  F     E         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  F Endospore  E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   
  • 9.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٥ -   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬   W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٣  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٤  K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ Penicillium notatum         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 10.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٦ - ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Aquatic microbiology     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ٢       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F Agricultural microbiology  E      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dairy microbiology      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Food microbiologist)    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K     ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Environmental microbiology    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 11.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٧ - ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Industrial microbiology           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K     ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K Medical microbiology      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K Veterinary microbiology    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K     ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K Phytopathoilogy    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K  
  • 12.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٨ - • ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬ F ٣٨٤      ٣٢٢   K  E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    F ١٧٠٧   ١٧٨٧   KE     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٨٦٦    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ protista  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KE    ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٦٩   ‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ١   ٢  KE  
  • 13.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ٩ -   ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ١  ‫א‬‫א‬ F Monera  E ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬،، ‫א‬ K    J ‫א‬‫א‬ K    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٢  ‫א‬ F Protista  E       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬    J ‫א‬ K    J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ K       ٣  ‫א‬ F Fungi  E   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    J ‫א‬ K    J ‫א‬ K   ٤  ‫א‬ F Plante  E    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  K    J  ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ KE    J ‫א‬  K  J ‫א‬‫א‬ K  J ‫א‬ K   ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ F Animalia  E   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ، K  J  ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬ – ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬ K  • ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  F ١  –  ٢  E  
  • 14.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٠ - ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W   Bacillus substlis Salmonella typhi Escherichia coli Aspergillus niger  
  • 15.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١١ - ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     K    W  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W     ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬  Autotrophs W    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     W    ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬            ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K      ٢  K ‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ E  Heterotrophes W     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K       W  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ١   W ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ K    ٢  ‫א‬      K    ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬        
  • 16.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٢ -  ‫א‬ K    ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        K    ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ٦  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      W  K ‫א‬ Respiration W    ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    W        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Aerobes  W     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬      K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Anaerobes  W  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K           ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Facultative W    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 17.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٣ - ‫א‬ W  K ‫א‬‫א‬ W          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬                ‫א‬    W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 18.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٤ - ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W   ١  K ‫א‬ Bacteria W     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠٠     ‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬ Fungi  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K       ‫א‬‫א‬  K   ٣  K ‫א‬ Yeasts  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٤  K ‫א‬ Viruses  W          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٥  K ‫א‬‫א‬  Rickettsia  W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٦ K ‫א‬ Protozoa  W     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٧  K ‫א‬ Algae  W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٨  K ‫א‬ Mucoplasmas  W         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   
  • 19.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٥ - ‫א‬‫א‬      ١  L ‫؟‬    ٢  L  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٣  L ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٤  L  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ٥  L ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬    ٦  L ‫؟‬‫א‬    ٧  L ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  • 21.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   - ١٦ - ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬ K        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠ K٪     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    K     ‫א‬‫א‬  W   K      ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 22.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   - ١٧ - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    W   ١  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٢  K  K     • ‫א‬ W       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     • ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K   ٢  K ‫א‬ K   ٣  K ‫א‬ K    W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٣  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ K  
  • 23.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   - ١٨ - ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬             ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K     ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ١  K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬    ٣  K             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ W              ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  
  • 24.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   - ١٩ - ٢  J  ‫א‬‫א‬ W       ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        K     K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ١  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ٢  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W   ١     ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
  • 25.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   - ٢٠ - ‫א‬‫א‬      ١  L ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٢  L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫؟‬    ٣  L ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬    ٤  L ‫؟‬‫א‬
  • 27.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   - ٢١ - ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬ K        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠ K٪     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W  ٥   K     ‫א‬‫א‬  W    K       ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  
  • 28.    ١٥٣     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   - ٢٢ - ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬           ،‫א‬‫א‬             ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٧٥       ،         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F    ‫א‬‫א‬ E           ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ 1/1000  ‫א‬  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ٠{١  –  ١{٥٠  ‫א‬ ٠{١  –  ١٥   K     ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬       W     F ‫א‬‫א‬ –  ‫א‬ –  ‫א‬ E       J  ‫א‬‫א‬ W Cocci ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ١ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Micrococci  ‫א‬ K  