This document discusses community journalism in Nigeria and how new media technologies could help promote development. It notes that unlike other African countries, community radio is still in its infancy in Nigeria due to a lack of legal and policy support from the government. The paper recommends integrating community media like radio with new technologies to bring information to rural communities that have been neglected. It argues that community media based on a development media theory could facilitate grassroots development by addressing local issues and promoting local culture if given the proper support.
The Briefng Paper covers five main topics:
1. A Summary of the Geographic Distribution of the Media Deficit.
2. An Outline of the Different Social Factors (Language, Income, Education and Gender).
3. The Infrastructure Factors (Lack of electricity, TV, radio, voice and data coverage).
4. Different Levels of Media Reach and their Impact on Access to Information.
5. Players who can address the Media Deficit issue.
6. Recommended Actions for Addressing the Media Deficit issue.
Impact of news commercialization on nigeria broadcasting commission communica...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of news commercialization on broadcasting policy in Nigeria. It finds that news commercialization has become common practice in Nigerian media, with stations charging fees to cover events. This negatively impacts media credibility and turns public service broadcasting into a tool for the rich. The study recommends that regulatory agencies enforce broadcasting laws and ethics to ensure media houses prioritize public interest over profits.
Journalism aims to provide a service to the public through the dissemination and analysis of news and information while adhering to principles of truth, disclosure, and editorial independence. Journalistic mediums can vary from print to electronic broadcasting to digital formats. In modern democratic societies, the news media is the main source of public information and plays an important role in distributing power between different entities by providing citizens access to verifiable independent information to participate in politics.
Gauging the comparative effectiveness of trado modern media in grassroots cam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examines the comparative effectiveness of traditional and modern media in grassroots campaigns led by Nigeria's National Orientation Agency (NOA). The study surveyed 915 people in southeast Nigeria on NOA's use of town criers, newsletters, radio/TV, and other means to communicate its messages. The findings showed that while a blend of traditional and modern media is important, the modern media were more effective at influencing audiences. However, the communication strategy was found to be defective, and the government was seen as neglecting citizen views in its plans. The researchers recommended the government improve socioeconomic conditions, monitor feedback better, and incorporate public perspectives into policies.
Community radio and nigeria’s national security exigencies fears and promisesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the potential promises and fears of establishing community radio in Nigeria to address national security challenges. It provides context on the state of community radio and broadcasting in Nigeria and other African countries. It also outlines Nigeria's current national security situation, noting threats from Boko Haram, militants, kidnappers, and rising public frustration exacerbated by issues like corruption, poverty, and ethnic/religious tensions. The paper aims to explore how community radio could help mitigate security risks if carefully managed, while also acknowledging fears it could worsen tensions without proper oversight.
More Media, Less Democratisation of Public Access and Participation: A Concep...Premier Publishers
In Nigeria, the public broadcast media system was originally designed to be in the forefront of promoting human development, democracy, peaceful coexistence, transparency, rule of law and serving as mediators of the public sphere. However, the public broadcast media in the country have not been successful in playing these roles fully when compared to the print media, for example. Apart from being in predominantly urban areas, public broadcast media in Nigeria are largely elitist and heavily commercialised in their programming and content. Hence, factors such as deregulation, liberalisation and commercialisation of the broadcast media industry have impacted negatively on how public broadcast media are perceived by the audience and other players in the industry. This paper seeks to analyse the effect of deregulation and commercialisation of the broadcast media in Nigeria since 1992 on public broadcast media’s accessibility and public participation for a broad range of segments in society, the rich, the poor, marginalised groups and women. Using critical discourse analysis approach, extant literature was critically reviewed, and a theoretical framework was conceptualised for adoption in future research. Recommendation for future research is given at the end of the paper.
Role of mass media in the development ofNurer Asif
The distinction between censorship of print and electronic media is becoming increasingly irrelevant
The media cannot assume that all viewers are responsible for the content they consume
The mass media play a key role in broadcasting values and cultures to almost everywhere in the world
The media is often insensitive and irresponsible
The media reflects and projects the view of minority elite, which controls it
Media networks aim programming at the largest possible audience through programs of the broad appeal
Media Reforms in Sri Lanka - Highlights of a Rapid Assessment by Nalaka Gunaw...Nalaka Gunawardene
Media Development in Sri Lanka: Highlights of a Rapid Assessment is the plenary presentation by Nalaka Gunawardene, media development consultant, to the Sri Lanka National Media Summit on Media Reforms held in Colombo on 13 May 2015.
This was a national level event jointly convened by the Ministry of Mass Media, Sri Lanka Press Institute, University of Colombo and International Media Support, to discuss broad-ranging policy, legal and institutional reforms needed in Lankan media.
The Briefng Paper covers five main topics:
1. A Summary of the Geographic Distribution of the Media Deficit.
2. An Outline of the Different Social Factors (Language, Income, Education and Gender).
3. The Infrastructure Factors (Lack of electricity, TV, radio, voice and data coverage).
4. Different Levels of Media Reach and their Impact on Access to Information.
5. Players who can address the Media Deficit issue.
6. Recommended Actions for Addressing the Media Deficit issue.
Impact of news commercialization on nigeria broadcasting commission communica...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of news commercialization on broadcasting policy in Nigeria. It finds that news commercialization has become common practice in Nigerian media, with stations charging fees to cover events. This negatively impacts media credibility and turns public service broadcasting into a tool for the rich. The study recommends that regulatory agencies enforce broadcasting laws and ethics to ensure media houses prioritize public interest over profits.
Journalism aims to provide a service to the public through the dissemination and analysis of news and information while adhering to principles of truth, disclosure, and editorial independence. Journalistic mediums can vary from print to electronic broadcasting to digital formats. In modern democratic societies, the news media is the main source of public information and plays an important role in distributing power between different entities by providing citizens access to verifiable independent information to participate in politics.
Gauging the comparative effectiveness of trado modern media in grassroots cam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examines the comparative effectiveness of traditional and modern media in grassroots campaigns led by Nigeria's National Orientation Agency (NOA). The study surveyed 915 people in southeast Nigeria on NOA's use of town criers, newsletters, radio/TV, and other means to communicate its messages. The findings showed that while a blend of traditional and modern media is important, the modern media were more effective at influencing audiences. However, the communication strategy was found to be defective, and the government was seen as neglecting citizen views in its plans. The researchers recommended the government improve socioeconomic conditions, monitor feedback better, and incorporate public perspectives into policies.
Community radio and nigeria’s national security exigencies fears and promisesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the potential promises and fears of establishing community radio in Nigeria to address national security challenges. It provides context on the state of community radio and broadcasting in Nigeria and other African countries. It also outlines Nigeria's current national security situation, noting threats from Boko Haram, militants, kidnappers, and rising public frustration exacerbated by issues like corruption, poverty, and ethnic/religious tensions. The paper aims to explore how community radio could help mitigate security risks if carefully managed, while also acknowledging fears it could worsen tensions without proper oversight.
More Media, Less Democratisation of Public Access and Participation: A Concep...Premier Publishers
In Nigeria, the public broadcast media system was originally designed to be in the forefront of promoting human development, democracy, peaceful coexistence, transparency, rule of law and serving as mediators of the public sphere. However, the public broadcast media in the country have not been successful in playing these roles fully when compared to the print media, for example. Apart from being in predominantly urban areas, public broadcast media in Nigeria are largely elitist and heavily commercialised in their programming and content. Hence, factors such as deregulation, liberalisation and commercialisation of the broadcast media industry have impacted negatively on how public broadcast media are perceived by the audience and other players in the industry. This paper seeks to analyse the effect of deregulation and commercialisation of the broadcast media in Nigeria since 1992 on public broadcast media’s accessibility and public participation for a broad range of segments in society, the rich, the poor, marginalised groups and women. Using critical discourse analysis approach, extant literature was critically reviewed, and a theoretical framework was conceptualised for adoption in future research. Recommendation for future research is given at the end of the paper.
Role of mass media in the development ofNurer Asif
The distinction between censorship of print and electronic media is becoming increasingly irrelevant
The media cannot assume that all viewers are responsible for the content they consume
The mass media play a key role in broadcasting values and cultures to almost everywhere in the world
The media is often insensitive and irresponsible
The media reflects and projects the view of minority elite, which controls it
Media networks aim programming at the largest possible audience through programs of the broad appeal
Media Reforms in Sri Lanka - Highlights of a Rapid Assessment by Nalaka Gunaw...Nalaka Gunawardene
Media Development in Sri Lanka: Highlights of a Rapid Assessment is the plenary presentation by Nalaka Gunawardene, media development consultant, to the Sri Lanka National Media Summit on Media Reforms held in Colombo on 13 May 2015.
This was a national level event jointly convened by the Ministry of Mass Media, Sri Lanka Press Institute, University of Colombo and International Media Support, to discuss broad-ranging policy, legal and institutional reforms needed in Lankan media.
Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.
Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.
A Critical Appraisal of Listenership Preference of FM Radio Stations in the T...ijtsrd
Contemporarily, radio remains the most powerful mass communication medium. Regular radio broadcast reaches out to a vast number of audiences and caters for the aspirations of the masses by providing information, education and entertainment. Now wide-band FM radio has very high quality transmission medium for its coverage areas. The paper examined listenership preferences of FM radio stations, programme patterns and habits of audience in the Tamale Metropolis. The paper adopted a cross-sectional survey design and proportional size to sampling techniques for selection of communities. Out of the total of 400 questionnaires distributed, 392 were retrieved and analysed. The study established that an overwhelming majority preferred FM radio to state-owned-radio and Zaa radio rated highly preferred FM radio station in the Metropolis. The study also indicated that discussions and phone- in-programmes are most preferred programmes. The paper recommended that state-owned-radio be decentralised to enable it design community based programmes to cater for the audiences. It also recommended that radio be used for information disseminating tool to the communities instead of being a propaganda machinery to sail through government policies and programmes. Iddirisu Andani Mu-azu | G.P. Shivram"A Critical Appraisal of Listenership Preference of FM Radio Stations in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd161.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/161/a-critical-appraisal-of-listenership-preference-of-fm-radio-stations-in-the-tamale-metropolis-of-northern-ghana/iddirisu-andani-mu-azu
This document discusses the role and definition of journalism. It makes three key points:
1. Journalism aims to disseminate and analyze news and information to serve the public. It is based on principles of truth, disclosure, and editorial independence.
2. Journalistic mediums are diverse and include print, broadcast, online, and digital formats like newspapers, television, websites and smartphones.
3. In modern societies, news media is the main source of public information and opinion, though citizen journalism is increasingly playing a role through platforms like YouTube. Access to independent media sources helps citizens participate in the political process.
The document discusses the role and history of media in Pakistan. It begins by defining different types of media including print, electronic, and new age media. It then discusses the history of media in Pakistan from its early beginnings in the 1950s to the growth of private media channels starting in the 2000s. The document also discusses both the positive and negative impacts of media, noting how media can both inform and entertain but also potentially destroy national image, sensationalize issues, and promote westernization.
This document discusses pluralism theory and its perspectives on media ownership and content. Pluralism argues that power is dispersed in democratic societies, with diverse groups represented. The media should reflect this diversity and public demand to stay profitable. However, critics argue that media concentration and commercial pressures can undermine diversity and democracy by prioritizing profits over impartiality and local/minority voices. The influence of owners on content is also debated.
Mass communication involves the production and transmission of messages to large audiences through media organizations. It is one way that communication occurs at the societal level. Mass media, such as radio, television and newspapers, enable information to reach large numbers of people simultaneously. Agricultural extension systems rely on mass communication to disseminate information to farmers and rural communities. While face-to-face communication remains important, new information and communication technologies, including cyber extension through online portals and wireless networks, show promise in helping extension systems reach more farmers.
Journalism aims to provide information to the public through analyzing and disseminating news. It can take various forms from print to electronic media like newspapers, TV, and websites. In a democracy, independent media plays an important role by empowering citizens with information and creating a system of accountability between governments and other groups.
This document discusses the role of mass media in agricultural development and extension. It describes the seven main branches of mass media as print media, radio, television, films, internet, mobile phones, and photojournalism. It provides details on the characteristics, functions, advantages, and disadvantages of mass media. The document focuses on the various uses of print media, internet, mobile phones, and photojournalism in agricultural extension and information dissemination to farmers.
Journalism aims to provide information to the public through gathering and analyzing news. It can take various forms from print to broadcast media. In modern societies, news media is the main source of public information and opinion, though some governments still control media. In democracies, access to independent information empowers citizens to participate politically. Recently, digital technology has transformed journalism through online and mobile consumption of news, challenging traditional business models and ushering in a new era of citizen journalism through social media.
The document discusses the role of media in Pakistani society. It notes that media can be a double-edged sword, with both benefits and vices. It provides means of communication, expression, and spreading awareness to the masses. However, media can also promote consumerism, westernization, and false values. Overall, the document examines both the positive and negative impacts media can have in building Pakistani society.
Assessment of the role of mass media in the dissemination of agricultural tec...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the role of mass media in disseminating agricultural technologies to farmers in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Nigeria.
2. The study found that radio was the most accessible mass medium and the major source of agricultural information for farmers in the area.
3. The results showed that mass media was effective in disseminating new agricultural technologies, with radio and television being the most effective platforms.
The document discusses the role of media in peacebuilding efforts related to ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. It provides historical context on broadcasting in Sri Lanka and an overview of the ethnic conflict, which has resulted in over 65,000 deaths and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced people. The document then outlines various roles media can play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding, such as framing the conflict, encouraging a balance of power, and acting as a communication channel between parties. It also notes challenges around bias, nationalism, and achieving impartial reporting. The document concludes by proposing four ideas: public service broadcasting, increasing women's representation in media decision-making, and promoting community and citizens' media.
Communication for Development (C4D) aims to support two-way communication systems that allow communities to participate in decisions that affect them. It is a social process based on dialogue and skills-building that seeks sustained and meaningful change at different levels through tools like listening and trust-building. C4D enables disadvantaged groups to have a voice in shaping policies. The success of development goals like the Millennium Development Goals depends on national planning processes being informed by all sections of society. While ICTs are transforming information sharing, not all groups have access, so C4D remains important for development interventions across various issues.
The document discusses the role of media in development and human rights issues. It notes that media can bring attention to injustices and human rights violations, help mobilize support for causes, and facilitate knowledge of other cultures, helping to reduce discrimination and make globalization easier. The proliferation of information across borders via television, internet and radio helped spread awareness of movements in Middle Eastern countries struggling for democratic reforms. Overall, the document argues that media are powerful tools that could be used more to aid development and improve lives worldwide.
The document discusses media and conflict in Sri Lanka, noting that media often becomes part of conflicts rather than helping resolve them. It analyzes different newspapers' coverage of a 2002 clash between protesters and security forces, finding varying framing along ethnic lines. Private media used more inflammatory language while state media downplayed the incident. The document also notes a lack of diversity, training, and self-censorship among Sri Lankan media as hindering objective reporting. It concludes by discussing the roles media could play in conflict transformation, such as building understanding and providing a shared space for communication.
This document discusses the potential for local FM and community radio to promote health and development goals. It provides an overview of definitions of local/community radio, emphasizing participation and social integration. While definitions vary, most involve some community participation. Local radio is effective for development because it is cost-efficient, uses local languages and culture, and can reach large audiences, especially in rural areas with high illiteracy. Studies show radio can impact behaviors like contraceptive use. Local radio is flourishing as technology has made stations easier and cheaper to establish.
This document provides an overview of media in Pakistan across different eras. It defines media as communication channels that disseminate news, entertainment, education and promotional messages. It discusses the evolution of media in Pakistan from the eras of Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Pervez Musharraf. It notes the establishment of Pakistan Television Corporation under Ayub Khan in 1964. It describes increased censorship of media under Zia-ul-Haq and the launch of the first private TV channel, Network Television Marketing, in 1990 under Benazir Bhutto. It also mentions the establishment of PEMRA to regulate broadcast stations in Pakistan.
The document discusses the impact of media on national harmony in Pakistan. It provides background on the functions and types of media, as well as definitions of key terms like nation and harmony. It then outlines the history and development of media in Pakistan, including print, radio, TV and internet. The document also discusses Pakistan's legal framework for media, including protections for freedom of expression in the constitution and the role of PEMRA in regulating electronic media. Both the positive and negative impacts of media on national harmony are described. Characteristics of Pakistani media that can promote or weaken national harmony are also examined.
This document discusses mass media and its various forms. It begins by defining mass media as communication that reaches large numbers of people through various means. It then describes six main types of mass media: traditional media, print media, electronic broadcasting media, outdoor media, transit media, and digital/new media. For each type, it provides examples and briefly describes key forms. It continues by discussing theories of mass media effects, characteristics of mass media, the importance and disadvantages of mass media, and concludes with citations.
New communication technologies and microfinance banking in nigeria critical r...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of social media in achieving microfinance banking goals in Nigeria. It begins with definitions of key concepts - microfinance banking, social media, and new communication technologies. Microfinance banks provide financial services to the poor and small businesses in Nigeria. The establishment of these banks in Nigeria is aimed at poverty reduction and economic development. Effective communication is important for the success of microfinance initiatives. The social media, as interactive online platforms, can play important roles in raising awareness of microfinance opportunities and monitoring the activities of these banks. The document suggests a two-step approach, using both web-based social media and traditional community groups, to inform potential microfinance clients about how to access these services.
Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.
Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.
A Critical Appraisal of Listenership Preference of FM Radio Stations in the T...ijtsrd
Contemporarily, radio remains the most powerful mass communication medium. Regular radio broadcast reaches out to a vast number of audiences and caters for the aspirations of the masses by providing information, education and entertainment. Now wide-band FM radio has very high quality transmission medium for its coverage areas. The paper examined listenership preferences of FM radio stations, programme patterns and habits of audience in the Tamale Metropolis. The paper adopted a cross-sectional survey design and proportional size to sampling techniques for selection of communities. Out of the total of 400 questionnaires distributed, 392 were retrieved and analysed. The study established that an overwhelming majority preferred FM radio to state-owned-radio and Zaa radio rated highly preferred FM radio station in the Metropolis. The study also indicated that discussions and phone- in-programmes are most preferred programmes. The paper recommended that state-owned-radio be decentralised to enable it design community based programmes to cater for the audiences. It also recommended that radio be used for information disseminating tool to the communities instead of being a propaganda machinery to sail through government policies and programmes. Iddirisu Andani Mu-azu | G.P. Shivram"A Critical Appraisal of Listenership Preference of FM Radio Stations in the Tamale Metropolis of Northern Ghana" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd161.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/161/a-critical-appraisal-of-listenership-preference-of-fm-radio-stations-in-the-tamale-metropolis-of-northern-ghana/iddirisu-andani-mu-azu
This document discusses the role and definition of journalism. It makes three key points:
1. Journalism aims to disseminate and analyze news and information to serve the public. It is based on principles of truth, disclosure, and editorial independence.
2. Journalistic mediums are diverse and include print, broadcast, online, and digital formats like newspapers, television, websites and smartphones.
3. In modern societies, news media is the main source of public information and opinion, though citizen journalism is increasingly playing a role through platforms like YouTube. Access to independent media sources helps citizens participate in the political process.
The document discusses the role and history of media in Pakistan. It begins by defining different types of media including print, electronic, and new age media. It then discusses the history of media in Pakistan from its early beginnings in the 1950s to the growth of private media channels starting in the 2000s. The document also discusses both the positive and negative impacts of media, noting how media can both inform and entertain but also potentially destroy national image, sensationalize issues, and promote westernization.
This document discusses pluralism theory and its perspectives on media ownership and content. Pluralism argues that power is dispersed in democratic societies, with diverse groups represented. The media should reflect this diversity and public demand to stay profitable. However, critics argue that media concentration and commercial pressures can undermine diversity and democracy by prioritizing profits over impartiality and local/minority voices. The influence of owners on content is also debated.
Mass communication involves the production and transmission of messages to large audiences through media organizations. It is one way that communication occurs at the societal level. Mass media, such as radio, television and newspapers, enable information to reach large numbers of people simultaneously. Agricultural extension systems rely on mass communication to disseminate information to farmers and rural communities. While face-to-face communication remains important, new information and communication technologies, including cyber extension through online portals and wireless networks, show promise in helping extension systems reach more farmers.
Journalism aims to provide information to the public through analyzing and disseminating news. It can take various forms from print to electronic media like newspapers, TV, and websites. In a democracy, independent media plays an important role by empowering citizens with information and creating a system of accountability between governments and other groups.
This document discusses the role of mass media in agricultural development and extension. It describes the seven main branches of mass media as print media, radio, television, films, internet, mobile phones, and photojournalism. It provides details on the characteristics, functions, advantages, and disadvantages of mass media. The document focuses on the various uses of print media, internet, mobile phones, and photojournalism in agricultural extension and information dissemination to farmers.
Journalism aims to provide information to the public through gathering and analyzing news. It can take various forms from print to broadcast media. In modern societies, news media is the main source of public information and opinion, though some governments still control media. In democracies, access to independent information empowers citizens to participate politically. Recently, digital technology has transformed journalism through online and mobile consumption of news, challenging traditional business models and ushering in a new era of citizen journalism through social media.
The document discusses the role of media in Pakistani society. It notes that media can be a double-edged sword, with both benefits and vices. It provides means of communication, expression, and spreading awareness to the masses. However, media can also promote consumerism, westernization, and false values. Overall, the document examines both the positive and negative impacts media can have in building Pakistani society.
Assessment of the role of mass media in the dissemination of agricultural tec...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the role of mass media in disseminating agricultural technologies to farmers in Kaduna North Local Government Area of Nigeria.
2. The study found that radio was the most accessible mass medium and the major source of agricultural information for farmers in the area.
3. The results showed that mass media was effective in disseminating new agricultural technologies, with radio and television being the most effective platforms.
The document discusses the role of media in peacebuilding efforts related to ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. It provides historical context on broadcasting in Sri Lanka and an overview of the ethnic conflict, which has resulted in over 65,000 deaths and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced people. The document then outlines various roles media can play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding, such as framing the conflict, encouraging a balance of power, and acting as a communication channel between parties. It also notes challenges around bias, nationalism, and achieving impartial reporting. The document concludes by proposing four ideas: public service broadcasting, increasing women's representation in media decision-making, and promoting community and citizens' media.
Communication for Development (C4D) aims to support two-way communication systems that allow communities to participate in decisions that affect them. It is a social process based on dialogue and skills-building that seeks sustained and meaningful change at different levels through tools like listening and trust-building. C4D enables disadvantaged groups to have a voice in shaping policies. The success of development goals like the Millennium Development Goals depends on national planning processes being informed by all sections of society. While ICTs are transforming information sharing, not all groups have access, so C4D remains important for development interventions across various issues.
The document discusses the role of media in development and human rights issues. It notes that media can bring attention to injustices and human rights violations, help mobilize support for causes, and facilitate knowledge of other cultures, helping to reduce discrimination and make globalization easier. The proliferation of information across borders via television, internet and radio helped spread awareness of movements in Middle Eastern countries struggling for democratic reforms. Overall, the document argues that media are powerful tools that could be used more to aid development and improve lives worldwide.
The document discusses media and conflict in Sri Lanka, noting that media often becomes part of conflicts rather than helping resolve them. It analyzes different newspapers' coverage of a 2002 clash between protesters and security forces, finding varying framing along ethnic lines. Private media used more inflammatory language while state media downplayed the incident. The document also notes a lack of diversity, training, and self-censorship among Sri Lankan media as hindering objective reporting. It concludes by discussing the roles media could play in conflict transformation, such as building understanding and providing a shared space for communication.
This document discusses the potential for local FM and community radio to promote health and development goals. It provides an overview of definitions of local/community radio, emphasizing participation and social integration. While definitions vary, most involve some community participation. Local radio is effective for development because it is cost-efficient, uses local languages and culture, and can reach large audiences, especially in rural areas with high illiteracy. Studies show radio can impact behaviors like contraceptive use. Local radio is flourishing as technology has made stations easier and cheaper to establish.
This document provides an overview of media in Pakistan across different eras. It defines media as communication channels that disseminate news, entertainment, education and promotional messages. It discusses the evolution of media in Pakistan from the eras of Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Pervez Musharraf. It notes the establishment of Pakistan Television Corporation under Ayub Khan in 1964. It describes increased censorship of media under Zia-ul-Haq and the launch of the first private TV channel, Network Television Marketing, in 1990 under Benazir Bhutto. It also mentions the establishment of PEMRA to regulate broadcast stations in Pakistan.
The document discusses the impact of media on national harmony in Pakistan. It provides background on the functions and types of media, as well as definitions of key terms like nation and harmony. It then outlines the history and development of media in Pakistan, including print, radio, TV and internet. The document also discusses Pakistan's legal framework for media, including protections for freedom of expression in the constitution and the role of PEMRA in regulating electronic media. Both the positive and negative impacts of media on national harmony are described. Characteristics of Pakistani media that can promote or weaken national harmony are also examined.
This document discusses mass media and its various forms. It begins by defining mass media as communication that reaches large numbers of people through various means. It then describes six main types of mass media: traditional media, print media, electronic broadcasting media, outdoor media, transit media, and digital/new media. For each type, it provides examples and briefly describes key forms. It continues by discussing theories of mass media effects, characteristics of mass media, the importance and disadvantages of mass media, and concludes with citations.
New communication technologies and microfinance banking in nigeria critical r...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of social media in achieving microfinance banking goals in Nigeria. It begins with definitions of key concepts - microfinance banking, social media, and new communication technologies. Microfinance banks provide financial services to the poor and small businesses in Nigeria. The establishment of these banks in Nigeria is aimed at poverty reduction and economic development. Effective communication is important for the success of microfinance initiatives. The social media, as interactive online platforms, can play important roles in raising awareness of microfinance opportunities and monitoring the activities of these banks. The document suggests a two-step approach, using both web-based social media and traditional community groups, to inform potential microfinance clients about how to access these services.
The Role of Community Radio in Promoting Community Participation in Local Gov...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the community radio as a tool that promotes community participation in
local governance. Multi-stage random sampling method and purposive method was adopted. Data collection
was undertaken using questionnaire and interviews. The datawascollected in three Sectors (Muzo, Kivuruga and
Gakenke) of Gakenke District in Northern Province of Rwanda. Overall research results indicated that 93% of
respondents (citizens, local authorities, and journalists) agreed that PAXPRESScommunity radio debates
enhance the knowledge and awareness of the citizens. For the role played by PAXPRESS community radio in
promoting dialogue on community issues and needs, the overall research results indicated that 20% of
respondents strongly agreed and 74% of respondents agree that PAXPRESS community radio promotes
dialogue on community issues and needs as well as educating on household decisions making. On the
contribution of PAXPRESS community radio in improving the relationship between citizens and authorities, in
general, 70% of respondents believe that the relationship has improvedand 18% believe that it has changed a
little while 10% believe that maybe it exists while 2% do not agree. The good practices and lessons learned for
the promotion of community participation in local governance through PAXPRESS community radio include (i)
Paxpress debates engage community and authorities in these debates; (ii) Paxpress debates provide dialogue for
the community with disabilities; (iii) Paxpress debates allow rural community to interact with authorities and
journalists; and (iv) Paxpress debates enhance the knowledge of the citizens on their rights, household decision
making and government policies. Challenges outlined by the research include: difficult to convince citizen to
talk through radio; difficulty to convince local authorities who seem not informed about the laws of access to
information and freedom of expression; Misinterpretation of some authorities face the media's role or mission;
(v) Financial limitations. The research recommends: (i) to make a follow up after debate; (ii) allocating enough
time to the debates; (iii)managing citizens‟ emotions; (iv)toinform people on the topic to be discussed before,
and give enough time to authorities to explain their concerns instead of challenging them only; (v) emphasize on
the debates that strengthen the relationship between the community and authorities. If well done, this would be
an utmost achievement for the government.
KEYWORDS:Community Radio, localgovernance, community participation,PAXPRESS
Running head ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETYROLE OF MEDIA IN T.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY 15
Role of Media in the Society
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Media plays a very significant role in the society. In fact, the media is involved in every activity that takes place in the society (Raiz, 2010). Media is a very important aspect of the current society because it is very helpful in strengthening our society. In every activity taking place in the society, media acts as a mirror in that it seeks to reflect on all activities taking place in the society. Mirror can thus be seen as a very important tool that shapes the lives of the members of the society. Generally, the media seeks to inform the members of the public on the currently faced affairs, the new affairs in the society, and even on subjects such as fashion and gossip, as they are important in the entertainment world. Media thus seeks to distribute information to individuals that are located in different places, geographically.
Media is, thus, responsible for several roles, which include promotion of marketing and trading of prejudices and products, since advertisements for most of the products in the market is done through the different media channels. The core governing values of the media are supposed to be equity an rigorousness but this is not reflected in the ways through which media operate since, the current state of the media is characterized by self-aggrandizement and greed, the two values that have played a greater part in the poisoning of equity and righteousness, which were the initial virtues of the media. In the society, the media is responsible for several important activities. These activities include dissipation of the information, provision of entertainment to the public, promotion of correlation of the several parts that constitute our society, education of the public domain, and promotions and advertisements.
Media thus, plays a great part in influencing of the society in multiple ways. For instance, media for masses enables the members of the society to create their opinions on certain matters of public concern ad also in making judgments regarding such matters (Khondker, 2011). Furthermore, it is through the media that members of the society gain information concerning things that are taking place, both at their location and other geographical locations that are beyond the reach of the people in a given geographical area. Media thus, plays a significant role in ensuring that people get the information on matters happening in their surroundings and also the matters being experienced around the world. Despite the good attributes of media in the society, the media has been pointed out to cause some negative impacts on the youth members of the society. This is based on the proven fact that the content of the media has brought disorientation on the personalities and dreams of many youths. Following wh.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Community radio programs in enhancing socio-economic development EyasuYaya
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What is Electronic Media? (Introduction)
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Mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, movies, and the internet. It has evolved over time from print to include newer forms of media like mobile phones and the internet. Mass media has an important social responsibility which includes contributing to socialization, raising awareness of issues, being fair and unbiased, supporting culture and education, giving voice to underrepresented groups, supporting democracy, and assisting with development efforts.
Australia sociedad de la informacion carloscarlos sornoza
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This document discusses the evolution of traditional media to new digital media. It describes the four ages of media: pre-industrial (before 1700), industrial (1700-1930s), electronic (1930s-1980s), and new digital age (1900s-2000s). Examples of media forms from each age are provided. The document also explains how media has shaped societal norms and values over time, from disseminating basic information to becoming more personalized. Five key functions of media and communication are outlined: to inform, educate, provide public discourse, act as watchdogs, and advocate for political viewpoints.
Social media enlarging the space for user generatedAlexander Decker
This document discusses social media and user-generated community journalism. It begins by introducing social media and how they have competed with traditional media by allowing for interactivity and user-generated content. It then discusses how social media have redefined news criteria and enhanced democratization of communication by giving more people a voice. Finally, it explains how social media have enlarged the space for user-generated community journalism by allowing people to directly report on and share information about their communities.
Social media enlarging the space for user generatedAlexander Decker
This document discusses how social media have enlarged the space for user-generated community journalism. It begins with an introduction that outlines how social media like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have become popular platforms that fulfill informational and interpersonal goals in ways that traditional media cannot. It then discusses how social media have redefined what is considered newsworthy by allowing any person or event to be considered newsworthy based on individual interests rather than prominence or status. Social media have also enhanced democratization of communication by allowing all users to actively participate in information production and sharing equally. The document argues that for traditional media to remain relevant, they need to incorporate social media content and perspectives to better reflect community interests.
Mass media consists of various means of communicating information to large audiences like television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet. There are different types of mass media including print, cinema, radio, television, the Internet, and mobile phones. Mass media has important social responsibilities such as contributing to socialization, increasing awareness of issues, being fair and unbiased, supporting culture, condemning crimes, promoting education, giving voice to underrepresented groups, helping develop public opinion, assisting state development efforts, supporting democracy, and addressing public issues.
MIL for Teachers Module 06: New and Traditional MediaPEDAGOGY.IR
MIL for Teachers Module 06: New and Traditional Media
2023 UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS (UNAOC)
and
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Source URL:
http://unesco.mil-for-teachers.unaoc.org/modules/module-6/
While newspaper readership and subscriptions are low in Nigeria, the newspaper industry remains vibrant in production and distribution. This is unusual compared to other countries where newspapers are declining due to increased online access. Newspapers in Nigeria survive economically despite low readership because only about half of printed newspapers are actually sold - the rest are returned and recycled or used for other purposes. Additionally, it is relatively easy to start a newspaper in Nigeria, so new titles regularly emerge as others cease publication. The newspaper industry fills an important role as opposition to the government.
MIL for Teachers Module 11: Media, Technology and the Global VillagePEDAGOGY.IR
MIL for Teachers Module 11: Media, Technology and the Global Village
2023 UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS (UNAOC)
and
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Source URL:
http://unesco.mil-for-teachers.unaoc.org/modules/module-11/
Journalism aims to provide a service to the public by disseminating and analyzing news and other information. The fundamental principles of journalism are truth, disclosure, and editorial independence. Journalism media can vary and includes print, broadcast, television channels, the web, and digital technologies. In democratic societies, access to free information through independent media plays an important role in creating checks and balances between different social entities.
The document discusses the role of mass media in agriculture, defining mass media as written, spoken and visual technologies that carry information from source to receivers. It outlines different types of mass media including print, electronic, and new age media and describes how each can be used to disseminate agricultural information to farmers and motivate them to adopt new practices. The key role of mass media in agriculture is described as social integration, communication of modern agricultural techniques via radio and television, and providing market information to farmers.
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11.community journalism in nigeria global technological reflections
1. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol 2, 2012
52
Community Journalism in Nigeria: Global Technological
Reflections
Asan Andrew Ate, Joseph Omoh Ikerodah*
1. Department of Mass Communication,Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji – Arakeji, Osun
State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Mass Communication, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
*E-mail: ikerodah@yahoo.com
Abstract
Community Media is community owned, peoples’ oriented and less profit driven. It has the capacity to
facilitate and smoothen effective communication in places where the presence of Mass Media is not well
felt thus fostering development in other media marginalized communities. Through community Media,
crimes at grassroot level can be prevented while civil education, cross-gender dialogue, cultural literacy
among other things can be harnessed for developmental purposes. This paper holistically takes a look at
community media and new media technologies with particular emphasis on Nigeria. The discourse which
specifically pays particular attention on community radio seeks its marriage with new media technologies
with a view to bringing development to information ex-communicated communities. The paper
recommends a highly hybrised and integrated media approach among other things.
Keywords: Community Media, New Media, Technologies
1. Introduction
Community media is a staggering concept viewed from the perspective of its application in the Nigeria’s
context. Looking at the issue from the standpoint of community radio, Konkwo (2010 p. 173) bemoans the
scenario with historical and current appraisals:
…the historical development of broadcasting in Nigeria reveals that community/local/ rural
radio was never taken into consideration as an integral part of it up till now, the situation
has persisted, because no where in Nigeria is the phenomenon of community radio
currently being felt. So far the location of broadcasting stations has remained in the same
pattern established by successive Nigeria government in the concentration of infrastructure
which favours the urban centre to the neglect of rural areas.
Until April 21, 2009, when a clarion call was made on the inevitability and desirability of community
broadcasting in Nigeria through a one- day policy dialogue on the matter in Abuja by stakeholders,
broadcasting in Nigeria was urban conceived and urban delivered in all its ramification. As opposed to
other countries in Africa where community broadcasting has been embraced, Nigeria in just a toddler in
rural broadcasting. Apart from some campus radio stations been run by some higher institutions in the
country which have some nuances of community broadcasting, there is virtually nothing concrete on
ground beyond rhetorics and policy framework. Ajijola quoted in Moemeka (2008) puts the number of
community radio stations in some countries in Africa as follows; Mali, 120, Senegal 44, Burkina Faso 27,
Niger Republic 24, Republic of Benin 22 and Ghana 8. Furthermore, Quarmyne cited by Konkwo (2010)
states that South Africa has 92 community radio stations while Mozambique boasts of 25.
In Ghana for instance, the role of community radio has been clearly stated in their 1995 legislation.
According to Alumuku (2006, p 17) Ghana’s legislation “stipulates that community broadcasting should
be non- sectarian, non-partisan and not-for-profit but add that commercial advertising is permissible on
community broadcasting stations for the purposes of sustainability …” He added:
the legislation points out that at least 70% of programmes on all community broadcasting stations
should be in local languages and 80% of the programmes should be produced by the station itself.
At least 20% of programmes should be of national interest, which could include relays of national
broadcast news from the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC).
In Zambia, the National Broadcasting (Licensing) Regulations Act of 1993 from a legal back up for
establishment of community radio. It is an independent authority with the powers to licence, regulate and
allocate frequencies as an essential element to liberalization process (Alumuku, 2008).
2. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol 2, 2012
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Equally in South Africa, the promulgation of the Independence Broadcasting Authority (IBA) Act of
1993 as pontificated by Alumuku (2008, p 17) “paved the way for the licensing of community radio
stations and the government’s white paper on broadcasting published in June 2001 outlined the
government’s first ever policy on community radio.”
While the blames of ex-communicating the rural populace in Nigeria through community broadcasting lies
squarely on government, some experts believe that journalism educators and mass communication
researchers should also be held responsible for their negligence in promoting community broadcasting.
Konkwo (2010) and Claussen (2008).
While Konkwo (2010) specifically accused Africa Journalism educators for partly been responsible what
he described as “cheerless situation” Claussen (2008) bemoaned the fact that journalism educators and
mass communication researchers in Africa are almost ignoring community radio (which is) increasingly
important worldwide.
The mass media are technologically driven. Technology has changed the tide of news reporting in our
society. Ate (2008, p. 73) confirms this assertion with particular emphasis on satellite:
As the society becomes more complex by the day, media practitioners need to
technologically position themselves in a vantage position to effectively perform their
social responsibility function to members of the public. In those days, somebody could
accept the definition of news as an account of what has happened. And for any event to
be defined as new, it must be reported. But today, with the technology of satellite, the
process of news gathering and dissemination has been re-shaped. People can watch events
anywhere in the world as they are happening.
He further argued that technology is an aspect of culture and that the nature of society depends largely on
the type of technology it acquired.
This paper examines community media and new media technologies with particular emphasis on Nigeria.
2. Theoretical Framework.
This study is built on Development Media theory on the grounds that community media, if well positioned,
could facilitate remarkable development in the society.
2.1 Development Media Theory
Development media theory was put forward as a means of paying for the imbalance in development and
information flow of the third world countries and a solution to the technological problems facing them. The
third world countries are beset by problems that make development of mass communication system
difficult (Daramola, 2003).
In order to deal with peculiar developmental challenges facing third world countries, this theory was put in
place with emphasis on the right to communicate and the need to use communication to galvanize social
change. The tenets of Development Media Theory as enunciated by McQuail (2000) are:
i. Media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with naturally established
policy.
ii. Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of the
society.
iii. Media should give priority in the content to the national culture and language.
iv. Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their information
gathering and dissemination tasks.
v. In the interest of development, the state has a right to intervene or restrict media operation.
Folarin (1998, p.31) argues that development media theory seeks “to explain the normative behavior of the
press in countries that are conventionally classified as “developing countries” or “third world countries”.
3. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
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He pontificates that there were (and are still) peculiar circumstances or characteristics of developing
countries that make the application of other normative theories difficult. These according to him include:
1. Absence or inadequate supply of requisite communication infrastructure;
2. Relative limited supply of requisite professional skills;
3. Relative lack of cultural production resources;
4. Relatively limited availability of media-literate audience;
5. Dependence on the development world for technology, skills and cultural products.
3. Community Journalism
Community journalism or civic journalism is a new area of focus for mass communicators all over the
world. Because of the strength of the rural press to mobilize people to participate in the art and science of
governance at the grasstroot level where majority of the people live especially in Africa, community
journalism is endorsed by many as a soothing balm for advocacy and developmental journalism.
Kurpius (1999, p.3) outlines some of the major benefits of civic journalism. These are “increased diversity,
greater depth and context of the news coverage, and a stronger understanding of the various communities
that make a particular viewing area.”
Moemeka (1981), Myers (2000), Kurpius (1999) and other experts highlighted the relevance of
community media in different spheres of human endeavour. For example, community journalism according
to experts encourages journalists and news managers to find ways to capture citizen priorities, concerns and
perspectives on different issues of importance to many different communities. As part of the process of
creating connections to citizens, news managers are now finding ways to hear and understand the greatest
diversity of voices and communities in their viewing and listening areas. Practicing community journalism
helps both news content and source diversity by encouraging a discussion of citizen views and issues using
a wide range of community perspectives.
The best reason for practicing community journalism is to create a stronger community understanding by
news organisations and the journalists who work in these newsrooms. Inherent in this increased
understanding is an ongoing conversation between journalists, citizens and public officials on issues facing
their communities. The result of this conversation is larger file of community sources for stories and an
increase in story ideas from various communities. These connections and the resulting coverage can help
strengthen the value of your news product for citizens in your market (Kurpius, 1999).
The experiment on community newspapering in the 70s and 80s in Nigeria gives a clear picture of the
potentials of community press in changing the fortunes of rural dwellers. For instance, through the
Moribund Community Concord then owned by Late Chief M.K.O Abiola, Nigerian rural dwellers were
journalistically blessed in different spheres of life.
Historically, the late sages, Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe played crucial roles in the
establishment of community newspapers in Nigeria. The duo established provincial newspapers which
marked the beginning of the recognition of the role of community journalism and national development.
The newspaper established by these leading nationalists, sociologically brought into limelight the cultural
artifacts and ideo-facts of rural people in print journalism. They painted the sorry picture of abject poverty
and backwardness in rural areas and that drew the attention of the government to the plight of rural
dwellers. These papers informed the rural dwellers of great things or issues within their domains and those
in cities. Through vernacular newspapers, village dwellers were wooed and mobilized to participate in
developmental programmes of their communities, thus engendering social change. (Ate, 2008).
The establishment of the rural newspapers fine-tuned the world view of the down trodden and brought them
closer to decision making process at the central level. The community newspapers established at the time in
questions serve as a springboard for the establishment of radio and television stations in the 60s and 70s. It
is important to point out that the localization of radio and TV in Nigeria took a cue from community
newspapers. Today, both TV and radio do broadcast to the people in their predominant local dialects.
(Duyile, 2005).
Some decades ago, some few newspapers were packaged for exclusive audience. There were Udoka (Ibo),
Amana (Hausa) and Isokan (Yoruba). The mass media are potent tools for social change and community
journalism if well harnessed and husbanded by the appropriate stakeholders.
4. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
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Vol 2, 2012
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Community media has the powers to evolve social change that could lead to rural transformation in
different areas. Even though there are some few of community newspapers in Nigeria today, these papers
are too insignificant to take care of the large and heterogeneous audience at the grassroot level.
In terms of broadcast media, though most state-owned radio and television stations in the country do
broadcast in local languages, the establishment of full blown community broadcasting in Nigeria is still a
matter of debate. A veteran broadcaster, and one of the leading apostles of community broadcasting in
Nigeria, Chief Taiwo Alimi at a workshop on “Curriculum Guidelines for Improved Journalism Education
in Nigeria” organized by the Nigerian Press Council in October, 2007 argued that the country will not make
any meaningful progress without community broadcasting. The time to embark on comprehensive
community journalism according to him, is now.
4. Community Radio
Community radio broadcasting is designed and structured by the local, rural community to meet its
expression are enlightenment needs. (Konkwo, 2010). Megwa (2011) added that community radio has
demystified Radio as Community dwellers take pride in it and consider it as their own. Alumuku (2006,
p.27) contends that “community radio is emerging as one of the best forms of local community
communication.” Such a grassroot communication approach according to Traber (1986) can become an
agent for change in religious, socio-economic development, and in the struggle for human rights.
Alumuku (2006 pp 33-34) identifies two aspects of community radio. These are geographic community
radio and community of interest radio. He argued that geographically defined communities are “those
communities which exist in a specific locality and which construct meaning from a common language and
symbols and therefore share an identity by virtue of these.”
Conversely, communities of interest as reasoned by him are not defined by where people live
geographically but “rather by what they are interested in. Their interest could be music or local language or
their involvement in adult education at various levels.”
As promising as community radio is, it is just trying to find its feet on Nigerian media firmament. The
Nigerian Community Radio Coalition (NCRC) on April 21, 2009 urged the Federal Government to
empower Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to speed up the process of issuance of community
radio license to prospective broadcasters. Community radio broadcasting in Nigeria is dwarfed by
unprecedented challenges ranging from policy misdirection, lack of legislative backing, official red typism
to mention only a few. Konkwo (2010, PP 178-179) captured the unfortunate and abysmal trend:
It is important to note that many years after the Federal Government embarked on a policy reform
process which involved the review of the 1990 National Mass Communication Policy and design a
National Radio Policy, it is yet to conclude this process as the final documents have not been
released to the public.
Similarly, the Broadcasting Reform Law Bill introduced to the National Assembly by the executive
branch of government is yet to see the light of the day. While the regulatory body, the NBC, has
made provision for community broadcasting with its regulatory framework, it is still disturbing to
note the agencies lethargic attitudes towards the licensing process.
While community radio in Nigeria is still at the gestation period, it is necessary for stakeholders in the
industry to integrate community radio with new media technologies for effective and efficient result
The 1996 Pan-Africa meeting in Abuja, Nigeria considered the issue of deregulation of community radio
and raised some critical issues that need to be addressed. The Abuja Chapter observes that:
i Although deregulation is commendable, there were fears of the possible adverse influence on
African culture and family values.
ii. Although electronic media has been used in some cases to aggravate national crisis, it has
greater potential for resolution of crisis and the promotion of social, political and economic development.
iii. The altitudes of Africans towards locally manufactured products has hampered indigenous
initiatives.
iv. The rights of broadcasters in the performance of their duty are not adequately protected in several
countries in Africa.
5. New Media Technologies
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The term new media according to Musa (2009, p. 13) “encompasses the emergence of digital, computerized
or networked information and communication technologies in the later part of the 20th
century.”
Technology as reasoned by Rogers (1995) is an important aspect in the diffusion of an innovation. This
innovation according to him is best communicated using the new media in order to reach the widest
audience in the shortest frame. Joshi cited by Musa (2009) argued that modern communication must serve
as a means to societal development.
Rice (1984) defined the new media as communication technologies that enable or facilitate user-to-user
interactivity between user and information. Flew (2002) contended that as a result of the evolution of new
media technologies, globalization occurs. Croteau and Hoynes (2003:p.11) explained that new media
“radically break the connection between physical place and social place, making physical location much
less significant for our social relationships.”
Carely in Flew (2002) refers to the shortening of distance between people all over the world as “death of
distance” The New Media has the ability to connect like-minded worldwide. Monavich (2001, p. 41)
remarked that the new media follows the logic of the post industrial or globalised society whereby “every
citizen can construct her own custom, lifestyle and select her ideology from a large number of choices”.
Megwa (2011) believes that hybrised media – Community Radio and Information Communication
Technology can lead to poverty reduction. In a study he conducted in South Africa on community radio,
community conversation with stakeholders, face-to-face interviews with management and workers of
community radio; focused group interview and observational study were used as data collection methods.
It was conceptually established that technology can be good or bad depending on the usage.
The importance of technology in the mass media cannot be underestimated. Rupert Murdoch cited by
Ikiebe (2011, p.4) establishes this fact:
To find something comparable, you have to go back 500 years to the printing press, the birthplace
of the media. Technology is shifting power away from the editors, the publishers and the media
elite. Now it’s the people who are taking control.
The people are taking control. Community media is about the people and the new media also empower the
people to take their communication destinies into their hands. That takes us into the concept of media
convergence. Media convergence as a change force according to Ikiebe (2011, p. 4) is “producing
borderless world, and is posing new regulatory, ethical, cultural, social and geo-political challenges.”
Media convergence produced conversed journalists in the digital age. Dominick (2009) explained that the
convergence reporter is one who can write stories for a print or a website, shoot and post photos online, and
a video as well. The concept presupposes the convergence of the print journalist and video journalist to
produce the 21st century version of the news correspondence. This feat cannot be possible without the use
of digital and cell phones, video cameras and high speed internet access. Convergence media is about
technology.
6. Types of Media Technology
Generally, Information Technology (IT) which is the study or use of processes especially computers for
storing, retrieving and sending out information of all sorts has turned the world into a global village today.
Technology, like the mass media is an instrument of social change in a society.
We live in a world of automated computer dominance of communication in both private and public sectors.
The mass media as an institution has been making use of informatics, a fundamental tool of the age of
computopia. That is, the process of making use of computers and other electronic devices in information
gathering, storage and processing in all aspect of life.
Technology has revolutionized communication during the past decade. Access to people and information –
practically anywhere in the world has become quicker, cheaper and easier – (Awake! May 22, 2002). Let us
examine some few types of media technology.
i. Satellite – A satellite is a chain-link of equipment used for sending out or receiving electronic
microwaves or signals. Nigeria’s first communication satellite was launched on May 13, 2007
by China. With the launch of NIGCOMSAT, Nigeria has become a member of the space
community. The critical issue here according to Ate (2007) is that of technology. According
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to him, during the launch of Nigeria Sat – I in 2003, the country relied on Russia for the
project. Also, during the 2007 launch of NIGCOMSAT, the giant of Africa depended solely
on China for the unprecedented project. This, indisputably, is worrisome.
ii. Internet – Microsoft Encarta cited in Umechukwu (2001:69), defines internet as “a global
matrix of interconnected computer network using the internet protocol to communicate with
each other. It is an open connection of networks that enables connected computers to
communicate directly.” Awake! (2002), puts the number of new users that get connected to
the internet every week at 300,000.
iii. Television – Most people in the world now have access to a television, even if they don’t own
one. By 1995, there were 235 TV sets for every 1000 people worldwide, almost double the
number in 1980. Just a small satellite dish can enable people who live in remote areas to
receive broadcasts from around the world. “Today, no country can ever truly cut itself off
from the global media,” points out Francis Fukuyama, a professor of political economy.
(Awake! May 22, 2002).
iv. Telephone – A good number of people are using mobile phones all over the world. Many of
these users are having access to the internet through their phones. What an information
revolution!
v. Microchip – Through this device, much information could be stored in the little space. Media
practitioners who have access to this technology are using it to effectively gather and
disseminate timely information to members of the public.
7. Recommendations
Having discovered that community media and new media technologies can bring concrete developmental
changes in the socio-political and economic lives of Nigerians, we hereby recommend as follows:
• That proactive acquisition and usuage of new media technologies be employed by all stakeholders
in community broadcasting in Nigeria. This calls for full digitalisation of broadcasting industry in
the country.
• That there should be training and re-training of community media workers in Information
Communication Technology (ICT) in other to keep themselves abreast of current trends in the
industry.
• That there is need for professionals to strengthen science and technology reporting in Nigeria at
the grassroot level.
• That government at all levels (Federal, State and Local) should make it a priority to develop
infrastructural facilities at the grassroot level. This will encourage and accelerate participatory
community radio models in the country.
• That, journalists in Nigeria should partner with UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank to mention only
a few international partners with a view to securing funds for the purpose of community
journalism. All stakeholders in this developmental initiative should consider the establishment of
civic journalism in the country as a social responsibility function to the society. The traditional
institution in Nigeria should also be educated on the indispensability of community broadcasting
at this crucial stage of our national life. This is because with community journalism, rural dwellers
can become news makers thus bridging rural-urban communication gap.
• That, efforts should be geared towards making Nigerians to appreciate their roots and heritage.
The National Orientation Agency, Non-Governmental Organizations, the mass media and
religious organizations in the country should embark on aggressive campaigns to re-orient
Nigerians to think the Nigeria way and also appreciate and uphold the positive values of their
culture. The people should be re-packaged, information wise, to be proud to showcase the good
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values and norms in their communities to the outside world. This, we believe, would promote the
culture of community journalism and also engender the spirit of patriotism.
• That, journalists in Nigeria should work hand-in-hand with sociologists and anthropologists in the
country with a view to identifying socio-cultural, economic and political areas that need urgent
innovation and re-engineering for holistic development of the society in the area of communty
media. In other words, there should be some elements of sociological and psychological
journalism appeals to the community media audience.
If the above recommendations are sincerely taken into consideration, we are optimistic that the country will
enter into a new era of technologically driven community media that will facilitate the needed development
and social change in the nation’s body polity.
8. Conclusion
This discourse establishes the fact that community media, especially community radio, has become a child
of necessity for rural development in Nigeria. The paper concludes that this initiative can only be achieved
in this digital age if there is an excellent marriage between community media and new media technologies
in the country.
References
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