10 dates Poland
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966 - Mieszko I married a Czech princess, took baptism, improving Poland's international standing. 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry's coronation established the tradition of an independent Polish kingdom. 1320 - Władysław Łokietek's coronation reunited divided Polish lands under one ruler.
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Timeline history of poland
At the Yalta Conference in 1945, Poland was placed under Soviet control, though free elections were promised but never held. Protests in 1956 led to greater autonomy under Władysław Gomułka, though his rule also became oppressive. Large protests in 1970 and imposition of martial law in 1981 were attempts by the communist government to crush political opposition like the labor union Solidarity. This led to Round Table Talks in 1989 and democratic elections, ending communist rule in Poland.
The Partitions of Poland: Anti-Polonism
The document summarizes the partitions and divisions of Poland from the 18th century to the 20th century. It describes how Poland was partitioned three times between 1772 and 1795 by neighboring countries, reducing its territory each time. Poland regained independence after World War I but lost it again after Germany and the Soviet Union invaded in 1939 at the start of World War II, dividing the country between them. Poland suffered greatly under German and Soviet rule during World War II but was re-established as a sovereign nation after the war until coming under Soviet domination until 1989.
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The Catholic Kings Isabel I and Fernando II unified divided Spain and defeated the Muslim Empire in 1492, coinciding with the discovery of America. Juana I ("The Crazy Queen") became queen in 1505 despite an unhappy marriage. In 1604, King Philip III of Spain and King James I of England signed a perpetual peace treaty ending piracy and support for Dutch rebels. The War of Spanish Succession ended in 1701 with the Archduke Charles defeating Felipe V at the Battle of Almansa. The French occupation of Spain led to the Spanish War of Independence and eventual French expulsion after the Battle of Vitoria.
Dominazione spagnola
Spanish dominance over much of Italy began officially in 1559 with the peace of Cateau Cambresis and lasted over a century and a half, during which Spain directly ruled southern Italy and the Vatican State. This period of Spanish control ended in the early 1640s during the war of succession, after which Italian states came under increased Austrian influence.
The First World War
The First World War began in June 1914 when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo. By the summer of 1914, most of Europe was engaged in the largest armed conflict in history. Europe was divided into two main alliances - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Britain, and Russia. Italy initially proclaimed neutrality due to the defensive nature of its alliance with Germany and Austria. However, Italy entered the war in 1915. The war involved other major powers including Japan, Turkey, and the United States, while Switzerland remained neutral and prospered economically.
22.5 russia reform and reaction
Russia industrialized and reformed more slowly than Western Europe for several reasons:
1) Russia had an autocratic government where Tsars ruled with absolute power and resisted reforms to maintain support from landowning nobles.
2) Russian society had a very rigid class structure in the early 1800s with serfs bound to the land at the bottom and resistance to change from nobles at the top.
3) While some reforms like emancipation of serfs were enacted under pressure, Tsars often reversed reforms to placate nobles, resulting in a pattern of reform and reaction under different rulers.
Risorgimento
The document summarizes key events in the Risorgimento, the 19th century movement for Italian unification and independence. It describes early nationalist sentiment in the 1830s-1840s, the Five Days of Milan uprising against Austrian rule, and Carlo Alberto's failed war of independence in 1848. It then discusses the formation of nationalist societies like the Società Nazionale in Turin and the roles of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini in later military campaigns against Austria culminating in the proclamation of a united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, though it did not include Veneto, Trentino, or Rome at first.
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Influential leaders like Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped create a unified Italy in the mid-1800s. Cavour used political skill as Prime Minister of Sardinia to provoke wars that expanded Sardinian power. Mazzini inspired nationalism with his secret society Young Italy. Garibaldi led volunteer Red Shirts forces that took control of Sicily and parts of southern Italy.
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Timeline history of poland
At the Yalta Conference in 1945, Poland was placed under Soviet control, though free elections were promised but never held. Protests in 1956 led to greater autonomy under Władysław Gomułka, though his rule also became oppressive. Large protests in 1970 and imposition of martial law in 1981 were attempts by the communist government to crush political opposition like the labor union Solidarity. This led to Round Table Talks in 1989 and democratic elections, ending communist rule in Poland.
The Partitions of Poland: Anti-Polonism
The document summarizes the partitions and divisions of Poland from the 18th century to the 20th century. It describes how Poland was partitioned three times between 1772 and 1795 by neighboring countries, reducing its territory each time. Poland regained independence after World War I but lost it again after Germany and the Soviet Union invaded in 1939 at the start of World War II, dividing the country between them. Poland suffered greatly under German and Soviet rule during World War II but was re-established as a sovereign nation after the war until coming under Soviet domination until 1989.
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The Catholic Kings Isabel I and Fernando II unified divided Spain and defeated the Muslim Empire in 1492, coinciding with the discovery of America. Juana I ("The Crazy Queen") became queen in 1505 despite an unhappy marriage. In 1604, King Philip III of Spain and King James I of England signed a perpetual peace treaty ending piracy and support for Dutch rebels. The War of Spanish Succession ended in 1701 with the Archduke Charles defeating Felipe V at the Battle of Almansa. The French occupation of Spain led to the Spanish War of Independence and eventual French expulsion after the Battle of Vitoria.
Dominazione spagnola
Spanish dominance over much of Italy began officially in 1559 with the peace of Cateau Cambresis and lasted over a century and a half, during which Spain directly ruled southern Italy and the Vatican State. This period of Spanish control ended in the early 1640s during the war of succession, after which Italian states came under increased Austrian influence.
The First World War
The First World War began in June 1914 when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo. By the summer of 1914, most of Europe was engaged in the largest armed conflict in history. Europe was divided into two main alliances - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Britain, and Russia. Italy initially proclaimed neutrality due to the defensive nature of its alliance with Germany and Austria. However, Italy entered the war in 1915. The war involved other major powers including Japan, Turkey, and the United States, while Switzerland remained neutral and prospered economically.
22.5 russia reform and reaction
Russia industrialized and reformed more slowly than Western Europe for several reasons:
1) Russia had an autocratic government where Tsars ruled with absolute power and resisted reforms to maintain support from landowning nobles.
2) Russian society had a very rigid class structure in the early 1800s with serfs bound to the land at the bottom and resistance to change from nobles at the top.
3) While some reforms like emancipation of serfs were enacted under pressure, Tsars often reversed reforms to placate nobles, resulting in a pattern of reform and reaction under different rulers.
Risorgimento
The document summarizes key events in the Risorgimento, the 19th century movement for Italian unification and independence. It describes early nationalist sentiment in the 1830s-1840s, the Five Days of Milan uprising against Austrian rule, and Carlo Alberto's failed war of independence in 1848. It then discusses the formation of nationalist societies like the Società Nazionale in Turin and the roles of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini in later military campaigns against Austria culminating in the proclamation of a united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, though it did not include Veneto, Trentino, or Rome at first.
22.3 unifying italy
Influential leaders like Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped create a unified Italy in the mid-1800s. Cavour used political skill as Prime Minister of Sardinia to provoke wars that expanded Sardinian power. Mazzini inspired nationalism with his secret society Young Italy. Garibaldi led volunteer Red Shirts forces that took control of Sicily and parts of southern Italy.
France abolishes monarchy and becomes republic (french revolution)
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2) In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation.
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Ch_16-section4
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2. Alexander II enacted several important reforms between 1855-1881, including emancipating the serfs in 1861 and establishing local governing bodies.
3. However, his reforms did not satisfy radicals, and there was growing unrest. Terrorist groups assassinated Alexander II in 1881, after which his successor Alexander III cracked down on dissent.
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Olsztyn, Poland was first mentioned in 1334 and was granted municipal rights and named Allenstein in 1353 by its founder Jan of Łajsy, who was also its first mayor. It experienced numerous wars between the Teutonic Order and Poland in the 15th century. Nicholas Copernicus helped defend the city's castle from the Teutonic Knights in 1521 and settled Polish settlers in the area. Olsztyn became part of Prussia after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It is now an important tourist center located among lakes and forests with many historical monuments and attractions.
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2) The period known as The Terror occurred under Robespierre's rule, where thousands were executed before he was overthrown in 1794.
3) The Directory then established a new constitution in 1795 that created a five-member executive board and two legislative chambers.
4) Napoleon later rose to power as a military leader, being appointed First Consul for life under the Consulate in 1802.
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Historia comenius
The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
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France abolishes monarchy and becomes republic (french revolution)
France abolishes the monarchy and becomes a republic. Louis XVI had signed the constitution but was growing unpopular due to secret negotiations with Austria and Prussia against the interests of the people. As the economic difficulties of war increased discontent, radical political clubs like the Jacobins gained influence. Robespierre became the leader of the Jacobins and helped establish a repressive Reign of Terror, overseeing the execution of Louis XVI and thousands of others deemed enemies of the republic. Robespierre's authoritarian policies eventually led to his own downfall and execution in 1794, ending the Reign of Terror.
Prezentacja independence
Poland was partitioned by Prussia, Austria, and Russia from 1772 to 1918 and disappeared from maps for 123 years. While facing attempts to impose foreign culture, Polish people resisted through insurrections to fight for independence. World War I provided an opportunity, and Poland regained independence on November 11, 1918 with the signing of an armistice and later treaties, establishing Józef Piłsudski as the new leader and November 11 as Poland's Independence Day.
Napoleon
Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French military, gaining fame for his victories in Italy. He later seized control of France and established himself as Emperor. By 1810, his empire stretched across Europe and he had spread French ideals. However, his invasion of Russia proved disastrous and his forces were defeated. Within a year, the allies had defeated France and exiled Napoleon to Elba, though he briefly returned in 1815 before his final defeat at Waterloo.
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The Wars of Religion in France from 1560-1648 and the Thirty Years War from 1618-1648 were both devastating religious conflicts that weakened the power of royal authority in Europe and left the continent divided. The Wars of Religion in France established the Bourbon dynasty and granted Huguenots limited religious rights through the Edict of Nantes. The Thirty Years War ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which established principles of state sovereignty and religious tolerance while curtailing Habsburg power in the Holy Roman Empire. Both conflicts caused widespread death, economic ruin, and political fragmentation across Europe.
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Significant dates
1) 1492 marked multiple significant events including Columbus's voyage to the Americas and the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition.
2) In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation.
3) The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of cuius regio, euis religio, giving rulers the right to determine their lands' religion.
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2. The economic crisis in Spain from 2008-2013 which was part of the global financial crisis.
3. Franco's death in 1975 and the transition of power in Spain.
4. The recognition of women's right to vote in the 1931 Spanish constitution.
5. The ratification of the new 1978 Spanish constitution which completed the transition to democracy.
The rise of nationalism in Europe
This document discusses how nations were portrayed allegorically by artists in the 18th and 19th centuries. Nations were often represented as female figures, with France depicted as Marianne. Marianne came to represent liberty and the French Republic. She was featured on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania became the allegory for Germany. By the late 19th century, nationalist groups in Europe had become intolerant of each other and increasingly militaristic. Tensions rose particularly in the Balkans as nations there sought independence from the Ottoman Empire, often using competing historical claims over the same territories, fueling rivalry among them and European powers seeking to exert control over the region. This contributed to a series of wars and ultimately World War I.
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Poland regained its independence in 1918 after 123 years of partition by Austria, Prussia and Russia. The first years after independence were turbulent, as Poland fought wars with its neighbors over borders. During World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 and was divided between them. Poland lost over 6 million citizens during the war. After the war, Poland fell under communist rule from the Soviet Union. Solidarity trade union movements in the 1980s challenged communist rule and led to democratic elections in 1990, ending communist domination. Poland has since joined NATO and the European Union.
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The document summarizes the period of 1815-1848 in Europe known as the Restoration. Major powers sought to restore pre-revolutionary monarchies and balance power through alliances like the Holy Alliance and Quadruple/Quintuple Alliance. However, liberal and nationalist ideas inspired revolutions seeking constitutions and more rights. The Congress system intervened to suppress revolutions in Spain, France, Greece, Portugal, and Belgium. France had multiple changes in regime from constitutional to ultra-royalist rule. Britain avoided revolution through parliamentary democracy, legal reforms, and expanding suffrage.
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Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France following the French Revolution. As the dominant political and military leader from 1799-1815, he crowned himself emperor in 1804 and established the French Empire, spreading French revolutionary ideals like legal equality and religious freedom across much of Europe through military conquest. However, he also concentrated power and curtailed some freedoms like restricting the press. After his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, European monarchs gathered at the Congress of Vienna to suppress rising nationalism and restore the pre-revolutionary balance of power.
Italian and German Unification
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
Ch_16-section5
Section 5 discusses unrest in Austria-Hungary in the 1800s. The long-serving Chancellor Metternich resigned in 1848 due to unrest and demands for reform. In 1867, the Dual Monarchy was created, establishing separate parliaments for Austria and Hungary within the Austrian Empire. Nationalist movements emerged among ethnic groups like Hungarians seeking greater independence and self-rule. The document also discusses unrest in the Balkans and Russia and Turkey's 1877-1878 war that led to the Treaty of Berlin redrawing borders and establishing autonomy in the Balkans.
Ch_16-section4
1. The document discusses reforms and revolution in 19th century Russia, including the problems the country faced such as underdeveloped industry and resources.
2. Alexander II enacted several important reforms between 1855-1881, including emancipating the serfs in 1861 and establishing local governing bodies.
3. However, his reforms did not satisfy radicals, and there was growing unrest. Terrorist groups assassinated Alexander II in 1881, after which his successor Alexander III cracked down on dissent.
The Concert of Europe and the Conservative Political Order
The document discusses the Concert of Europe and the conservative order established after the Napoleonic Wars. Key figures like Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister, sought to maintain peace and suppress revolutionary ideas emerging in Germany and elsewhere. The Great Powers issued declarations supporting conservative principles and repression of dissent. Throughout the 1810s and 1820s, various decrees and laws cracked down on radicals and imposed censorship. The goal was to prevent the spread of revolutionary philosophies and protect the existing political order in Europe.
Olsztyn ppt
Olsztyn, Poland was first mentioned in 1334 and was granted municipal rights and named Allenstein in 1353 by its founder Jan of Łajsy, who was also its first mayor. It experienced numerous wars between the Teutonic Order and Poland in the 15th century. Nicholas Copernicus helped defend the city's castle from the Teutonic Knights in 1521 and settled Polish settlers in the area. Olsztyn became part of Prussia after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It is now an important tourist center located among lakes and forests with many historical monuments and attractions.
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The document summarizes key events and developments during the French Revolution including:
1) The National Convention established a republic and executed King Louis XVI, while also defeating Austria and Prussia in battle.
2) The period known as The Terror occurred under Robespierre's rule, where thousands were executed before he was overthrown in 1794.
3) The Directory then established a new constitution in 1795 that created a five-member executive board and two legislative chambers.
4) Napoleon later rose to power as a military leader, being appointed First Consul for life under the Consulate in 1802.
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Similar to 10 dates Poland
The history of poland
The history of Poland can be divided into several periods: prehistory until 966 CE when Poland began forming under the Piast Dynasty and adopted Christianity; the Jagiellon Dynasty from 1385-1569 CE when Poland allied with Lithuania and experienced economic and cultural flourishing; the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569-1795 CE which was Poland's Golden Age when it expanded greatly; and partitions by Prussia, Russia, and Austria from 1795-1918 CE when Poland was erased from maps until it regained independence after World War I. Poland then experienced World War II occupation and communism until 1989 when it transitioned to a market economy and joined the EU and NATO.
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The document provides a history of Poland, covering major periods and events such as the formation of the first Polish state in the 10th century, key battles and wars throughout Polish history including World War I and II, periods of occupation and communism under Soviet rule, and the formation of modern democratic Poland in the late 20th century. Major figures and achievements are also highlighted, such as key kings, historians who chronicled Polish history, military leaders, Polish Nobel laureates, and presidents of the third Polish Republic.
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- The history of Poland began over 1,000 years ago when three brothers - Lech, Czech, and Rus - split up to find lands to settle with their people. Lech came upon a beautiful spot with an oak tree where a white eagle had its nest, and decided to establish his kingdom there, naming the capital Gniezno ("nest" in Polish).
- In 966, Mieszko I, the first ruler of the Polans tribe, converted to Christianity, marking Poland's first recorded historical event. His son Bolesław unified the traditional Polish lands and became the first King of Poland in 1025.
- After Bolesław's death in 1138, the
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Poland has a long and storied history spanning over 1000 years. Some key points in Poland's history include being ruled by kings from the Piast dynasty for over 1000 years, forming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth union in 1569 which made it one of the largest states in Europe, and experiencing partitions in the late 18th century by neighboring powers that eliminated Poland from the map for over a century. Poland regained independence after World War I but was occupied again during World War II by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. After the war, Poland became part of the Eastern Bloc and Communist rule until democratic reforms in 1989 marked the transition to a Third Republic. Today, Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland located along the V
Our History, Our Heritage
The document provides a brief overview of some key events in Polish history from its Christianization in 966 CE to its rebirth as an independent state in 1918 after being partitioned for over a century. Some highlights include Poland becoming a Christian kingdom in 966 CE, its victory over the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and forming a union with Lithuania in 1569 to create a powerful Commonwealth. It also summarizes Poland's role in the Battle of Vienna in 1683 that marked the defeat of the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe and the partitions of Poland by neighboring empires starting in 1795.
Lithuania
Lithuania has a long history dating back 12,000 years when the first settlers arrived. In the Middle Ages, Lithuania established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and adopted Christianity in 1387. Lithuania experienced its peak of power in the 15th century when it defeated the Teutonic Knights and stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Lithuania established the first written constitution in Europe in 1791 but was later partitioned and occupied by Russia. Lithuania declared independence again in 1918 but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. It endured Soviet repression until reestablishing independence in 1990 through peaceful protests in the Singing Revolution. Lithuania then joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Polish History in Motion
The document outlines key events in Polish history from the arrival of Slavic tribes in the 4th century AD to modern times. It discusses periods such as the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century, partitions by neighboring powers in the 18th century, World Wars I and II, communism, and the transition to democracy in 1989. The text also recommends historical films that help foreigners understand events that influenced Polish identity and culture.
Poland 1919-1925
Poland regained its independence after World War 1 and was led by Jozef Pilsudski from 1918 to 1922. Gabriel Narutowicz was elected as the first President of Poland in 1922 but was assassinated after only 5 days in office. Stanislaw Wojciechowski then served as President from 1922 to 1926 until he resigned after a coup by Pilsudski. The new nation struggled with political instability, a poor economy damaged by World War 1, and tensions between ethnic groups.
Historical moments of Poland
The document discusses several important historical moments in Polish history:
1) The baptism of Mieszko I in 966 established Poland within the cultural sphere of Western Christianity.
2) The Battle of Grunwald in 1410 was a decisive victory for the Polish-Lithuanian alliance over the Teutonic Knights that shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe.
3) On November 11, 1918 Józef Piłsudski proclaimed an independent Polish state, establishing Poland's independence day, after over 100 years of partition under Russian, Austrian, and Prussian rule.
History
The document provides a detailed overview of Polish history from ancient times to the present day. Some key points:
- Poland's origins trace back to three Slavic brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus, who separated around 1000 years ago and established settlements that would become Poland, Czechia, and Russia.
- Poland officially became a Christian kingdom in 966 under Mieszko I and the capital was established in Gniezno. The kingdom grew over the following centuries.
- The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569 and became one of the largest and most populous countries in Europe, though it declined due to invasions and internal conflicts.
- Poland was partitioned and
lecture4g.pptx
This document discusses the history of Poland from its origins in the 10th century to its partitions in the late 18th century. It covers the establishment of the Polish kingdom, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, conflicts with neighboring powers like Teutonic Order and Sweden, and reforms prior to the partitions by Prussia, Russia and Austria. Contemporary Polish historians debated why Poland was partitioned and what could be done to regain independence, citing reasons like weaknesses in Poland's government and constitution, oppression of peasants, and needing modernization.
History of Poland, part I
The written history of Poland began in the 10th century, when the country was ruled by the Piast dynasty. In the 960s, Mieszko I converted Poland to Christianity. However, in the 12th century a king divided the kingdom among his sons after death, weakening Poland. In the following centuries, Poland prospered as towns grew and Germans immigrated to colonize new lands. However, the Mongols invaded in 1241-1242. The Teutonic Knights also threatened as they conquered pagan lands. Yet in the early 14th century Poland became stronger under King Kazimierz the Great, who expanded the kingdom and supported Jews. This era was Poland's height but the nobility gradually increased
Polish independence day
Polish Independence Day is celebrated annually on November 11th to commemorate Poland regaining sovereignty in 1918 after 123 years of partition among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The holiday marks Poland reestablishing independence after World War I and the defeat of occupying forces, when Józef Pilsudski assumed leadership and began building Poland as a nation with its own military and government. November 11th has been a national holiday celebrating Polish independence since 1919.
Polish Way to Democracy 1
Milestones: 1989–1992
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989
On November 9, 1989, thousands of jubilant Germans brought down the most visible symbol of division at the heart of Europe—the Berlin Wall. For two generations, the Wall was the physical representation of the Iron Curtain, and East German border guards had standing shoot-to-kill orders against those who tried to escape. But just as the Wall had come to represent the division of Europe, its fall came to represent the end of the Cold War. In the White House, President George H. W. Bush and his National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft, watched the unfolding scene on a television in the study, aware of both the historical significance of the moment and of the challenges for U.S. foreign policy that lay ahead.
Eropa
This document provides a historical overview of Europe from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major powers and empires like Greece, Rome, the British Empire, and the Soviet Union. It also describes the development of modern European states and institutions, including the European Union, NATO, and events like the World Wars and Cold War that shaped the continent. Key political, economic, and social changes within countries like the UK, Germany, Spain, France, and Italy are summarized as well.
Independence Day
National Independence Day is celebrated in Poland on November 11th to commemorate the restoration of Polish independence in 1918 after 123 years of partition between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. On this day in 1918, Józef Piłsudski arrived in Warsaw as Polish forces regained control of the country. Throughout the period of partition, Poles resisted foreign occupation and fought numerous uprisings to preserve their national identity and regain independence, culminating in World War I providing an opportunity to restore Polish statehood. Independence Day remains an important celebration in Poland where people honor those who sacrificed to establish the modern Polish nation.
Lecture 1 poprawione
Poland has a long and complex history. It is located in Central Europe and has experienced occupation by both Germany and the Soviet Union during WWII. Warsaw, the capital, was nearly completely destroyed but has since been rebuilt. Poland transitioned to democracy in 1989 after the Solidarity movement led widespread protests against communist rule. Key events in Polish history include accepting Christianity in 966, gaining independence in 1918 after being partitioned for over 100 years, and overthrowing communist control through peaceful protests in the late 1980s.
Independence of belgium
Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830 after a revolution. The revolution was sparked by linguistic and religious tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. A provisional government was formed and declared independence on October 4th. They drafted a liberal constitution and established a constitutional monarchy under King Leopold I. The constitution protected individual rights and established a parliamentary system with separation of powers. However, suffrage was limited. The new nation struggled economically at first but established political stability and neutrality that lasted until World War I.
Independence of belgium
Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830 after a revolution. The revolution was sparked by linguistic and religious tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons. A provisional government was formed and declared independence on October 4th. They drafted a liberal constitution and established a constitutional monarchy under King Leopold I. The constitution protected individual rights and established a parliamentary system with separation of powers. However, suffrage was limited. The new nation struggled economically at first but established political stability and neutrality that lasted until World War I.
Tina lalalalla
The document summarizes key changes in the international system following World War 1, including the rise of the Soviet Union, fascist states like Italy and Germany, and new nations in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Major events mentioned include the Russian Revolution of 1917 and establishment of the USSR, Mussolini's rise to power in Italy and Hitler's rise to Chancellor of Germany and consolidation of the Nazi dictatorship. It also discusses the emergence of new states like Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia in central Europe and Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and others in the Middle East.
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The beginning of European Union
The representatives of Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy and France started the new European movement after World War 2 to rebuild Europe. Known as the "Fathers of Europe", they established organizations like the European Coal and Steel Union to promote economic integration and secure peace between countries. Over time, more countries joined these organizations, which became the European Union with the goal of political and economic cooperation through treaties like the Maastricht Treaty.
The stories of your history
1. The document outlines the history projects completed by students in France, Norway, Poland, and Italy over two years as part of a Comenius program. Students introduced themselves and their home regions, created a logo, and explored their family histories.
2. Students then summarized the history of their nation in 3 sentences or less, showing a focus on political and military events from a national perspective. They also learned 10 key dates in the history of each country.
3. Finally, students examined common topics and events in European history in the 20th century, including life during World War 2, postwar reconstruction, Cold War propaganda, and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe. The program helped students better understand history in
Trade
The document summarizes medieval trade in several regions. It describes how navigators during this period imported spices, goods, and other rare items in exchange for precious metals. Improvements to roads and security helped develop trade. Important trade fairs were held in places like Champagne, France where merchants could safely sell goods. Major trading cities in Poland included Krakow and Gdansk, where various products were traded. Bergen, Norway emerged as an important trading port, controlled by the Hanseatic League, where stockfish was a main export. The League influenced Norwegian society and established fishing communities. Florence became a prominent banking center as trade flourished across Europe. Genoa introduced gold coins and dominated Mediterranean trade until wars damaged
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The students created a map on their classroom wall showing the origins of their families, connecting colored strings from grandparents' hometowns in various countries to the students' four hometowns. The map revealed that half of the French students' families came from abroad, from countries like Italy, Germany, and North Africa, showing France has long been an immigrant nation. In contrast, the Polish students' families were all native to Poland, and the same was true for most Norwegian and Southern Italian students, though those countries have recently seen more immigration from Africa. Creating the map helped the students understand how migration has interconnected the peoples and histories of different European countries.
Comenius krakow
Kraków is the second largest and oldest city in Poland, located on the Vistula River. It has historically been a center of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life as well as an economic hub. Kraków has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city, with a population of around 760,000 people and 8 million within 100 km. It has been the capital of Poland multiple times throughout history and contains many beautiful historic buildings and places, including the Old Town, St. Mary's Church, Cloth Hall, and Wawel Castle.
Comenius krakow
Kraków is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland, located on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region. It has historically been a center of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and one of Poland's most important economic hubs. The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city today, with a population of over 760,000 in the city and 8 million in the surrounding area. Kraków has served as the capital of Poland at various points throughout its history and remains the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is known for its well-preserved medieval Old Town and architectural landmarks like Wawel Castle.
The stories of your history
This document summarizes the work done by students in France, Norway, Poland, and Italy on a history project comparing their national and family histories. The project involved:
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2) Creating a shared logo.
3) Researching and presenting on their family histories and origins.
4) Writing narratives on their country's history without preparation.
5) Comparing how they learned about history in each country.
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8) Studying major 20th century European events like
4. the end of communism
Two out of ten French people don't know anything about the end of communism in Europe. Of those who learned about it, most did so through television or newspapers, while a few learned in school or from parents. Some could name leaders like Vaclav Havel or Lecj Walesa. The events mentioned included the fall of the Berlin Wall, Solidarnosc strikes in Poland, and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia. When asked if it was important, some felt German reunification or the end of the Cold War were most significant, while others cited former communist countries joining the EU or economic changes in Europe.
3. 30 glorious
The document describes the economic changes in France between 1945-1975 known as "The Glorious Thirty". During this period, unemployment disappeared, salaries increased allowing people to purchase household appliances like refrigerators and washing machines. Car ownership also became more common. After 1955, many more people could afford cars. Television ownership spread widely in the 1960s, bringing comfort and convenience. Supermarkets were built in the 1970s and a minimum wage was established, while access to credit in the 1960s enabled purchases of new products and holidays.
2. cold war propaganda
The document summarizes Cold War propaganda in France after World War 2. It describes how the Marshall Plan helped rebuild Western Europe but was criticized by French communists as a way for the US to gain economic control. Propaganda posters from both sides of this issue are shown. The document also discusses later Cold War tensions in France in the 1950s-1980s, including divisions over capitalism vs communism and the Vietnam War. French citizens had varying views influenced by their exposure to American and Soviet media and propaganda during this period.
1. life during world war two in frrance
Life was difficult for French citizens during World War 2 due to rationing and fears of the German occupation. Food rationing was severe, with families receiving barely enough to survive on. People grew small gardens and traded goods on the black market to get more food. There was constant fear of German soldiers, who were present on the streets enforcing curfews. Families hid in cellars during air raids and bombings. Many witnessed German soldiers kidnapping French citizens. The occupation created food shortages, curfews, and fears of violence from the German forces that controlled much of the country during this period.
5. what do french people think about european union
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European history
This document summarizes discussions between students from Poland, France, and Norway about major 20th century events in Europe. The students presented on topics like life during World War II, reconstruction after the war, Cold War propaganda, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, and views on the European Union. They found many common experiences during WWII like food rationing and bombings. However, Poland faced greater hardships under Nazi occupation including the Holocaust. After the war, the countries had different experiences under Western or Soviet influence during the Cold War era. Poland transitioned to democracy in 1989 while views on European integration varied between support, indifference, and skepticism.
5. what do french people think about european union
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3. 30 glorious
France experienced a period of economic prosperity and rising living standards from 1945-1975 known as "The Glorious Thirty". During this time, unemployment was non-existent, salaries increased allowing people to purchase household appliances like refrigerators and washing machines, and some could even afford cars. As the decades progressed, car ownership became more common, televisions entered many homes, supermarkets were built, minimum wages were established, and consumers gained increased access to credit, enabling the purchase of new products and the ability to take holidays and travel.
2. cold war propaganda
The document summarizes Cold War propaganda in France after World War 2. It describes how the Marshall Plan helped rebuild Western Europe but was criticized by French communists as a way for the US to gain economic control. Propaganda posters from both sides of this issue are shown. The document also discusses later Cold War tensions in France in the 1950s-1980s, including divisions over capitalism vs communism and the Vietnam War. French citizens had varying views influenced by their exposure to American and Soviet media and politics during this era.
1. life during world war two in frrance
Life was difficult for French citizens during World War 2 due to rationing and fears of the German occupation. Food rationing was severe, with families receiving barely enough to survive on. People grew small gardens and traded goods on the black market to get more food. There was constant fear of German soldiers, who were present everywhere and imposed curfews. Families hid in cellars during air raids and bombings. Some French citizens joined the resistance to collect information from Germans and support the allied forces. Throughout it all, children still found ways to play and enjoy life despite the hardships of war all around them.
4. the end of communism
Two out of ten French people don't know anything about the end of communism in Europe. Of those who learned about it, most did so through television or newspapers, while a few learned in school or from parents. Some could name leaders like Vaclav Havel or Lecj Walesa. The events mentioned included the fall of the Berlin Wall, Solidarnosc strikes in Poland, and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia. When asked if it was important, some felt German reunification or the end of the Cold War were most significant, while others cited former communist countries joining the EU or economic changes in Europe.
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5. what do french people think about european union
5. what do french people think about european union
5. what do french people think about european union
5. what do french people think about european union
10 dates Poland
- 1. 966 Baptism Mieszko I got married with Czech princess Dobrawa and took the Baptism in 966. Thanks to that the prince improved the position and respectability of the Polish state on the international, European scene. The event also improved the meaning of ruler to the subjects.
- 2. 1025 The coronation of Bolesław Chrobry It was the first coronation in history of Poland which created the new tradition of independent Polish country. In the next years other rulers very often appealed to this event.
- 3. 1320 The coronation of Władysław Łokietek Since 1138 Poland was divided into districts which were ruled by different princes without one ruler. The coronation of Władysław Łokietek meant that all lands were joined and Poland returned to international political scene as one country.
- 4. 1410 The battle of Grunwald In XIII century The Teutonic Knights was led to Poland. The knights created very strong and well organized country on the lands they conquered. The state became so powerful that started to threaten Poland, Lithuania and Russia. The victory of Jagiełło army over the Knights in Grunwald weakened the Teutonic Knights.
- 5. 1569 Polish- Lithuanian Union The process of joining Polish and Lithuanian countries started in XIV century because of threatening from Teutonic Knights. In 1569 in Lublin it was decided to join both states with one king, parliament and common foreign policy. The Union caused the development of military power and both countries authorities.
- 6. Three neighboring 1795 countries: Russia Prusy and Austria The Third Partition divided weakened Polish country of Poland during I and II Partitions. Despite of tries of new reforms (first modern constitution in Europe) finally in 1795 was The Third Partition after which Poland disappeared from Europe maps for 123 years.
- 7. 1918 Poland regained Independence Poland regained independence after years of captivity and many fights for freedom (November, January Uprisings). On a day of ending World War I on 11th November 1918 Regency Council created by two former occupiers – Austria and Germany, handed over the power on army to Józef Piłsudski. From that moment he was informal leader of Polish independent country.
- 8. The day of German attack on Poland was the first day of World War II. Our country was occupied 1939-1945 by Germany and Russia. World War II During this time 6 million of Polish people were killed, many cities were destroyed eg. Warsaw. The end of war didn't mean independence for Poland. The leaders of Russia, Great Britain and USA decided about our country and its borders during the conferences. We got caught by Russia and it meant Communism.
- 9. 1989 Round Table Talks From some time antycommunist opposition was getting stronger and stronger. Workers together with Polish Intelligence organized strikes and protests so strongly that government was made to sign August Agreement in 1980 thanks to which The Solidarity was created with Lech Wałęsa on the top. The government was afraid of opposition so between 1981 and 1983 it put into martial law. It didn't stop the changes so in 1989 both sides proceeded to Round Table Talks what was the beginning of ending Communism in Poland.
- 10. 2004 Poland joined European Union After ending of Communism Polish started to rebuilt democratic country. They carried out all necessary reforms, joined to NATO, led to leaving Russian Army from Poland and finally they joined to EU. This event presented Poland as equal partner in European cultural circle and Poland became a member of the most important international organization. It opened Polish to international contacts.