The document discusses the networking and collaboration between academia, public research institutes, and industry in South Korea, highlighting the country's impressive economic growth and advancements in its national innovation system since the 1960s. It outlines the significant increase in R&D expenditure and the number of researchers, as well as the establishment of policies to facilitate joint research activities and manpower exchange. The integration of academia and industry is further supported by special councils and technology licensing offices aimed at fostering innovation and trust among stakeholders.

1. Networking between Academia, Public
Research Institutes and Industry
---Korean Experiences
Prof. Se-Jung Oh
President, Institute for Basic Science (Current)
President, National Research Foundation of Korea (Previous)
Professor of Physics, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

2. Miracle of Korean Economy
 GNI per capita of Korea
• Year 1953: $ 67/ yr
 was one of the poorest countries in the world
• Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2010: $ 20,753
[ GNI per capita (1953 ~ 2008), nominal US $ ]
20,000
18,000
Asian Currency Crisis
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

3. Korean National Innovation System - Input
 R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers
1969 1980 1990 2000 2010
R&D expenditure (B won) 9.8 211.7 3,210.5 13,848.5 43,854.8
7.2 105.5 510.8 3,816.9 12,270.2
- Public (73%) (50%) (16%) (28%) (28%)
1.8 102.4 2,698.9 10,023.4 31,489.6
- Private (18%) (48%) (84%) (72%) (72%)
0.8 3.8 0.8 8.2 95.0
- Foreign (8%) (2%) (0%) (0%) (0%)
Number of researchers (FTE) 5,337 18,434 70,503 159,973 345,912
- Government Research
2,413 4,598 10,434 13,913 26,235
Institutes (45%) (25%) (15%) (9%) (8%)
(GRI’s)
2,142 8,695 21,332 51,727 93,509
- University (40%) (47%) (30%) (32%) (27%)
782 5,141 38,737 94,333 226,168
- Private Industry (15%) (28%) (55%) (59%) (65%)

4. Progress of Korean National Innovation System
Stage 1960s ~ 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 ~ 2010
Per Capita GNP • $82 ~ $1,676 • $1,645 ~ $ 5,418 • $6,417 ~ $9,438 • $10,804 ~ $20,753
• Agriculture and • Electronic and IT • IT products and
• heavy industry
Labor-intensive products others
Major Industry (Steel, Auto,
industry (Textile, (Electric Appliances, (Semiconductor, LCD,
Chemicals ,etc)
Shoes, etc) Semiconductor etc) Auto, etc)
• Imitation of mature • Imitation of mature, • Development of
• Expansion of public
R & D Focus foreign advanced foreign growth engine
R&D
technologies technologies technologies
• Inadequacy of
• Expansion of
Domestic R & D university & • Foundation of industry-led system
industry &
Situation industry research • Expansion of university research
university research
• Reliance on GRI’s
Government • Established KIST
• Expansion of • Emphasis on the • Globalization of
Policy on R & D (1966) and other
University System Quality of Graduate University
and Human GRI’s
• Rapid growth of Education and • Foster Top-quality
Resource • Established KAIS
Graduate Schools Research Research Univ.
Development (1973)
• Post-doc Training of
HRD Policy at • Import from • Import as well as • Assimilation in the
Domestic Ph.D’s in
Doctorate Level foreign countries Domestic Training Global Market
foreign countries

5. Triple Helix Model
Tri-Lateral networks and Hybrid oranization
Academia
Public
Research Industry
Institute
Three Major Innovation System Actors in Korea
(as of 2010)
R&D Expenditure No. of Researchers No. of Researchers
(B Won) (total FTE)) (Ph.D level)
University 4,745 (11%) 93,509 (27%) 53,947 (66%)
Government Researc 6,306 (14%) 26,235 (8%) 12,818 (16%)
h Institutes (GRI’s)
Private Industry 32,803 (75%) 226,168 (65%) 14,677 (18%)

6. Policies to Facilitate Networking between
Innovation System Actors
(1) Manpower Exchange /Flow
Joint Appointments between University and GRI’s or Private Industry
- A special law was passed last year to allow good scientists/engineers to hold dual
appointments in University, Government Research Institutes and Private Industry
A professor can have an extended leave-of-absence when he/she starts a
venture company
- Usually professors in the university are allowed to have leave-of-absence for one
year after 7 years of active service, but when he/she starts a venture company
he/she can have the leave-of-absence for an extended period of time.
(up to 5 years depending on the University)
Researchers in Government Research Institutes can spend an extended period
of time at private industries when they carry out joint research projects.
- In some cases, GRI’s support staying expenses of their researchers in private
companies when the company is small or medium size.

7. (2) Encourage Joint Research Activities between
University
and Private Industry
Some government research projects, especially on applied topics, require
participation of private industry even when the Principal Investigator belongs to
University or Government Research Institutes.
- The participating industry can share the government project budget during the joint
research. However, when the company makes a profit later on by applying the
results of this joint project, they are required to pay back their research expenditure.
Special tax incentive is given to the industry when they carry out the joint
research project with university
- Up to 50% of research expenditure can be deducted from the tax of the company

8. (3) Trust Building between University,
Government Research Institutes and Industry
A special council is established to discuss matters of mutual interest between
university, government research institutes and private industry
- Representatives of university, public research institutes, and private industry meet
regularly along with government officials to discuss matters of mutual interest.
TLO’s (Technology Licensing Offices) are established in universities to facilitate
diffusion of university-invented technology to private industry
- Government supports the establishment and operating budget of university TLO’s