This document discusses the general concepts of etiology, or the causes of disease. It defines etiology and outlines two main types: common etiology, which examines general causes for groups of diseases, and private etiology, which studies the specific causes of individual diseases. Causes are distinguished from conditions, with causes being necessary for a disease to emerge while conditions contribute to but are not essential for development. Causes can be exogenous like mechanical factors or endogenous like hereditary factors. Effective etiology identifies the root causes of diseases to guide preventive and treatment approaches.

1. JSC «Astana Medical university»
Department of Pathological Physiology named after V.G.Korpachyov
Lecture 1
General etiology
Aitbayeva Zh.B

2. • Etiology (from Greek aetia - reason, logos -
teaching) - the doctrine of the causes and
conditions of the disease.

3. Etiology
• there are
2 types of
etiology
Common
etiology
• examines
general
patterns,
causes and
conditions of
entire groups
of similar
diseases
Private
etiology
• studies the
causes of
separate
disease, i.e.
disease
entities

4. Cause of the disease
• Cause of the disease - a factor which,
under certain conditions, contribute to the
emergence of the disease.

5. Classification of causal factors
Exogenous factors Endogenous (internal)
causes
1.Mechanical 1.Pathological constitution
2.Physical 2.Pathological heredity
3.Chemical
4.Biological
5.Socially-psychogenic

6. The intensity of the action of the causal factors:
• fall from a great height
• the effect of atmospheric electricity
emergency
factors
• ambient temperature
commonly
encountered
factors
• allergic reactions to foods
• formation of a conditioned reflexes
indifferent factors

7. Disease conditions
• Condition- a factor that in itself does
not cause disease, but contributing to
its emergence.

8. Classification of the conditions:
Favorable - contribute to
the occurrence of disease
(poor diet, housing, cooling
...)
Unfavorable - hinder the
development of the
disease (proper nutrition,
good working and living
conditions, healthy
lifestyle)

9. Classification of the conditions:
Internal conditions
a) inherited
(genetic
predisposition
to disease,
such as
hypertension)
b) birth -
acquired
during fetal
life
c) acquired -
in
extrauterine
life, in the
course of
ontogeny
Environmental
conditions
(weather,
welfare, food ...)

10. The role of causes and conditions in the occurrence of diseases
The role of the causes The role of the conditions
Cause of the disease is absolutely necessary
for the emergence of the disease. If there is no
cause, then there is no disease.
Conditions necessary for the development of
the disease, although their role is less absolute
than the causal factor.
Reason acts directly on the body. Conditions can act on the body, directly or
indirectly through a causal factor.
The reason is indispensable, it is one, the only.
A selection of so-called poly etiology,
multifactorial diseases, only indicates the
imperfection of our knowledge.
The condition is usually a lot and they are
irreplaceable. Thus, the same conditions favor
the development of different diseases (e.g.,
poor diet - tuberculosis, stomach and
intestines).
The reason specifies the disease, i.e. It gives it
the specific features of the disease.
Condition least significantly contribute to the
manifestation of specific features of the
disease and have a greater impact on the non-
specific symptoms of the disease.

11. There are some theories
• Monacausalism- this direction in the etiology, according
to which the disease develops from the effects on the
body is only one single cause.
• Conditionalism - this direction in the etiology, according
to which the disease is due to a combination of equivalent
conditions.

12. Etiotropic prophylaxis and treatment
• Etiotropic prophylaxis - identifying the causes of
diseases, developing and implementing measures to
eliminate their effects on the body.
• Etiological treatment - measures aimed at the causative
factor (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic ...).