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1 course intro (1).pptx
- 1. Introduction to WasteManagement 1 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • What is solid waste • Why manage it • Material flows • Waste management systems • Issues in waste management • Approaches in waste management
- 2. What is solidwaste 2 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • No universally accepted definition exists • A useful definition: “Waste is a left-over, a redundant product or material of no or marginal value for the owner and which the owner wants to discard” (Solid Waste Technology and Management) • The definition suggests that waste depends on time (e.g. new products, war/shortage), location (e.g rural/small town vs. urban, climatic differences), culture (e.g food-wise), and social conditions (e.g. poor vs. rich) • Focus on municipal waste in this class
- 3. Definitions – Otherwastes 3 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Construction wastes: – From work on individual residences and commercial/industrial buildings • Demolition wastes: – Dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plastics, lumber, pipes, shingle from razed buildings • Agricultural wastes: – Wastes from agricultural sources
- 4. Why manage it? 4 CopyrightAnders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • We generate over 350 million tons per year • Every governmental unit must address solid waste management • Waste will cause public health problems if not managed properly
- 5. Naples, July 2007 5 CopyrightAnders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
- 6. The current stateof solid waste management 6 • New landfills and waste-to-energy facilities are difficult to site • Public interest in landfill diversion is high and is thought to represent a solution to waste problems • The perceived risks associated with any waste management facility are high
- 7. The current stateof solid waste management 7 • Solid waste is an area where the technical and political processes must work together. • Solid waste is a local issue, not something that just occurs in industrial areas.
- 8. Material Flow andWaste - 1 8 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University ref. Vesilind et al 2002
- 9. Material Flow andWaste - 2 Brunner and Rechberger, 2004 Solid: 12-18 Solid: Ca. 6 ∆ stock 6-12 9 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University Vienna, Austria
- 10. Waste and Economy DanishEPA, 2005 Denmark Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University 10
- 11. Waste Management Systems 11 CopyrightAnders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
- 12. GENERATION STORAGE COLLECTION TRANSPORT PROCESSING DISPOSAL POST-DISPOSAL MONITORING PLANNING FINANCING PERMITTING PUBLIC RELATIONS 12 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University Waste management areas
- 13. • Generation – Categories –Types – Quantities – Composition • Material fractions • Substances • Treatment – Mechanical • Air classifier, magnet – Thermal • Incineration • Pyrolysis/gasification – Biological • Composting • Anaerobic Digestion • Collection and transport – Source segregation – In-house collection – Collection stations (drop-off) – Collection – Transfer stations & transport • Recycling Utilization and Disposal – Recycling • Paper, plastic, metal, glass – Utilization • Compost as soil amendment • Bottom ash in roads • RDF in cement kilns • Energy – Landfilling • Ash monofill vs. MSW • Gas recovery for energy
- 14. 14 14 Copyright Anders Damgaard& Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
- 15. Copyright Anders Damgaard& Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University Current waste management in the US 15 Based on The State of Garbage in USA 2010 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% District of Columbia Oklahoma Alaska Mississippi Georgia North Dakota Tennessee Montana Colorado Nevada Idaho Illinois Nebraska Wyoming Utah New Mexico Michigan Arizona Louisiana Rhode Island Alabama Indiana North Carolina West Virginia South Dakota Missouri Arkansas Ohio Kentuckys Texas Kansas Florida Wisconsin Delaware South Carolina New Hampshire Iowa Vermont Washington Virginia Minnesota Hawaii New Jersey Oregon Pennsylvania New York Maryland California Massachusetts Maine Connecticut Recycled Composted To WTE Landfilled
- 16. Issues in solidwaste: 1 16 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Volume - space: Needs to be actively taken away. Does not disappear by itself • Nuisances: Odours, flies, etc. Waste being spread by dogs, wind etc. becomes un-esthetical • Public health issues: Pathogens (bacteria, virus, protozoan, intestinal worm eggs, fungi) in the waste are spread by vectors (flies, rats, etc.) or infected or transmitting vectors are attracted by the waste
- 17. Issues in solidwaste: 2 17 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Economy: The scale of waste generation makes economy an important issue • Contamination of the environment: Waste components transferred to air, water or soil may cause contamination • Resource issues: Waste contains resources that should be used in order to save on other resources
- 18. Waste management criteria:1 18 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University The ideal waste management system: • Provide a customised and robust handling of all waste with a minimum of effort for the customer • Result in the lowest possible load on the environment in terms of noise and contamination of air, water and soil • Provide a maximum of resource recovery from the waste while minimising use of resource in the waste handling
- 19. Waste management criteria:2 19 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Provide only little impact on the city with respect to traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic accidents and spill of waste • Include architectural considerations in establishing waste collection and treatment facilities
- 20. Waste management criteria:3 20 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • As a minimum enforce current laws, regulations and code of practice • Economically acceptable! • Ultimately, understanding the economics of waste management will lead to an understanding of why material flows in the way that it does
- 21. Approaches to management:1 21 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Common sense strategy: Some issues should meet defined minimum standards (occupational health, level of service, compatibility with regulations, etc.), while the balancing of the other issues is a matter of discussion/ policy • Waste hierarchy (3-5 levels): - waste minimization and cleaner technology - waste reuse and recycling (definition is partly political) - incineration with energy recovery - landfilling
- 22. Approaches to management:2 22 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Sustainability: World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 (The Brundtland-report: Our Common Future) defines: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. • Not many direct suggestions, but a way of thinking: long term issues should receive more attention, each generation solves its own problems, local responsibility, etc.
- 23. Approaches to management:3 23 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University • Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a common tool used in evaluation and minimising the environmental impact of industrial products, but still fairly new in waste management: • LCI: Life cycle inventory is the basis: account of all mass flows and emissions as well as energy use and production. We will do some in this class. • LCIA: Life cycle impact assessment: converts LCI to potential impacts and compares these, e.g., Global Warming
- 24. Nicaragua Recycling andLandfill 24 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
- 25. Drop-Off Recycling inDelaware 25 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
- 26. A Landfill inVirginia 26 Copyright Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University