The human brain contains around 86 billion neurons that are all actively used. While animals like worms, flies, fish, and monkeys have nervous systems that share fundamental similarities with humans, their brains contain far fewer neurons - from just 302 in worms to around 100 million in monkeys. Neurons communicate with each other using electrical and chemical signals to control our thoughts, actions, and bodily functions. The circuits formed by these neurons are constantly changing and adapting through neuroplasticity as we learn and experience the world. Neurological and psychiatric conditions affect one in four people worldwide, demonstrating the importance of continued neuroscience research.

1. YOU SHOULD KNOW
back ground
2022版本

2. • A human brain contains roughly ,
or neurons. Contrary to popular misconception,
, not just some small
fraction of them.
860亿 个 神经细胞/神经元
大脑中所有的神经元
都再被投入使用中

3. • Roundworms, fruit flies, zebrafish, salamanders, mice, and
monkeys all possess nervous systems that share fundamental
similarities with the human nervous system.
• 但是我们只能说这些model species模式生物和我们人类的神经
系统具有相似的功能。

4. How many neurons do they have
Yeah，I only got 302
neurons
135,000 neurons 100
million

5. Fruit fly brain mapping

6. rumors about neuron science
脑科学谣言1：我们只用10％的大脑

9. 脑科学谣言2：左脑人右脑人

11. Michael S.
Gazzaniga

13. Size doesn’t mean intelligence
脑科学谣言3：脑越
大，越聪明，么？

14. 脑科学谣言4：没有完整大脑我们就不能思考学习。

15. 5.神经元不可再生。
6. 听古典音乐会让宝宝变得更加聪明？
7. 我们的大脑在努力学习的时候消耗的能量更多吗？
8. 男性在数理方面比女性更强？
9. 我们只有听视触味和嗅吗？
10. crossword 会不会帮我们提升智商？

16. Dolphin and half-brain sleep

17. • The nervous system keeps our bodies in sync by
communicating with all other parts of our bodies, like the
, the , the
, etc.
• 神经系统和心血管系统，肠胃系统和免疫系统的关系紧密。
Tips 有人称肠胃
系统为第二大脑。

18. From Alzheimer’s disease to depression, an estimated one
in four people worldwide will face a neurological or
psychiatric condition, causing enormous financial and
social burdens.
四分之一的人将面临神经或精神疾病
从衰退性疾病到抑郁症
，

19. • Your brain can serve as your body’s command center
because neurons communicate with each other. They
relay （中继传输）messages throughout your body and
power all of your thoughts and actions.神经元中继传输
为你的想法和行动提供能源。

20. Neurons talk to each other using both
electrical and chemical signals.
•神经元通过电信号和化学信号进行交流。

21. •当你踩到脚趾时
• ①感觉神经元会产生电子信号，称为动作电位（action
potential）
• ②沿着神经元快速传播
• ③那些电信号不能跨越两个神经元之间的间隙。
• ④动作电位转化为化学物质
• ⑤跨越间隙的消息称为突触
• ⑥释放化学信使可以在突触另一侧的神经元中触发第二动作
电位，向前传递信息
• ⑥或者动作电位触发释放化学信使钝化信号

22. • With repeated activity, the synapse grows stronger,
so the next message is more likely to get through. That
way, neurons learn to pass on important messages
and ignore the rest. This is how our brains learn and
adapt to an ever-changing world.
随着反复刺激，突触会变得更强
意味着突触上的受体（receptor）
发生变化
会加强识别某些独特的分子，而
忽视另外一些分子。

23. •Your nervous system is filled with circuits made up of
neurons that relay messages around your brain and
body.
•你的整个神经系统都是由神经元组成的神经回路构成。
•Sensory circuits 感知回路 carry signals from sense
receptors to your brain.
•Motor circuits运动回路 send commands to your
muscles.
•Simple circuits 简单回路 carry out your automatic
reflexes. 反射
•Higher-level activities like , ,
and the world around you require
complex circuits.

24. • All of these circuits arise before you’re born, when genes direct neurons
to assemble simple circuits in your developing brain. As your neurons and
their connections change from new experiences and environments,
those simple circuits become much more complex. These changes
happen mostly in childhood but continue over your whole life — all a part
of building a better brain.
• 所有的回路在出生之前就已经形成，随着你的经历和环境。这些回路将变
得更加复杂。

25. can blind see
• Case of Anton’s syndrome charles Bonnet syndrome
illusion （错觉） 和 hallucinations （幻觉）

26. Kanizsa triangle 卡尼萨三角

27. • Brain is constantly changing — neuroscientists call
this .（可塑性）
• Early in life, the brain eliminates those extra cells,
keeping only those connections you need in a
process called . （突触修剪）
• 所以不使用的神经元会逐渐消失。

29. • One thing that makes humans special is our talent for talking.
Neurons in the temporal(颞叶）, parietal（顶叶）, and frontal
lobes（额叶） of the cortex form circuits that interpret the
sounds and symbols of language.

31. • Did you know that your brain runs on only 25 watts 25瓦特of
electricity — enough to power an LED light bulb? Or that there
are nearly 10,000 different types of neurons in your brain?

32. •The United Nations estimates that
neurological and psychiatric
conditions like Alzheimer’s disease,
Parkinson’s disease, and depression
afflict one in four people worldwide.
•约有1/4的人罹患精神或神经疾病
•They cause more total disability than
do heart attacks, cancers, or HIV/
AIDS each year
•并导致比心脏病，癌症，HIV更多的残废。
Facts

33. 研究成果
• the medication L-dopa, which has helped millions
of patients to beat back symptoms of Parkinson’s
disease.
• 左旋多巴帮助击退了帕金森症的症状。
• In the 1990s, it yielded a class of drugs called
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, like
Prozac, to treat depression.
• 选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂的药物，如百忧解拯救了抑郁症。
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