1. Basic safety engineering.pptx

Construction Safety Engineering
1. Basic Safety Engineering (2 hrs.)
1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks
1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Industry
1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety
1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

History of Construction Industry
• Construction activity has been in existence since
the caveman started building his dwellings.
• Construction has been practiced since the dawn
of human civilization.
• Construction industry is a basic of infrastructure
development.

Construction Industry
• Construction industry is essential for the
economic growth of a country.
• Construction is the second largest economic
activity after agriculture.
• Construction covers new construction work, any
works to expand, renovation, repair and
maintenance work, and demolition.

History of Construction Industry
• The Great Pyramid of Egypt was the tallest man-made
structure in the world for over 3,800 years.
• The great wall of China has been rebuilt and
maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th
century.
• Mohen-jo-daro, and Harappa provided comfort and
luxuries to its citizen which were the early construction
of infrastructures.

• Construction accounts for more than 10%
of global GDP (6-9% in developed
countries) and employs around 7% of the
global workforce.
• Annual investment in most developing
countries accounts about 40 to 50 % in
infrastructure development projects.

• Every activity in construction is associated
with high risk and hazard.
• Construction is one of the most dangerous
occupations in the world, incurring more
occupational fatalities than any other
sector.

• Lifting and moving ‘bulk and heavy load’ by hand
is one of the most common causes of injury at
work.
• Many manual handling injuries result from
repeated operations, but even one bad lift may
cause lifetime pain and disability.
• Back injuries are mainly occurring due to unsafe
manual lifting practice.

Example of Construction Industry
a.Work above ground
• Latest structure Burj Dubai - Area 2 km2
and 829.8 m tall.
b.Work in open excavations
• Panama Canal 77 km - ship canal that
joins Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean.

Example of Construction Industry
c. Work below ground
• Channel Tunnel 50.5 km long and 75 m deep
undersea rail tunnel linking England with
northern France.
d.Work under water
• Construction beneath the sea with water filled
coffer dam.

Hazardous construction materials
• Designers should eliminate hazardous
construction materials from their design.
• Contractors often have knowledge of alternative
construction materials that is less hazardous.
• Designers and contractors can often help each
other in identifying hazardous materials and
suggesting less hazardous materials.

• If hazardous materials need to be used,
manufacturer and supplier have a legal duty to
provide information.
• Many manual handling injuries result from ‘hard and
sharp substances’.
• Hazardous chemical should be labeled as
‘Flammable and Combustible’, ‘Corrosive’, “Highly
Toxic”, “Explosives” etc.

• Labeling systems shall be displayed in chemical
containers to clearly convey relevant safety
information regarding handling of the chemicals
used, storage, transportation and waste disposal
system.
• Keep ‘flammable gases’ away from oxidizers
(fire hazard) with an approved non-combustible
partition or by a distance of 20 feet.

• Store flammable liquids in approved safety
containers.
• Keep flammables away from all ignition sources
from open flames, hot surfaces, direct sunlight,
spark sources.
• Radioactive substances can lead to potential
discomfort, injury or serious illness to worker.

Risks
• Risk means uncertainty, uncertain event,
situations, or conditions.
• Project risk is always in future.
• Unfavorable risks are called threats or hazards.
• Risk may have one or more causes and, if it
occurs, it may have one or more impacts.

Risks
• Risk may have effect on project scope,
schedule, cost, and quality.
• Identified risks are called known risks.
• It is possible to plan responses for known risks.
• It is necessary to create contingency plan in
order to manage specific unknown risks.

Risks
• Construction is always associated with risks.
• Precautionary steps to minimize risk is called
risk management.
• Purpose of risk management is to reduce the
risk in construction project.
• Risk can be reduced though risk cannot be
eliminated from projects.

Risks
• Risks is a situation that poses a level of threat
to life, health, property, or environment.
• Most hazards are inactive.
• However, once a hazard becomes ‘active’, it can
create emergency situation, injuries and
accidents.
• Identification of risks is the first step in performing
a risk assessment.

Risks
• Where to look for risks?
Machines Biological
Energy Ergonomics (working conditions)
Electrical Lifting equipment
Acoustic Fire considerations
Chemicals Pressure vessels
Kinematic Facility design Confined space
Risks are everywhere! We should be looking for them?

Risks
Not necessarily all hazards lead to accidents or injuries,
but depends on:
• What hazards are present?
• How often and how much a person is exposed?
• What is effect of specific exposure?
• The risk of an injury or disease or damage due to exposure?
• How severe would the damage, injury or harm be?

Risks: Effect of hazards
• The effect of hazard can be severe, the injury or
harm can occur or be felt as soon as a person
comes in contact with the hazardous agent.
• Some responses may be chronic (delayed).
• A hazard may cause an injury that can heal
completely (reversible) or result in an
untreatable disease (irreversible).

1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety
• Construction activities are executed at high risk
working environments.
• Employees are expected to work at great
heights with heavy machinery and potentially
dangerous building materials.
• Fatality rates in construction industry were more
than four times that of manufacturing in
industrialized countries.

Meaning of Safety
• Safety is “a tool or device designed to
prevent accidents, incidents and injuries”
(OSHA 18001).
• Safety means free from danger, injury, or
giving protection from risk.
• The objective of safety is to prevent all
accidents.

Meaning of Safety
• Safety can be achieved only by eliminating
or reducing the hazards and risk in every
working activities.
• Hazard identification, risk assessment and
safe work procedure are essential for every
activities to prevent accidents and
incidents.

Meaning of Construction Safety
1. An act of being safe from internal
environment.
• Materials: solid, liquid, gas, radioactive
substance.
• Machine: tools, plant, equipment.
• Method: under water, high rise, under ground.
• Men: skill, knowledge, attitude, socio-cultural
behavior.

Meaning of Construction Safety
2. An act of being safe from external
environment
• Heat
• Wind
• Snow
• Cold

Scope of construction safety
1. Safety of work.
2. Safety of third party property.
3. Safety of workers.
• Safety at work site – process and fatigue.
• Occupational health.
• General hygiene.

4. Safety of general people.
• The neighbors.
• The on-lookers.
• Other common people.

5.Safety of Environment.
• The air.
• The water bodies.
• The land.
• The geography.

6.Social ambience (atmosphere).
• Labor camp.
• Shops and ‘Bhattis’.
• Illegal relations?

• Construction safety is the state of being "safe” at
workplace of construction activities.
• Construction activities such as new construction,
repair and maintenance of development
infrastructures like building houses, roads, dams
etc. involve hazardous jobs.
• Construction work includes many hazardous task
and conditions such as working with height,
excavation, noise, dust, power tools and equipment.

The Accident
• Accident is an undesired event which causes or
likely to cause either physical harm like personal
injury and illness or damage to property or loss
of time.
• Major causes of accidents in construction
activities are mainly unsafe act, unsafe working
conditions, and environmental factors.

The Accident
• Unsafe acts are due to the unsafe practices
committed by the workers because of lack of
knowledge or skills.
• Unsafe acts can be avoided by giving education
and training of safe working procedures.
• Unsafe working conditions can be avoided by
maintaining safe working conditions.

Safety
• Safety is defined as “a tool or device designed to
prevent accidents, incidents and injuries” (OSHA
18001).
• Human life is precious and it should be the constant
endeavor of all stakeholders to make the construction
site a safe place to work.
• Safety can be achieved only by eliminating or
reducing hazards and risks involved in construction
activities.

Safety
• Safety is an act of being safe and keeping safe
to others.
• Safety is of prime importance in any
construction.
• In initial days, scope of safety was restricted to
accident prevention and to analyze the cause of
accident.

Safety
• WHO promoted occupational health of
industrial workers globally.
• ILO identified the need for reducing risks of
accident and adopted a convention
concerning safety standard in construction
industry.

1. Technological Aspects.
i. Traditionally taken as manual activities.
ii. True to some extent.
iii. But could not remain as manual only.
iv. Design and drawing.
v. Management.
vi. Tools, plants and equipment.
vii. Methods.

2. Organizational aspect.
a. Nature of construction companies.
i. Large number.
ii. Small firms.
iii. Do not care for compliance.
iv. No organizational strength.
v. No motivation.
vi. Sub-contracting.

2.Organizational aspect.
b.Contracting.
i. Short term employment of labor.
ii. Piece rate is common.
iii. Specific task.

2.Organizational aspect.
c.Physical environment
i. Remote place
ii. Labor gangs brought in
iii. Family employed

2. Organizational aspect.
d. Safety legislation
i. Quarries covered under ‘Mines Act’
ii. Repair shop under ‘Factory Act’
iii. Vehicles under ‘Motor vehicle Act’
iv.Office under ‘Shops & Commercial Establishment Act
v. Labor employment ender ‘Labor Act’
vi.Labor Payment under ‘Workmen Compensation Act’

3. Behavioral Aspect
i. Labor behavior.
ii. Contractor behavior.
iii. Trade unions.
iv. Contractor’s associations.
• Federation of Contractors Association Nepal
(FCAN).
• Regional associations.
• District associations.
v. Allied industry association.

Various aspect of construction safety are:
1. Design: Incorporate safety needs in the design
to prevent work-related hazards and risks
associated with the construction.
2. Risk assessment: Identify hazards and assess
the potential risks.
3. Safety officer: Safety officer can train, guide
and inspire workers to work safely.

4. Risk management: Risk management attempts
to identify and manage to reduce impact of risk.
5. Construction workers: Educate and train workers
to adopt safety practices.
6. Safety management: Strive to achieve
reasonable degree of safety standard.

7. Safety practices: Keep the safety rules in mind
while working at site.
8. Workplace safety: Educate people to improve
working condition.
9. Occupational health: Promote a safe and
healthy work environment.

The most common fatalities are caused by the
fatal four:
1. Falls.
2. Being struck by an object.
3. Electrocutions (the injury or killing of someone
by electric shock).
4. Being caught in between two objects.

• Construction work involves many hazardous
jobs and conditions.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an
wearable equipment designed to protect the
wearer from hazards and dangers on the job
site.
• Construction is one of the largest industries
using PPE to protect from hazards.

Hazards that can endanger the worker’s body:
• Heat
• Splashes from hot metals and liquids
• Acid and other corrosive materials
• Sparks
• Toxic dust
• Vapors and gases

• Safety precautions play a vital role in
protecting workmen from injury while
executing the work.
• Some safety kits (PPE) requiring to
protect worker’s body must be
maintained in good condition as follows:

PPE requiring to protect worker’s body:
1.Hard hat: Safety helmets are used
where work is in progress at different
heights to protect the Head against
falling objects.
2.Safety belts are used by those workmen
working at height on exterior of building.

3.Safety glasses, face shields and
goggles: Safety goggles are used to
protect the Eyes and Face during gas
welding, cutting, grinding, drilling in the
ceiling, pavement breaking or handling
hazardous materials.
4.Support belt: to protect the Back against
muscle strains while lifting heavy objects.

5.Boots or Shoes: Gumboots are used
during asphalting, cutting of hard rock,
concreting works etc.
• Wear Boots or Shoes with slip-resistant and
puncture-resistant soles to protect Foot
when working around heavy equipment or
falling objects.

6.Gloves: Gloves should fit comfortably and
tightly to protect Hand; use heavy-duty
rubber gloves for concrete work; welding
gloves for welding; insulated gloves and
sleeves when exposed to electrical
hazards.

7.Earplugs: to protect Hearing in high noise
work areas where chainsaws or heavy
equipment are used. Clean or replace
earplugs regularly.
8.Apron or Suit: Wear full body Apron or
Suit to protect from extremely hazardous
acids or corrosive chemicals.

BAM BAHADUR BHANDARI
TNAK YOU FOR
ANY QUESTION
End of Chapter

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