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1. INTRODUCTION TO LINUX
ENVIRONMENT
Tayyaba Fatima

2. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
o No universally accepted definition
“Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating
system” is good approximation.
o But varies wildly

3. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
The Operating system is system software that acts as an
interface between the software and hardware.
The user can only communicate with hardware with the help of
operating systems. So, we can say that computer hardware
always required software to perform important useful tasks.

4. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
o A program that controls the execution of programs
o Acts as an interface between the user and hardware
o Responsible for the management and coordination of activities of
hardware and software.
o Provides common services for computer programs

5. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?
o Operating System is a resource allocator
o Manages all resources
o Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
o Operating System is a control program
o Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the resources

7. WHAT TASKS AN OS PERFORM?
o Processor management
o Memory management
o Device management
o Storage management
o Application interface
o User interface

8. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
o Linux
o Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista, XP
o Mac

10. WHAT IS KERNEL?
o The one program running at all times on the
computer, is the kernel.
o Everything else is either a system program (ships
with the operating system) or an application program

11. Linux Operating System

12. WHAT IS LINUX?
oA 32/64-Bit Operating System
oMulti-user, Multitasking
o Coexists with other Operating Systems
o Includes the Source Code
o Open Source

13. WHAT IS LINUX?
o Linux is licensed under the General Public License
o General Public License is a widely used free software license
o Ensures that the source code will always be freely available to
anyone wants it.

14. WHY IS IT SIGNIFICANT?
o Growing popularity
o Powerful
o Runs on multiple hardware platforms
o Users like its speed and stability

15. WHY IS IT SIGNIFICANT?
o No requirement for latest hardware
o It’s “free”
o Licensed under GPL (General Public License)

16. LINUX VS WINDOWS

17. o Financial Differences
o Technical Differences
DIFFERENCES

18. COST
LINUX WINDOWS
Online Downloads Free Not Available
Retail Price, CD $50 $300
FINANCIAL DIFFERENCES

19. Cost for Businesses
o Companies have to spend millions for licenses for
ever individual windows computer
o For Linux companies don’t have to spend
oanything
FINANCIAL DIFFERENCES

20. o Keeping up to date
By Upgrading
Linux upgrades faster than Windows
o Compatibility
Linux is Backward Compatible unlike
Windows
TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES

21. CONCLUSION
When is it best to use Linux and when should
some other operating system be preferred?
It all depends on the user

23. Hardware Virtualization

24. WHAT IS VIRTUALIZATION?
o Virtualization allows you to run multiple operating
systems as a virtual machine on a single computer.
o Each copy of an operating system is installed into
a virtual machine.

25. WHAT IS VIRTUALIZATION?

26. WHY ARE VIRTUAL MACHINES USEFUL
o Run Windows on Linux (or Mac OS)
o Consolidate many different guest OSes on one
big machine

27. WHY ARE VIRTUAL MACHINES USEFUL
o We can migrate running virtual machines (VMs)
run one host to another, so we can do automatic
workload balancing across a cluster of machines
o VMs also simplify high availability, disaster
recovery, etc.

28. VMWARE

29. WHAT IS VMWARE?
o VMware Workstation Player is an ideal utility for
running a single virtual machine on a Windows or
Linux PC.
o The free version is available for non-commercial,
personal and home use.

30. WHAT IS VMWARE?
o VMware provides hardware virtualization that
presents a complete x86 platform to the virtual
machine
o Allows multiple applications to run in isolation
within virtual machines on the same physical machine

31. DOWNLOAD VMWARE
https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-
player/workstation-player-evaluation.html

32. A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro)
is an operating system made from a software
collection that is based upon the Linux kernel
LINUX DISTRIBUTORS

33. LINUX DISTRIBUTORS
o Corel Linux
o Ubuntu
o OpenLinux (Caldera)
o Red Hat
o Slackware
o SuSE
o TurboLinux

34. WHAT IS FEDORA?
oFedora, also known as Fedora Linux, is a
popular Open-Source Linux-based operating
system (OS).

35. DOWNLOAD FEDORA
https://fedoraproject.org/workstation/download

36. TASK – LAB 1
o Download and install Vmware
o Create a new virtual machine
o Download Fedora
o Install Fedora in your virtual machine

37. HOW IS LINUX USED?
o Personal Workstation
o File and Print Server
o Internet Service Provider
o Client/Server systems

38. USING LINUX ON PERSONAL COMPUTERS
o Linux kernel for free
o Kernel is central component
o Kernel can be customized to user’s needs

39. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
o CPU
o Main memory
o Optical Drive
o Graphic card
o Hard Drive
o Sound Card

40. CPU
• IBM
• INTEL
• Pentium I – III
• No 286, 386, 486, and Celeron
• AMD
• K6/II/III
• Duran
• Athlon, Athlon XP/MP

41. MAIN MEMORY
SDRAM or DDRRAM
 Doesn’t matter
Capacity:
 Minimum requirement 64MB
 Recommended 128MB and up

42. OPTICAL DRIVE
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM
 Sony, Philips, and Acer
 SuSE website has compatibility listing
CD-R
 Sony, Philips, and Acer

43. GRAPHICS CARDS
Supports new cards on the market
 ATI: Radeon 7500/8500, FireGl 8700/8800, FireGL 2/4
 Matrox: G450/G550
 nVidia: GeForce 2/3/4, nForce

44. HARD DRIVES
Supports EIDE and SCSI drives
 IBM, Maxtor, and Seagate
Capacity
 Min: 400MB
 Full Install: 3GB
 Anything above 3GB

45. SOUND CARD
All common sound cards
 Dell & Yamaha OPL3-SA
Professional audio:
 Soundblaster: Audigy
 Terratec: EWX 24/96 (Sereo I/O analog and
digital), EWS 88 MT (8 analog channels), EWS
88D (10 digital channels in ADAT format)

46. CONFIGURING LINUX SYSTEM
1. Selecting a language
2. Choosing automatic or manual partitioning
3. Type of software to install
4. Choosing which drive to boot from

47. CONFIGURING LINUX (CONTINUED)
5. Adjusting the time settings
6. Configuring the hardware aspect of the system
7. Creating the root password (for the Administrator),
and user accounts
8. Hardware configuration

48. WORKING WITH LINUX
o Graphical User Interface
o Terminal

49. SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
A default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of
software that includes
o LiberOffice: word processing, spreadsheets, slideshow, drawing
o several lightweight games such as Sudoku and chess.
o Firefox: The web Browser
o Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu
Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center)
o Sound Applications

50. WORKING WITH THE “TERMINAL”
o Executes user commands
o Command element
o Command name
o parameters

51. LINUX DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
oAccessing data using folders
o Root directory:
obeginning of file system

52. Linux Windows
Terminal Command Prompt
/home/user C:Windows
ls Dir
cd (case sensitive) cd (case insensitive)
clear Cls
cd .. cd.. cd ..
Sudo Run as administrator

53. SUBDIRECTORIES
/root directory, starting point of the directory tree
/home (private) directories of users
/devDevice files that represent hardware components
/etc Important files for system configuration
/etc/init.d Boot scripts/usr/binGenerally accessible programs
Examples of Subdirectories

54. COLORS
Blue: Directory
Green: Executable or recognized data file
Cyan (Sky Blue): Symbolic link file
Yellow with black background: Device
Magenta (Pink): Graphic image file
Red: Archive file
Red with black background: Broken link

55. Root /
home dev etc
user
Desktop Downloads Doucments

56. ASSIGNMENT
Brief introduction to each directory in unbuntu
root folder