Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: JIRCAS Seminar, Tsukuba, Japan
Presented on: November 16, 2009
Presented on: November 16, 2009
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Don Bosco Rural Training Center, Tetere, Solomon Islands
Presented on: November 10, 2009
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Rice Research and Training Institute, Kafr-el-Sheikh
Date Presented: 04/14/2010
Title: Identification of the critical factors of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for maximizing Boro rice yield in Bangladesh
Presenter: Md. Abu Bakar Siddique Sarker, Principle Scientific Officer, Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)
Venue: The 17th Australian Agronomy Conference, Wrest Point Convention Centre in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Date: September 24, 2015
Presenters: Norman Uphoff and Amir Kassam
Title: Agroecological Strategies for Regenerative, Climate-Smart Agriculture with examples from CA and SRI
Venue: World Bank, Washington, DC
Date: September 29, 2016
Sponsor: The 1818 Society and Agriculture Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC
This is a presentation about the SRI activities of the LINKS program, Catalysing Economic Growth for Northern Nigeria, which is implemented by Tetra Tech International Development
Author: Tetra Tech International Development
Title: Reduced Methane Emissions Rice Production Project in Northern Nigerian with System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Date: October 25, 2021
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Don Bosco Rural Training Center, Tetere, Solomon Islands
Presented on: November 10, 2009
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: Rice Research and Training Institute, Kafr-el-Sheikh
Date Presented: 04/14/2010
Title: Identification of the critical factors of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for maximizing Boro rice yield in Bangladesh
Presenter: Md. Abu Bakar Siddique Sarker, Principle Scientific Officer, Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)
Venue: The 17th Australian Agronomy Conference, Wrest Point Convention Centre in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Date: September 24, 2015
Presenters: Norman Uphoff and Amir Kassam
Title: Agroecological Strategies for Regenerative, Climate-Smart Agriculture with examples from CA and SRI
Venue: World Bank, Washington, DC
Date: September 29, 2016
Sponsor: The 1818 Society and Agriculture Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC
This is a presentation about the SRI activities of the LINKS program, Catalysing Economic Growth for Northern Nigeria, which is implemented by Tetra Tech International Development
Author: Tetra Tech International Development
Title: Reduced Methane Emissions Rice Production Project in Northern Nigerian with System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Date: October 25, 2021
Title: The System of Tef Intensification (STI): Modifying crop management for greater food security in Ethiopia
Poster by: Tareke Berhe, Ayele G. Ayetenfisu,
Zewdie Gebretsadik, and Norman Uphoff
Date: October 13, 2015
[Poster presented at the 2nd International Conference on Global Food Security at Cornell University.]
Speaker: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Opportunities with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Date: June 25, 2021
Venue: online, presented in the International Webinar Series on Agroecology and Community Series
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Improving Food Production for Health in a Water-Constrained World: Opportunities from Agroecological Knowledge and Experience (SRI)
Presented at: Water for Health Lecture Series, Nebraska Water Center
Date: February 24, 2016
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Title: Agroecological Crop Management for Increased Productivity- Experience with Rice and Other Crops
Date: 24 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the 6th International Seminar on Agricultural Policies, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agricultura (IICA), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: M. Bagayoko, G. Traoré, E. Styger, and D. Jenkins
Title: System of Intensification (SRI) - An Opportunity to Improve the Productivity and Resilience African Rice Production
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Poster presented at the 4th International Rice Congress (IRC2014)
Authors: Dang Bao Nguyet and Le Nguyet Minh
Title: The Evolution of the System of Rice Intensification - What Have We Learnt?
Date: October 27-31, 2014
Venue: BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand
Presentation by Khem Raj Dahal
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: SRI History, Present Perspectives and Future Strategies in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presentation by Chun-E Kan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction in Taiwan: Results of Trials, Adapting to Existing Farming Systems and Local Conditions, and Making Links with the Private Sector
Venue: Cornell University
Date: April 16, 2015
Organized by: SRI-Rice, Cornell Univesity
SRI on the System of Rice Intensification in Mali -
Presented by Erika Styger, SRI Rice Director of Programs, Cornell University
to the IARD class at Cornell University, November 16, 2012
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: 12th European Rice Millers Convention. Venice
Presented on: September 18, 2009
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Opportunities for Liberia
By: Erika Styger, Director of Programs, SRI-Rice
Presented at: Agriculture Coordination Committee (ACC), Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia
Date: February 17, 2014
Presented by: Debashish Sen
Title: How farmers in Uttarakhand reworked the System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Innovations from Sociotechnical Interactions in Fields and Villages
Date: September 6, 2016
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: ECHO Conference on Asian Agriculture Chiangmai, Thailand
Presented on: September 21, 2009
Title: The System of Tef Intensification (STI): Modifying crop management for greater food security in Ethiopia
Poster by: Tareke Berhe, Ayele G. Ayetenfisu,
Zewdie Gebretsadik, and Norman Uphoff
Date: October 13, 2015
[Poster presented at the 2nd International Conference on Global Food Security at Cornell University.]
Speaker: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Opportunities with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Date: June 25, 2021
Venue: online, presented in the International Webinar Series on Agroecology and Community Series
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Improving Food Production for Health in a Water-Constrained World: Opportunities from Agroecological Knowledge and Experience (SRI)
Presented at: Water for Health Lecture Series, Nebraska Water Center
Date: February 24, 2016
Presenter: Ram Bahadur Khadka
Title: New Directions for the System of Rice Intensification in Nepal: Mechanization and Biofertilizers
Date: December 9, 2016
Venue: Mann 102, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Title: Agroecological Crop Management for Increased Productivity- Experience with Rice and Other Crops
Date: 24 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the 6th International Seminar on Agricultural Policies, Instituto Interamericano de Cooperation para la Agricultura (IICA), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: M. Bagayoko, G. Traoré, E. Styger, and D. Jenkins
Title: System of Intensification (SRI) - An Opportunity to Improve the Productivity and Resilience African Rice Production
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
Poster presented at the 4th International Rice Congress (IRC2014)
Authors: Dang Bao Nguyet and Le Nguyet Minh
Title: The Evolution of the System of Rice Intensification - What Have We Learnt?
Date: October 27-31, 2014
Venue: BITEC, Bangkok, Thailand
Presentation by Khem Raj Dahal
at the National SRI Nepal Network Meeting
Title: SRI History, Present Perspectives and Future Strategies in Nepal
Date: June 19, 2015
Venue: NARI Hall, Lalitpur, Nepal
Presentation by Chun-E Kan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction in Taiwan: Results of Trials, Adapting to Existing Farming Systems and Local Conditions, and Making Links with the Private Sector
Venue: Cornell University
Date: April 16, 2015
Organized by: SRI-Rice, Cornell Univesity
SRI on the System of Rice Intensification in Mali -
Presented by Erika Styger, SRI Rice Director of Programs, Cornell University
to the IARD class at Cornell University, November 16, 2012
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: 12th European Rice Millers Convention. Venice
Presented on: September 18, 2009
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Opportunities for Liberia
By: Erika Styger, Director of Programs, SRI-Rice
Presented at: Agriculture Coordination Committee (ACC), Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia
Date: February 17, 2014
Presented by: Debashish Sen
Title: How farmers in Uttarakhand reworked the System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Innovations from Sociotechnical Interactions in Fields and Villages
Date: September 6, 2016
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: ECHO Conference on Asian Agriculture Chiangmai, Thailand
Presented on: September 21, 2009
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/15/2010
PowerPoint presented Erika Styger at the First First Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Latin America at EARTH University in Costa Rica, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 2011
Presentation by Ngin Chhay, Director of the Department of Rice Crop, MAFF,
Presented at the Workshop on Consolidation of SRI Experiences, Lessons and Networking, a national SRI workshop convened in Hanoi, Vietnam, January 21-22, 2010
Title: Improving and Scaling up the System of Rice Intensification in West Africa
Presented by: Erika Styger
Presented at: Third Africa Rice Congress
Venue and Date: Yaounde, Cameroon. October 21-24, 2013
Consultation on Peace, Freedom from Hunger, and Sustainable Development: The Ethical Dimensions M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, MSRRF,Chennai, India
Title: Insights into Plant-Microbial Symbiosis and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture –Giving Attention to ‘Inner Space’
Date: 26 January 2013
Presented by Norman Uphoff at the National Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Research (IDIAP), Santo Domingo, Domincan Republic
Authors: Febri Doni and Rizky Riscahya Pratama Syamsuri
Title: System of Rice Intensification in Indonesia: Research adoption and Opportunities
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (SCI) for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security
Date: December 12-14, 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Rice Production and Saving Water in Africa
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12-14 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Lucy Fisher
Title: Overview of the System of Rice Intensification SRI Around the World
Presented at: The International Conference on The System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12, 2022
Author: Khidhir Abbas Hameed
Title: Estimated Water Savings, Yield and Income Benefits from Using SRI Methods in Iraq
Event: International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI2022)
Date: December 12-14, 2022
(Partial slideset related to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presentation at COP26, Glasgow, Scotland
Date: November 2021
Presentation by: Ministereo Desarrollo Agropecuario, Panama
Author: Reinaldo Cardona
Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas del estado Portuguesa: UNEFA-Núcleo Portuguesa Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada
Date: 2017
Title: Sistema Intensivo del Cultivo del Arroz para la Producción y Sustentabilidad del Rubro
Speaker: Khidhir Abbas Hameed,
Al Mishkhab Rice Research Station
Title: System of Rice Intensification SRI
Date: December 9, 2020
Organizer: Central and West Asian Rice Center (CWA Rice)
Venue: online
Author/Presenter: Karla Cordero Lara
Title: Towards a More Sustainable Rice Crop: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Experience in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice
Date: November 29-30, 2018
Presented at: The Third International Symposium on Rice Science in Global Health
Venue: Kyoto, Japan
Title: Proyecto IICA - MIDA/ Sistema Intensivo de Arroz (SRI) Evaluación del primer ensayo de validación realizado en coclé para enfrentar al Cambio Climático (alternativa) Localizada en el Sistema de Riego El Caño. Diciembre /2018 - Abril/ 2019 - Octubre/ 2019
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Title: Smallholder Rice Production Practice and Equipment: What about the Women?
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Venue: 2nd Global Sustainable Rice Conference and Exhibition
United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok Thailand
Date: October 2, 2019
Author: Pascal Gbenou
Title: Rice cultivation in Africa: How traditional practices relate to modern opportunities
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
Authors: Christopher B. Barrett, Asad Islam, Abdul Malek, Deb Pakrashi, Ummul Ruthbah
Title: The Effects of Exposure Intensity on Technology Adoption and Gains: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh on the System of Rice Intensification
Date: July 21, 2019
Presented at: USDA Multi-state Research Project NC-1034 annual research conference on
The Economics of Agricultural Technology & Innovation
Location: Atlanta, GA
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Productivity of Rice under Water Scarcity in Africa: The Case for the System of Rice Intensification
Date: June 26-29, 2019
Presented at: The International Rice Development Conference and Seminar on China-Africa Development
Location: Changsha, China
Author: Miguel Aguero
Title: SRI en Venezuela - Resena Historica de la Parcela 234
Venue: Online (webinar): Sistema Intensivo de Cultivo de Arroz (SRI) - Experiencia Venezuela
Date: February 15, 2019
Organized by: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
(Author: Nestlé)
Title: SRI en Venezuela - Informe Resultados SICA Parcela 75 Norte Verano Calabozo 2018
Venue: Online (webinar): Sistema Intensivo de Cultivo de Arroz (SRI) - Experiencia Venezuela
Date: February 15, 2019
Organized by: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
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0959 The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Creating Opportunities for Agroecological Development
1. The System of Rice
Intensification (SRI):
Creating Opportunities for
Agroecological Development
JIRCAS Seminar
Tsukuba, November 16, 2009
Prof. Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD
2. Needs for rice sector in 21st
century
acc. to IRRI/DG, Intl. Year of Rice, 2004
• Increased land productivity-- higher yield
• Higher water productivity -- crop per drop
• Technology more accessible for the poor
• Technology more environmentally friendly
• Greater resistance to pests and diseases
• Tolerance of abiotic stresses (climate change)
• Better grain quality for consumers, and
• Greater profitability for farmers
3. SRI practices help meet all these needs:
• Higher yields by 50-100% -- or more
• Water reduction of 25-50% (also rainfed)
• Reduced capital expenditure (accessible)
• Little or no need for agrochemical inputs
• Induced pest and disease resistance
• Tolerance for drought, little/no lodging
• Better grain quality -- less chalkiness
• Lower costs of production by 10-20% --
which leads to higher farmers’ income
4. SRI is application of AGROECOLOGY,
which can be summarized this way:
1. ENHANCE the life in the soil,
i.e., in soil systems, recognizing the
precedence of soil biology, which is
shaping soil’s chemistry and physics
2.IMPROVE growing environment (E)
for crops, in ways that will work to
induce more productive phenotypes
from any given crop genotype (G)
5. Agroecological principle #1:
SUPPORT the recycling of
biomass to optimize nutrient
availability in the soil and balance
nutrient flows in the soil and
biosphere over time
6. Agroecological principle #2:
PROVIDE the most favorable
soil conditions which will
enhance the soil’s structure and
the functioning of soil systems,
esp. by managing organic matter
and by enhancing soil biotic
activity
7. Agroecological principle #3:
MINIMIZE losses of energy
and other growth factors
within plants’ microenvironments
both above and below
ground
in ways that can maximize
resource-use efficiency
9. Agroecological principle #5:
ENHANCE beneficial biological
interactions and synergies
among all of the components of
agrobiodiversity, thereby
promoting key ecological
processes and services
(Reijntjes et al., 1992; Altieri 2002;)
10. SRI is many things:
– SRI derives from a certain number
of INSIGHTS, based on experience
– SRI can be explained in terms of
PRINCIPLES having scientific bases
– SRI gets communicated to farmers in
terms of specific PRACTICES that
improve the growing environment
for their rice plants - at same time,
– SRI offers an alternative PARADIGM
a different approach to agriculture -
pointing toward post-modern agriculture
11. SRI is NOT A TECHNOLOGY
While SRI practices look like a PACKAGE
or even like a RECIPE, they are really
better understood as a MENU
• Farmers are encouraged to use as many of
the practices as possible, as well as possible
• Each practice contributes to higher yield
as seen from the accumulating evidence
• There is also evidence of a certain synergy
operating among the practices – so that the
best results come from using them together
12. SRI is NOT YET FINISHED
-- Since SRI was empirically developed,
we are continually improving scientific
understanding of SRI concepts/theory
-- Since SRI is farmer-centered, it is
being modified, improved, extended
• There are now also rainfed versions of SRI
and zero-till, direct-seed, raised-bed forms
• SRI ideas are extrapolated to other crops:
wheat, sugar cane, millet, teff, beans, etc.
13. System of Finger Millet Intensification
on left; regular management of improved
variety and of traditional variety on right
14. Liu Zhibin, Meishan, Sichuan province, China, standing in
raised-bed, zero-till SRI field; measured yield 13.4 t/ha.
In 2001, his SRI yield set provincial yield record: 16 t/ha
15. SRI was developed for
smallholders in Madagascar,
but it is relevant at all scales
- Fr. Henri de Laulanié came there from
France in 1961 – had agricultural training
- He started working with farmers to raise
yield without dependence on external inputs
- In 1983-84 season he learned effects of
young seedlings
- In late 1980s, when fertilizer subsidies
were removed, he switched over to compost
17. Status of SRI: As of 1999
Known and practiced only in Madagascar
18. SRI benefits have been demonstrated in 34 countries
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Before 1999: Madagascar
1999-2000: China, Indonesia
2000-01: Bangladesh, Cuba
Cambodia, Gambia, India, Laos,
Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines,
Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Thailand
2002-03: Benin, Guinea,
Mozambique, Peru
2004-05: Senegal, Mali,
Pakistan, Vietnam
2006: Burkina Faso, Bhutan,
Iran, Iraq, Zambia
2007: Afghanistan, Brazil
2008: Egypt, Rwanda, Ghana,
Ecuador, Costa Rica
2009: Timor Leste, Malaysia
Now in 2009, SRI benefits have been validated in
37 countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
19. The Six Basic Ideas for SRI
1. Transplant young seedlings to preserve their growth
potential -- but DIRECT SEEDING is now an option
2. Avoid trauma to the roots -- transplant quickly and
shallow, not inverting root tips, which halts growth
3. Give plants wider spacing -– one plant per hill and in
square pattern to achieve ‘edge effect’ everywhere
4. Keep paddy soil moist but unflooded –- soil should
be mostly aerobic and not continuously saturated
5. Actively aerate the soil as much as possible
6. Enhance soil organic matter as much as possible
1-2-3 stimulate plant growth aboveground, while
4-5-6 enhance growth of plants’ ROOTS and
of soil BIOTA better PHENOTYPES
20. Cuban farmer with two plants
of same variety (VN 2084)
and same age (52 DAP)
21. Single-seed SRI rice plant
Variety: Ciherang
Fertile tillers: 223
Sampoerna CSR Program,
Malang, E. Java, 2009
22. Additional benefits of SRI practice:
• Reduced time to maturity,by 1-2 weeks,
less exposure to pests and diseases, and
to adverse climate; can replant sooner
• Higher milling outturn – by about 15%
•Human resource development for farmers
through participatory approach – want
farmers to become better managers of
their resources, experimenting, evaluating…
• Diversification and modernization of
smallholder agriculture; can adapt to larger-
scale production through mechanization
23. Requirements/Constraints
1. Water control to apply small amounts of
water reliably; may need drainage facilities
2. Supply of biomass for making compost – but
can use fertilizer if compost is insufficient
3. Crop protection may be necessary, although
usually more resistance to pests & diseases
4. Mechanical weeder is desirable as this can
aerate the soil at same time it controls weeds
5. Skill & motivation of farmers most important;
need to learn new practices; once techniques
are mastered, SRI can become labor-saving
6. Support of experts? have faced opposition
24. SRI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
IH H FH MR WR YRStage
Organdryweight(g/hill)
CK
I H H FH MR WR YR
Yellow
leaf and
sheath
Panicle
Leaf
Sheath
Stem
47.9% 34.7%
Non-Flooding Rice Farming Technology in Irrigated Paddy Field
Dr. Tao Longxing, China National Rice Research Institute, 2004
25. Factorial trials by CNRRI, 2004 and 2005
using two super-hybrid varieties --
seeking to break ‘plateau’ limiting yields
Standard Rice Mgmt
• 30-day seedlings
• 20x20 cm spacing
• Continuous flooding
• Fertilization:
– 100% chemical
New Rice Mgmt (SRI)
• 20-day seedlings
• 30x30 cm spacing
• Alternate wetting
and drying (AWD)
• Fertilization:
– 50% chemical,
– 50% organic
26. Average super-rice yields (kg/ha) with new rice
management (SRI) vs.standard rice management
at different plant densities ha-1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
150,000 180,000 210,000
NRM
SRM
27. AFGHANISTAN: SRI field in Baghlan Province, supported by
Aga Khan Foundation Natural Resource Management program
31. Two Paradigms for Agriculture:
• GREEN REVOLUTION strategy was to:
* Change the genetic potential of plants, and
* Increase the use of external inputs --
more water, more fertilizer and insecticides
• SRI (AGROECOLOGY) instead changes the
management of plants, soil, water & nutrients:
* To promote the growth of root systems, and
* To increase the abundance and diversity of
soil organisms to better enlist their benefits
The goal is to produce better PHENOTYPES
37. Indonesia: Results of 9 seasons of
on-farm comparative evaluations of
SRI by Nippon Koei team, 2002-06
• No. of trials: 12,133
• Total area covered: 9,429.1 hectares
• Ave. increase in yield: 3.3 t/ha (78%)
• Reduction in water requirements: 40%
• Reduction in fertilizer use: 50%
• Reduction in costs of production: 20%
Note: In Bali (DS 2006) 24 farmers on 42 ha:
SRI + Longping hybrids → 13.3 vs. 8.4 t/ha
38. SRI LANKA: same rice variety, same irrigation system &
same drought -- left, conventional methods; right, SRI
40. Nie Fu-qiu, Bu Tou village, Zhejiang
In 2004, SRI gave highest
yield in province: 12 t/ha
In 2005, his SRI rice fields
were hit by three typhoons
– yet he was still able to
harvest 11.15 tons/ha --
while other farmers’ fields
were badly affected by the
storm damage
In 2008, Nie used chemical
fertilizer, and crop lodged
41. Irrigation
method
Seed-
ling age
Spacing
(cm2
)
Time to
flowering
Time to
maturity
Plant lodging percentage
Partial Complete Total
Inter-
mittent
irrigation
(AWDI)
14
30x30 75 118 6.67 0 6.67
30x18 74.67 118.67 40.00 6.67 46.67
21
30x30 72.67 117.67 26.67 20 46.67
30x18 74.33 117 13.33 13.33 26.67
Ordinary
irrigation
(continu-
ous
flooding)
14
30x30 73.33 122 16.67 33.33 50.00
30x18 72 121 26.67 53.33 80.00
21
30x30 72 120.67 20 76.67 96.67
30x18 72.67 121 13.33 80 93.33
Time to flowering, maturity, and plant lodging percentage
as affected by AWDI and ordinary irrigation practice
combined with different age of seedlings and spacing
in Chiba, 2008 (Chapagain and Yamaji, 2009)
42. Incidence of Diseases and Pests
Vietnam National IPM Program: average of
data from trials in 8 provinces, 2005-06:
Spring season Summer season
SRI
Plots
Farmer
Plots
Differ-
ence
SRI
Plots
Farmer
Plots
Differ-
ence
Sheath
blight
6.7% 18.1% 63.0% 5.2% 19.8% 73.7%
Leaf blight
-- -- -- 8.6% 36.3% 76.5%
Small leaf
folder *
63.4 107.7 41.1% 61.8 122.3 49.5%
Brown
plant
hopper *
542 1,440 62.4% 545 3,214 83.0%
AVERAGE 55.5% 70.7%
* Insects/m2
43. Theory of Trophobiosis
(F. Chaboussou, Healthy Crops, 2004)
deserves more attention and empirical
evaluation than it has received to date
Its propositions are well supported by
published literature over last 50 years
-- and by long-standing observations
about adverse effects of nitrogenous
fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides
Theory does not support strictly ‘organic’
approach because nutrient amendments
are approved where soil deficits exist
44. Theory of ‘Trophobiosis’
Explains incidence of pest and disease
in terms of plants’ nutrition:
Nutrient imbalances and deficiencies
lead to excesses of free amino acids
in the plants’ sap and cells, not yet
synthesized into proteins – and more
simple sugars in sap and cytoplasm
not incorporated into polysaccharides
This condition attracts and nourishes
insects, bacteria, fungi, even viruses
45. Resistance to cold temperatures: Yield and
meteorological data from ANGRAU, A.P., India
PeriodPeriod Mean max.Mean max.
temp.temp. 00
CC
Mean min.Mean min.
temp.temp. 00
CC
No. ofNo. of
sunshine hrssunshine hrs
1 – 151 – 15 NovNov 27.727.7 19.219.2 4.94.9
16–3016–30 NovNov 29.629.6 17.917.9 7.57.5
1 – 15 Dec1 – 15 Dec 29.129.1 14.614.6 8.68.6
16–31 Dec16–31 Dec 28.128.1 12.212.2++
8.68.6
+ Sudden drop in minimum temp. for 5 days (16–21 Dec. = 9.2-9.9o
C )
SeasonSeason Normal (t/ha)Normal (t/ha) SRI (t/ha)SRI (t/ha)
Kharif 2006Kharif 2006 0.21*0.21* 4.164.16
Rabi 2005-06Rabi 2005-06 2.252.25 3.473.47
* Low yield was due to cold injury (see below)
46. Measured Differences in Grain Quality
Conv. Methods SRI Methods
Characteristic (3 spacings) (3 spacings) Difference
Chalky kernels
(%)
39.89 – 41.07 23.62 – 32.47 - 30.7%
General
chalkiness (%)
6.74 – 7.17 1.02 – 4.04 - 65.7%
Milled rice
outturn (%)
41.54 – 51.46 53.58 – 54.41 +16.1%
Head milled
rice (%)
38.87 – 39.99 41.81 – 50.84 +17.5%
Paper by Prof. Ma Jun, Sichuan Agricultural University,
presented at 10th conference on “Theory and Practice for
High-Quality, High-Yielding Rice in China,” Haerbin, 8/2004
47. Careful transplanting of single, young seedlings, widely spacedSRI LANKA: Best use of transplanting methods
49. Effect of Active Soil Aeration
412 farmers in Morang district, Nepal,
using SRI in monsoon season, 2005
SRI yield = 6.3 t/ha vs. control = 3.1 t/ha
• Data show how WEEDINGS can raise yield
No. of No. of Average Range
weedings farmers yield of yields
1 32 5.16 (3.6-7.6)
2 366 5.87 (3.5-11.0)
3 14 7.87 (5.85-10.4)
52. Roller-marker devised by Lakshmana Reddy, East Godavari,
AP, India, to save time in transplanting operations; yield
in 2003-04 rabi season was 16.2 t/ha paddy (dry weight)
53. SRI seedlings ready for transport to
field, for mechanical transplanting
in COSTA RICA
54. Fig 1 Trasplantadora motorizada
AP100 Yanmar
Mechanical transplanter
used in COSTA RICA
56. PAKISTAN: Making raised beds for rice-growing
with adapted SRI methods on laser-leveled field
57. Mechanical transplanter for dropping seedlings into holes made by machine,
Water is sprayed in hole after 10-day seedling is lput in, adding compost.
58. Mechanical weeder set for spacing 9x9 inch
(22.5x22.5 cm) – can give very good soil aeration
59. Rice crop at 71 days in Punjab, Pakistan
Seedlings planted into dry soil = 70% water reduction
Average yield = 13 tons/ha (7 to 22 tons/ha)
60. Role of Soil Biota
Bacteria and fungi perform many
services for crop (under aerobic
conditions)
• Nutrient cycling and mobilization
• Nitrogen fixation
• Phosphorus solubilization
• Water and nutrient acquisition
• Competition with pathogens
• Induced systemic resistance
Also previously unappreciated benefits
--
61. ENDOPHYTIC AZOSPIRILLUM, TILLERING,
AND RICE YIELDS WITH CULTIVATION
PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT AMENDMENTS
Results of replicated trials at Anjomakely, Madagascar, 2001 (Andriankaja, 2002)
Azospirillum
CLAY SOIL
(Methods of cultivation)
in roots
(103
/mg)
Tillers/ plant Yield
(t/ha)
Usual with no amendments
65 17 1.8
SRI with no amendments
1,100 45 6.1
SRI with NPK added
450 68 9.0
SRI methods with compost
1,400 78 10.5
LOAM SOIL
SRI with no amendments
75 32 2.1
SRI methods with compost
2,000 47 6.6
62. Treatments Total
microbes
(x105
)
Azotobacter
(x103
)
Azospirillum
(x103
)
PSM
(x104
)
Conventional (T0) 2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a
Inorganic SRI (T1) 2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a
Organic SRI (T2) 3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b
Org. SRI + BF (T3) 4.8c 4..4b 3.3c 6.4b
CFU = colony forming units PSM = Phosphate-solubilizing microbes BF = Bio-organic fertilizer
Values with the different letters in a column are significantly different by LSD at the 0.05 level.
Treatments: T0 = 20x20 cm spacing, 30 day seedlings, 6 seedlings/hill, 5 cm flooding depth of water, fertilized with
inorganic NPK (250 kg urea, 200 kg SP-18, 100 kg KCl ha-1
); T1, T2, T3 = All 30x30 cm spacing, 6-10 day seedlings,
1 seedling/hill, moist soil or intermittent irrigation, with different fertilization: T1 = same inorganic NPK as T0;
T2 = 5 t ha-1
of organic fertilizer (compost); T3 = Inorganic NPK as in T0 + 300 kg ha-1
bioorganic fertilizer.
Total microbes and numbers of beneficial soil
microbes (CFU g-1
) under conventional and SRI rice
cultivation methods, Tanjung Sari, Bogor district,
Indonesia, Feb-Aug 2009 (Iswandi et al., 2009)
63. ‘Ascending Migration of Endophytic Rhizobia,
from Roots and Leaves, inside Rice Plants and
Assessment of Benefits to Rice Growth Physiology’
Rhizo-
bium test
strain
Total plant
root
volume/
pot (cm3
)
Shoot dry
weight/
pot (g)
Net photo-
synthetic
rate
(μmol-2
s-1
)
Water
utilization
efficiency
Area (cm2
)
of flag leaf
Grain
yield/
pot (g)
Ac-ORS571 210 ± 36A
63 ± 2A 16.42 ± 1.39A
3.62 ± 0.17BC
17.64 ± 4.94ABC
86 ± 5A
SM-1021 180 ± 26A
67 ± 5A 14.99 ± 1.64B
4.02 ± 0.19AB
20.03 ± 3.92A
86 ± 4A
SM-1002 168 ± 8AB
52 ± 4BC 13.70 ± 0.73B
4.15 ± 0.32A
19.58 ± 4.47AB
61 ± 4B
R1-2370 175 ± 23A
61 ± 8AB 13.85 ± 0.38B
3.36 ± 0.41C
18.98 ± 4.49AB
64 ± 9B
Mh-93 193 ± 16A
67 ± 4A 13.86 ± 0.76B
3.18 ± 0.25CD
16.79 ± 3.43BC
77 ± 5A
Control 130 ± 10B
47 ± 6C 10.23 ± 1.03C
2.77 ± 0.69D
15.24 ± 4.0C
51 ± 4C
Feng Chi et al.,Applied and Envir. Microbiology 71 (2005), 7271-7278
64. Data are based on the average linear root and shoot growth of three
symbiotic (dashed line) and three nonsymbiotic (solid line) plants.
Arrows indicate the times when root hair development started.
Ratio of root and shoot growth in symbiotic
and nonsymbiotic rice plants (symbiotic
plants inoculated with Fusarium culmorum)
Russell J. Rodriguez et al., ‘Symbiotic regulation of plant
growth, development and reproduction,’ Communicative and
Integrative Biology, 2:3 (2009).
65. Growth of nonsymbiotic (on left) and symbiotic (on right) rice seedlings.
On growth of endophyte (F. culmorum) and plant inoculation procedures,
see Rodriguez et al., Communicative and Integrative Biology, 2:3 (2009).
66. Extensions of SRI to Other Crops:Extensions of SRI to Other Crops:
Uttarakhand / Himachal Pradesh, IndiaUttarakhand / Himachal Pradesh, India
Crop No. of
Farmers
Area
(ha)
Grain Yield
(t/ha)
%
Incr.
2006 Conv. SRI
Rajma 5 0.4 1.4 2.0 43
Manduwa 5 0.4 1.8 2.4 33
Wheat Research
Farm
5.0 1.6 2.2 38
2007
Rajma 113 2.26 1.8 3.0 67
Manduwa 43 0.8 1.5 2.4 60
Wheat
(Irrig.)
25 0.23 2.2 4.3 95
Wheat
(Unirrig.)
25 0.09 1.6 2.6 63
Rajma (kidney beans)
Manduwa (millet)
67. Sugar cane grown with SRI methods (left) in Andhra Pradesh
Reported yields of 125-235 t/ha compared with usual 65 t/ha
68. ICRISAT-WWF
Sugarcane Initiative:
at least 20% more
cane yield, with:
• 30% reduction in
water, and
• 25% reduction in
chemical inputs
‘The inspiration for putting
this package together is
from the successful
approach of SRI – System
of Rice Intensification.’
70. 1ST
S.T.I. TRIALS, 2008
Duplication of Earlier Findings
VARIETYVARIETY SOWINGSOWING
METHODMETHOD
PELLETINGPELLETING YIELDYIELD
(Kg/Ha)(Kg/Ha)
Cross 37Cross 37 BroadcastBroadcast NoneNone 1,0141,014
BroadcastBroadcast YesYes 483483
20 cm x 20 cm20 cm x 20 cm NoneNone 3,3903,390
20 cm x 20 cm20 cm x 20 cm YesYes 5,1095,109
Cross 387Cross 387 BroadcastBroadcast NoneNone 1,1811,181
BroadcastBroadcast YesYes 1,0361,036
20 cm x 20 cm20 cm x 20 cm NoneNone 4,1424,142
20 cm x 20 cm20 cm x 20 cm YesYes 4,3854,385
YIFRU ( 1998 )
M. Sc. THESIS
Reported yield of 4-5
tons/ha for
non-lodged teff vs.
2-3 t/ha for lodged
teff
72. SRI is pointing the way toward
a possible paradigm shift to
‘post-modern agriculture’:
• Less ‘genocentric’ and more
profoundly ‘biocentric’
• Re-focus biotechnology and
bioengineering to capitalize
on biodiversity and ecological
dynamics
• Less chemical-dependent
and more energy-efficient
• More oriented to the health
of people and of environment
• Intensification of production
--not continued extensification
• Focus on factor productivity
and on sustainability !
73. THANK YOU
• Check out SRI website:
http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Email: ciifad@cornell.edu
or ntu1@cornell.edu
74.
75.
76. How to “speed up the
biological clock”
(adapted from Nemoto et al. 1995)
Shorter phyllochrons Longer phyllochrons
• Higher temperatures > cold temperatures
• Wider spacing > crowding of roots/canopy
• More illumination > shading of plants
• Ample nutrients in soil > nutrient deficits
• Soil penetrability > compaction of soil
• Sufficient moisture > drought conditions
• Sufficient oxygen > hypoxic soil conditions
77. Root cross-sections of varieties:
upland (left) and irrigated (right)
ORSTOM research (Puard et al. 1989)
78. Current research in
Indonesia at IPB:
cross-sections of rice
roots at 4, 6, 8 and 10
weeks after planting –
with conventional mgmt,
SRI with fertilizer, and
SRI with organic inputs
Editor's Notes
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This plot of Liu Zhibin’s was harvested just before my visit, with an official certificate for a yield of 13.4 t/ha. In 2001, when Liu first used SRI methods, on soil that has been kept well supplied with organic matter, he got a yield of 16 t/ha which helped to persuade Prof. Yuan Long-ping, ‘the father of hybrid rice’ in China, to become more interested in SRI. Liu is manager for the seed farm that produces hybrid seed for Prof. Yuan’s operations.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
This picture was provided by Association Tefy Saina, showing Fr. de Laulanie the year before his death in 1995, at age 75.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
Picture provided by Dr. Rena Perez. These two rice plants are ‘twins’ in that they were planted on the same day in the same nursery from the same seed bag. The one on the right was taken out at 9 days and transplanted into an SRI environment. The one on the left was kept in the flooded nursery until its 52nd day, when it was taken out for transplanting (in Cuba, transplanting of commonly done between 50 and 55 DAP). The difference in root growth and tillering (5 vs. 42) is spectacular. We think this difference is at least in part attributable to the contributions of soil microorganisms producing phytohormones in the rhizosphere that benefit plant growth and performance.
This is the most simple description of what SRI entails. Transplanting is not necessary since direct seeding, with the other SRI practices, also produces similarly good results. The principle of SRI is that if transplanting is done, very young seedling should be used, and there should be little or no trauma to the young plant roots. These are often ‘abused’ in transplanting process, being allowed to dry out (desiccate), or are knocked to remove soil, etc.
Figures from a paper presented by Dr. Tao to international rice conference organized by the China National Rice Research Institute for the International Year of Rice and World Food Day, held in Hangzhou, October 15-17, 2004. Dr. Tao has been doing research on SRI since 2001 to evaluate its effects in physiological terms.
SRI is often hard to accept because it does not depend on either of the two main strategies that made the Green Revolution possible. It does not require any change in the rice variety used (genotype) or an increase in external inputs. Indeed, the latter can be reduced. SRI methods improve the yields of all rice varieties evaluated so far – modern and traditional, improved and local. The highest yields have been attained with HYVs and hybrid varieties (all SRI yields >15 t/ha), but ‘unimproved’ varieties can give yields in the 6-12 t/ha range when soil has been improved through SRI methods, so give the higher market price for these latter varieties, growing them can be more profitable for farmers.
Picture provided by George Rakotondrabe, Landscape Development Interventions project.
Picture provided by Dr. Koma Yang Saing, director, Cambodian Center for the Study and Development of Agriculture (CEDAC), September 2004. Dr. Koma himself tried SRI methods in 1999, and once satisfied that they worked, got 28 farmers in 2000 to try them. From there the numbers have increased each year, to 400, then 2100, then 9100, then almost 17,000. Over 50,000 farmers are expecting to be using SRI in 2005. Ms. Sarim previously produced 2-3 t/ha on her field. In 2004, some parts of this field reached a yield of 11 t/ha, where the soil was most ‘biologized’ from SRI practices.
Picture provided by Rajendra Uprety, District Agricultural Development Office, Morang District, Nepal. Again, this is a single SRI plant grown from a single seed.
Picture provided by Mr. Shichi Sato, project leader for DISIMP project in Eastern Indonesia (S. Sulawasi and W. Nusa Tenggara), where > 1800 farmers using SRI on >1300 ha have had 7.6 t/ha average SRI yield (dried, unhusked paddy, 14% moisture content), 84% more than the control plots, with 40% reduction in water use, and 25% reduction in the costs of production.
This picture from Sri Lanka shows two fields having the same soil, climate and irrigation access, during a drought period. On the left, the rice grown with conventional practices, with continuous flooding from the time of transplanting, has a shallower root system that cannot withstand water stress. On the right, SRI rice receiving less water during its growth has deeper rooting, and thus it can continue to thrive during the drought. Farmers in Sri Lanka are coming to accept SRI in part because it reduces their risk of crop failure during drought.
This is explained in the book referenced above.
This is explained in the book by Chaboussou for which reference is given above.
Prof. Ma Jun in his paper to the Haerbin conference included data on rice quality that he had collected. They showed SRI rice grains (from three different spacings within the SRI range) to be clearly superior in two major respects to conventionally-grown grains (two spacings). A reduction in chalkiness makes the rice more palatable. An increase in outturn is a ‘bonus’ on top of the higher yields of paddy (unmilled) rice that farmers get with SRI methods. We have seen this kind of improvement in outturn rates in Cuba, India and Sri Lanka, about 15%. More research on other aspects of SRI grain quality should be done, including nutritional content.
Here the seedlings are being set into the soil, very shallow (only 1-2 cm deep). The transplanted seedlings are barely visible at the intersections of the lines. This operation proceeds very quickly once the transplanters have gained some skill and confidence in the method. As noted already, these seedling set out with two leaves can already have a third leaf by the next day.
From report by Rajendra Uprety, District Agricultural Development Office, Biratnagar, Nepal – for Morang District. Available from SRI home page on the web.
This is Subasinghe Ariyaratna’s own design. He is a small rice farmer (2 ha) in Mahaweli System ‘H’ of Sri Lanka. He has also devised a method of crop establishment that is labor saving. Instead of transplanting young seedlings 10 days old, at a seed rate of 5 kg/ha, he germinates seed and broadcasts it on prepared muddy soil at a rate of 25 kg/ha. Then at 10 days, when the seedlings are established, he ‘weeds’ the field as recommended for SRI, with rows 25x25 cm, in both directions, removing (churning under) about 80% of the seedlings, leaving just 1 or maybe 2 or 3 plants at the intersections of his passes. This saves the labor of making and managing a nursery and of transplanting, at a cost of 20 kg of seed/ha. He says this can assure a yield of 7.5 t/ha. As his household labor supply is limited (he has two young children and his wife teaches), he needs to economize on labor.
This was developed in 2003 by Mr. L. Reddy, to replace the use of strings and sticks to mark lines for planting, or the use of a wooden “rake” that could mark lines when pulled across the paddy in two directions. This implement, which can be built for any spacing desired, enables farmers, after it is pulled across the paddy in one direction, to plant SRI seedlings in a 25x250 cm square pattern. It saves as lot of labor time for transplanting because only one pass is needed across the field, and this is wider than a rake could be. Even wider ones have been built. Mr. Reddy is a very innovative and successful SRI farmer, with a superb yield last rabi season, measured and reported by the Department of Extension in Andhra Pradesh.
From report by Rajendra Uprety, District Agricultural Development Office, Biratnagar, Nepal – for Morang District. Available from SRI home page on the web.
These data were reported in Prof. Robert Randriamiharisoa's paper in the Sanya conference proceedings. They give the first direct evidence to support our thinking about the contribution of soil microbes to the super-yields achieved with SRI methods.
The bacterium Azospirillum was studied as an "indicator species" presumably reflecting overall levels of microbial populations and activity in and around the plant roots.
Somewhat surprisingly, there was no significant difference in Azospirillum populations in the rhizosphere. But there were huge differences in the counts of Azospirillum in the roots themselves according to soil types (clay vs. loam) and cultivation practices (traditional vs. SRI) and nutrient amendments (none vs. NPK vs. compost).
NPK amendments with SRI produce very good results, a yield on clay soil five times higher than traditional methods with no amendments. But compost used with SRI gives a six times higher yield. The NPK increases Azospirillum (and other) populations, but most/much of the N that produced a 9 t/ha yield is coming from inorganic sources compared to the higher 10.5 t/ha yield with compost that depends entirely on organic N.
On poorer soil, SRI methods do not have much effect, but when enriched with compost, even this poor soil can give a huge increase in production, attributable to the largest of the increases in microbial activity in the roots. At least, this is how we interpret these findings. Similar research should be repeated many times, with different soils, varieties and climates. We consider these findings significant because they mirror results we have seen in other carefully measured SRI results in Madagascar. Tragically, Prof. Randriamiharisoa, who initiated this work, passed away in August, 2004, so we will no longer have his acute intelligence and probing mind to advance these frontiers of knowledge.
Tefy Saina is more comfortable communicating in French language, but it can communicate in English and reads English very well. CIIFAD maintains worldwide contacts on SRI through the internet. Queries are invited, directed to CIIFAD generally or to Norman Uphoff specifically. The SRI web page maintained by CIIFAD in cooperation with Tefy Saina has recent information on SRI experience in countries around the world.