Vitamin A is an essential nutrient involved in vision, cell growth, and immune function. It is found naturally in foods like sweet potatoes, carrots, and dark leafy greens. Deficiency can cause night blindness and weakening of the immune system.
The Placido Disc is a flat disc with alternating black and white concentric rings that is used with a +3.00D convex viewing lens to observe the corneal reflection without accommodation. The image produced can indicate whether the cornea is spherical, has astigmatism, or has irregularities like scars or keratoconus based on whether the reflection image is circular, elliptical, distorted, asymmetrical, with crowded or spread out rings.
Aberrometry is a technique used to measure optical aberrations in the eye by analyzing wavefronts. There are two main types of aberration: lower order aberrations like myopia and astigmatism, which can be corrected with glasses or contacts, and higher order aberrations involving distortions beyond third order that degrade image quality. Aberrometry is used for refractive surgery planning, contact lens fitting, diagnosing conditions like keratoconus, and improving vision by correcting higher order aberrations. Commercial aberrometers use principles like Scheiner's disk, Shack-Hartmann lenses, and ray tracing to measure the deviation of light rays caused by a person's optical aberrations.
Corneal topography is a non-invasive imaging technique that maps the corneal surface in 3D using placido disc or slit scanning systems. It allows for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the cornea pre- and post-refractive surgery, diagnosis of corneal disorders, and fitting of contact lenses and IOLs. The technique involves projecting rings onto the cornea and analyzing the reflections using videokeratoscopy to generate topographic maps color-coded by curvature that are used to interpret corneal shape and detect conditions like keratoconus and astigmatism. Commonly used commercial topography systems include CMS, TMS, Orbscan, and Pentacam.
This document describes two techniques for measuring astigmatism: the astigmatic clock dial technique and the astigmatic fan and block technique.
For the clock dial technique, the patient looks at an astigmatic clock face and identifies the darkest line. Cylindrical lenses are added until all lines appear equally clear. The axis is calculated by multiplying the clock number by 30.
For the fan and block technique, a fan chart with radiating lines is used. Cylindrical lenses are added until the blocks appear equally clear. The axis is determined by rotating an arrow until the limbs appear equally blurred.
Both techniques involve fogging the eye, adding lenses until lines or blocks appear clear
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
A keratometer is an instrument used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the cornea. It projects a series of concentric circles or rings onto the cornea and measures the reflection of these circles to determine the radius of curvature. This measurement is important for diagnosing conditions like astigmatism and for selecting the proper contact lenses or planning refractive surgery.
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and bounded by the cornea and iris. The angle of the anterior chamber plays an important role in aqueous drainage through structures like the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal. The posterior chamber lies behind the iris and lens and is also filled with aqueous humour secreted by the ciliary processes. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork or uveoscleral pathways to maintain intraocular pressure within normal limits.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
The Placido Disc is a flat disc with alternating black and white concentric rings that is used with a +3.00D convex viewing lens to observe the corneal reflection without accommodation. The image produced can indicate whether the cornea is spherical, has astigmatism, or has irregularities like scars or keratoconus based on whether the reflection image is circular, elliptical, distorted, asymmetrical, with crowded or spread out rings.
Aberrometry is a technique used to measure optical aberrations in the eye by analyzing wavefronts. There are two main types of aberration: lower order aberrations like myopia and astigmatism, which can be corrected with glasses or contacts, and higher order aberrations involving distortions beyond third order that degrade image quality. Aberrometry is used for refractive surgery planning, contact lens fitting, diagnosing conditions like keratoconus, and improving vision by correcting higher order aberrations. Commercial aberrometers use principles like Scheiner's disk, Shack-Hartmann lenses, and ray tracing to measure the deviation of light rays caused by a person's optical aberrations.
Corneal topography is a non-invasive imaging technique that maps the corneal surface in 3D using placido disc or slit scanning systems. It allows for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the cornea pre- and post-refractive surgery, diagnosis of corneal disorders, and fitting of contact lenses and IOLs. The technique involves projecting rings onto the cornea and analyzing the reflections using videokeratoscopy to generate topographic maps color-coded by curvature that are used to interpret corneal shape and detect conditions like keratoconus and astigmatism. Commonly used commercial topography systems include CMS, TMS, Orbscan, and Pentacam.
This document describes two techniques for measuring astigmatism: the astigmatic clock dial technique and the astigmatic fan and block technique.
For the clock dial technique, the patient looks at an astigmatic clock face and identifies the darkest line. Cylindrical lenses are added until all lines appear equally clear. The axis is calculated by multiplying the clock number by 30.
For the fan and block technique, a fan chart with radiating lines is used. Cylindrical lenses are added until the blocks appear equally clear. The axis is determined by rotating an arrow until the limbs appear equally blurred.
Both techniques involve fogging the eye, adding lenses until lines or blocks appear clear
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
A keratometer is an instrument used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the cornea. It projects a series of concentric circles or rings onto the cornea and measures the reflection of these circles to determine the radius of curvature. This measurement is important for diagnosing conditions like astigmatism and for selecting the proper contact lenses or planning refractive surgery.
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and bounded by the cornea and iris. The angle of the anterior chamber plays an important role in aqueous drainage through structures like the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal. The posterior chamber lies behind the iris and lens and is also filled with aqueous humour secreted by the ciliary processes. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork or uveoscleral pathways to maintain intraocular pressure within normal limits.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
The sclera forms the tough, white, opaque posterior 5/6th of the external fibrous coat of the eyeball. It is thickest posteriorly at 1mm and thins anteriorly to 0.3mm at the insertion of extraocular muscles. The sclera has three layers - episclera, sclera proper, and lamina fusca. It protects the eyeball by providing mechanical strength and support. The sclera receives blood supply from episcleral and choroidal vessels anterior to the rectus muscle insertion. It is also richly supplied by short and long ciliary nerves posteriorly and anteriorly.
The document describes the anatomy and histology of the uveal tract, which consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It provides details on the layers, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of each part. The iris lies in front of the lens and contains the pupil. It regulates light entry and has two muscles. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and is involved in accommodation. The choroid lies behind the retina and provides blood supply and nutrition to the outer retina. It has several layers of blood vessels.
This document discusses the indications and contraindications for contact lens use. The main indications are for optical correction of refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Other optical indications include presbyopia, keratoconus, irregular astigmatism, anisometropia, and unilateral aphakia. Cosmetic and prosthetic lenses are also discussed. Therapeutic lenses can be used for corneal healing. Contraindications include ocular conditions like infections and dry eye, as well as general health factors such as diabetes, pregnancy, skin conditions, occupations with dust/chemical exposure, and certain medications and habits. Lifestyle and hobby considerations are also outlined.
The document discusses various aspects of corneal physiology, including permeability, metabolic processes, transparency, and age-related changes. It notes that the cornea receives oxygen mainly from the atmosphere via the tear film, as well as the limbal vasculature and aqueous humor. Carbon dioxide exits through tears or aqueous humor. Contact lenses can act as a barrier, reducing oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission. The cornea relies on glucose from the aqueous humor as its main energy source. Loss of transparency occurs when the ordered collagen fibril arrangement is disrupted by swelling. Blinking and tears are also summarized.
The limbus is the transition zone between the cornea and sclera that provides some nourishment to the peripheral cornea. It is also the site of the aqueous humor drainage system. The sclera is a collagenous and relatively avascular outer layer of the eye. The lacrimal gland and accessory glands including glands of Wolfring, Zeis, and Meibomian glands all contribute to tear production. The tear film consists of an inner mucous layer, middle aqueous layer, and outer lipid layer that is spread across the eye by blinking. Tears drain from the medial canthus aided by the scissor-like closing motion of the eyelids.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior segment of the eye. It discusses the layers that make up the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It also describes other structures in the anterior segment such as the conjunctiva, limbus, iris, and vasculature of the cornea. Understanding the anatomy of the anterior eye is important for contact lens wear and physiology.
The document discusses quality assurance and inspection procedures for contact lenses. It describes how lenses are sterilized before dispensing using autoclaving. It also outlines the different manufacturing methods for rigid gas permeable lenses and soft contact lenses. The key parameters that need to be verified for each lens include the base curve using a radiuscope, power using a focimeter, diameter using a V slough gauge, central thickness using a dial gauge, and material using a specific gravity test. Verifying these parameters ensures each lens meets the intended design before dispensing.
This document provides a history of the development of contact lenses. It describes how Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to conceptualize a contact lens in the early 1500s, though he demonstrated the principle of a telescope rather than an actual contact lens. In the 1800s, Herschel described concepts like correcting irregular corneas and the need for a transparent medium in contact with the eye, and is considered the father of contact lenses. The first therapeutic contact device using a gelatin square was developed in the late 1800s. Major developments in the 1900s included the use of new materials like PMMA and HEMA and the creation of rigid gas permeable, soft hydrogel, and other lens types.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses compared to spectacles. It explains that contact lenses have higher plus power and lower minus power than equivalent spectacle lenses due to the vertex distance. Contact lenses produce smaller retinal images in hyperopes and larger images in myopes compared to spectacles. The document also compares the accommodative demands and convergence requirements of contact lenses versus spectacles in different ametropic conditions.
Soft contact lenses are classified based on their water content. There are different classes of soft contact lenses including hydrogels and silicone hydrogel lenses, with hydrogels containing over 50% water by weight and silicone hydrogels containing less. An ideal contact lens material would be oxygen permeable, comfortable, durable and easy to handle.
The document defines key parameters for contact lens design, including:
1) Base curve, which contours the front of the eye and is expressed in mm or diopters, with shorter curves being steeper.
2) Optic zone diameter, which is the area where vision correction power is located and typically ranges from 7-12mm.
3) Peripheral curves, which surround the base curve and become progressively flatter towards the lens edge.
The document discusses various materials used for contact lenses, their properties, and developments over time. It begins by outlining the ideal properties for a contact lens material, including sufficient oxygen permeability and dimensional stability. It then covers early rigid gas permeable materials like PMMA, CAB, siloxane methacrylates and fluoro-siloxane methacrylates. Soft hydrogel lenses based on PHEMA are introduced, along with classifications based on water content. Newer generations of hydrogels incorporate additional polymers. The highest oxygen permeable materials currently are silicone hydrogels used for continuous wear.
Aberrometry is a technique used to measure optical aberrations in the eye by analyzing wavefronts. There are two main types of aberration: lower order aberrations, which can be corrected using prescriptions like for myopia and astigmatism, and higher order aberrations involving the eye's inability to create a perfect image. Aberrometry is used for refractive surgery planning, contact lens fitting, diagnosing conditions like keratoconus, and improving vision by correcting aberrations. Commercial aberrometers use principles like Scheiner's disk, Shack-Hartmann lenslet arrays, and ray tracing to measure the wavefront distortion caused by a patient's optical aberrations.
A keratometer is an instrument used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the cornea. It projects a series of concentric circles or rings onto the cornea and measures the radius of curvature based on the reflected image. Keratometry is an important part of an eye exam to help diagnose conditions like astigmatism and monitor corneal changes over time.
The Placido Disc is a flat disc with alternating black and white concentric rings that is used with a +3.00D convex viewing lens to observe the corneal reflection without accommodation. The image produced can indicate whether the cornea is spherical, has astigmatism, or has irregularities like scars or keratoconus based on whether the rings appear circular, elliptical, distorted, asymmetrical, crowded, or spread out.
The document defines key parameters for contact lens design, including:
1) Base curve, which contours the front of the eye and is expressed in mm or diopters, with shorter curves being steeper.
2) Optic zone diameter, which is the area where vision correction power is located and typically ranges from 7-12mm.
3) Peripheral curves, which surround the base curve and become progressively flatter towards the lens edge.
4) Edge lift and clearance, which refer to the space between the lens and cornea, typically 0.08-0.14mm.
The document summarizes the history and types of spectacle frames. It discusses the earliest references to magnification dating back to ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC. It then describes the development of modern eyeglasses in Italy in the late 13th century. The document proceeds to describe the main parts of frames including the front, temples, hinges, and nose pads. It categorizes different types of frames such as plastics, metals, nylon cord frames, combination frames, and half-eye frames. It also discusses various bridge and temple designs.
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) including its causes, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long or the refractive power is too strong for the eye length, causing light to focus in front of the retina. It is classified based on progression rate, anatomy, degree, age of onset, and whether it involves degenerative changes. Symptoms include blurred distant vision. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts and refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Advanced myopia can lead to retinal damage and complications like detachment.
Anisometropia refers to a difference in refractive power between the two eyes. It can be classified based on refractive error type and dioptric difference. Treatment includes spectacles, contact lenses, LASIK, and treating any amblyopia. Aniseikonia is an unequal size of retinal images between the eyes. It can be optical or retinal in origin. Treatment depends on the cause but may include contact lenses or iseikonic spectacles. Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens, usually due to cataract surgery. It causes blurry vision. Treatment includes thick spectacles, contact lenses, or secondary IOL implantation. Pseudophakia refers to replacement of the natural lens
The tear film consists of three layers - mucin, aqueous, and lipid layers. The mucin layer is innermost and secreted by conjunctival goblet cells. The aqueous layer is middle layer containing proteins, immunoglobulins, and other components secreted by the lacrimal gland. The outermost lipid layer prevents evaporation and is secreted by Meibomian glands. The tear film has functions like keeping the cornea moist, providing nutrients to the cornea, washing away debris, and preventing infections. Tear secretion has two stages - secretion from the lacrimal gland either basally or through reflex tearing, and elimination via drainage through the nasal lacrimal duct when eyelids blink or open.
Exosome Therapy’s Regenerative Effects on Skin and Hair RejuvenationAdvancexo
Explore the transformative effects of exosome therapy on skin and hair rejuvenation. Learn how these tiny vesicles deliver essential growth factors and stimulate cellular repair, offering natural solutions for aging skin and hair loss. Discover the science behind exosomes and their benefits in aesthetic dermatology.
The sclera forms the tough, white, opaque posterior 5/6th of the external fibrous coat of the eyeball. It is thickest posteriorly at 1mm and thins anteriorly to 0.3mm at the insertion of extraocular muscles. The sclera has three layers - episclera, sclera proper, and lamina fusca. It protects the eyeball by providing mechanical strength and support. The sclera receives blood supply from episcleral and choroidal vessels anterior to the rectus muscle insertion. It is also richly supplied by short and long ciliary nerves posteriorly and anteriorly.
The document describes the anatomy and histology of the uveal tract, which consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It provides details on the layers, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of each part. The iris lies in front of the lens and contains the pupil. It regulates light entry and has two muscles. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and is involved in accommodation. The choroid lies behind the retina and provides blood supply and nutrition to the outer retina. It has several layers of blood vessels.
This document discusses the indications and contraindications for contact lens use. The main indications are for optical correction of refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Other optical indications include presbyopia, keratoconus, irregular astigmatism, anisometropia, and unilateral aphakia. Cosmetic and prosthetic lenses are also discussed. Therapeutic lenses can be used for corneal healing. Contraindications include ocular conditions like infections and dry eye, as well as general health factors such as diabetes, pregnancy, skin conditions, occupations with dust/chemical exposure, and certain medications and habits. Lifestyle and hobby considerations are also outlined.
The document discusses various aspects of corneal physiology, including permeability, metabolic processes, transparency, and age-related changes. It notes that the cornea receives oxygen mainly from the atmosphere via the tear film, as well as the limbal vasculature and aqueous humor. Carbon dioxide exits through tears or aqueous humor. Contact lenses can act as a barrier, reducing oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission. The cornea relies on glucose from the aqueous humor as its main energy source. Loss of transparency occurs when the ordered collagen fibril arrangement is disrupted by swelling. Blinking and tears are also summarized.
The limbus is the transition zone between the cornea and sclera that provides some nourishment to the peripheral cornea. It is also the site of the aqueous humor drainage system. The sclera is a collagenous and relatively avascular outer layer of the eye. The lacrimal gland and accessory glands including glands of Wolfring, Zeis, and Meibomian glands all contribute to tear production. The tear film consists of an inner mucous layer, middle aqueous layer, and outer lipid layer that is spread across the eye by blinking. Tears drain from the medial canthus aided by the scissor-like closing motion of the eyelids.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior segment of the eye. It discusses the layers that make up the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It also describes other structures in the anterior segment such as the conjunctiva, limbus, iris, and vasculature of the cornea. Understanding the anatomy of the anterior eye is important for contact lens wear and physiology.
The document discusses quality assurance and inspection procedures for contact lenses. It describes how lenses are sterilized before dispensing using autoclaving. It also outlines the different manufacturing methods for rigid gas permeable lenses and soft contact lenses. The key parameters that need to be verified for each lens include the base curve using a radiuscope, power using a focimeter, diameter using a V slough gauge, central thickness using a dial gauge, and material using a specific gravity test. Verifying these parameters ensures each lens meets the intended design before dispensing.
This document provides a history of the development of contact lenses. It describes how Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to conceptualize a contact lens in the early 1500s, though he demonstrated the principle of a telescope rather than an actual contact lens. In the 1800s, Herschel described concepts like correcting irregular corneas and the need for a transparent medium in contact with the eye, and is considered the father of contact lenses. The first therapeutic contact device using a gelatin square was developed in the late 1800s. Major developments in the 1900s included the use of new materials like PMMA and HEMA and the creation of rigid gas permeable, soft hydrogel, and other lens types.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses compared to spectacles. It explains that contact lenses have higher plus power and lower minus power than equivalent spectacle lenses due to the vertex distance. Contact lenses produce smaller retinal images in hyperopes and larger images in myopes compared to spectacles. The document also compares the accommodative demands and convergence requirements of contact lenses versus spectacles in different ametropic conditions.
Soft contact lenses are classified based on their water content. There are different classes of soft contact lenses including hydrogels and silicone hydrogel lenses, with hydrogels containing over 50% water by weight and silicone hydrogels containing less. An ideal contact lens material would be oxygen permeable, comfortable, durable and easy to handle.
The document defines key parameters for contact lens design, including:
1) Base curve, which contours the front of the eye and is expressed in mm or diopters, with shorter curves being steeper.
2) Optic zone diameter, which is the area where vision correction power is located and typically ranges from 7-12mm.
3) Peripheral curves, which surround the base curve and become progressively flatter towards the lens edge.
The document discusses various materials used for contact lenses, their properties, and developments over time. It begins by outlining the ideal properties for a contact lens material, including sufficient oxygen permeability and dimensional stability. It then covers early rigid gas permeable materials like PMMA, CAB, siloxane methacrylates and fluoro-siloxane methacrylates. Soft hydrogel lenses based on PHEMA are introduced, along with classifications based on water content. Newer generations of hydrogels incorporate additional polymers. The highest oxygen permeable materials currently are silicone hydrogels used for continuous wear.
Aberrometry is a technique used to measure optical aberrations in the eye by analyzing wavefronts. There are two main types of aberration: lower order aberrations, which can be corrected using prescriptions like for myopia and astigmatism, and higher order aberrations involving the eye's inability to create a perfect image. Aberrometry is used for refractive surgery planning, contact lens fitting, diagnosing conditions like keratoconus, and improving vision by correcting aberrations. Commercial aberrometers use principles like Scheiner's disk, Shack-Hartmann lenslet arrays, and ray tracing to measure the wavefront distortion caused by a patient's optical aberrations.
A keratometer is an instrument used to measure the curvature of the front surface of the cornea. It projects a series of concentric circles or rings onto the cornea and measures the radius of curvature based on the reflected image. Keratometry is an important part of an eye exam to help diagnose conditions like astigmatism and monitor corneal changes over time.
The Placido Disc is a flat disc with alternating black and white concentric rings that is used with a +3.00D convex viewing lens to observe the corneal reflection without accommodation. The image produced can indicate whether the cornea is spherical, has astigmatism, or has irregularities like scars or keratoconus based on whether the rings appear circular, elliptical, distorted, asymmetrical, crowded, or spread out.
The document defines key parameters for contact lens design, including:
1) Base curve, which contours the front of the eye and is expressed in mm or diopters, with shorter curves being steeper.
2) Optic zone diameter, which is the area where vision correction power is located and typically ranges from 7-12mm.
3) Peripheral curves, which surround the base curve and become progressively flatter towards the lens edge.
4) Edge lift and clearance, which refer to the space between the lens and cornea, typically 0.08-0.14mm.
The document summarizes the history and types of spectacle frames. It discusses the earliest references to magnification dating back to ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC. It then describes the development of modern eyeglasses in Italy in the late 13th century. The document proceeds to describe the main parts of frames including the front, temples, hinges, and nose pads. It categorizes different types of frames such as plastics, metals, nylon cord frames, combination frames, and half-eye frames. It also discusses various bridge and temple designs.
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness) including its causes, classifications, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long or the refractive power is too strong for the eye length, causing light to focus in front of the retina. It is classified based on progression rate, anatomy, degree, age of onset, and whether it involves degenerative changes. Symptoms include blurred distant vision. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts and refractive surgery procedures like LASIK. Advanced myopia can lead to retinal damage and complications like detachment.
Anisometropia refers to a difference in refractive power between the two eyes. It can be classified based on refractive error type and dioptric difference. Treatment includes spectacles, contact lenses, LASIK, and treating any amblyopia. Aniseikonia is an unequal size of retinal images between the eyes. It can be optical or retinal in origin. Treatment depends on the cause but may include contact lenses or iseikonic spectacles. Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens, usually due to cataract surgery. It causes blurry vision. Treatment includes thick spectacles, contact lenses, or secondary IOL implantation. Pseudophakia refers to replacement of the natural lens
The tear film consists of three layers - mucin, aqueous, and lipid layers. The mucin layer is innermost and secreted by conjunctival goblet cells. The aqueous layer is middle layer containing proteins, immunoglobulins, and other components secreted by the lacrimal gland. The outermost lipid layer prevents evaporation and is secreted by Meibomian glands. The tear film has functions like keeping the cornea moist, providing nutrients to the cornea, washing away debris, and preventing infections. Tear secretion has two stages - secretion from the lacrimal gland either basally or through reflex tearing, and elimination via drainage through the nasal lacrimal duct when eyelids blink or open.
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At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman we providing the top quality massage services for our customers.
Our massage center prioritizes efficiency to ensure a quality massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a convenient appointment system and precise massage services.
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Nursing management of the patient with Tonsillitis PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. Blessy Thomas MSc Nursing, FNCON, SPN. The tonsils are two small glands that sit on either side of the throat.
In young children, they help to fight germs and act as a barrier against infection.
Tonsils act as filters, trapping germs that could otherwise enter the airways and cause infection.
They also make antibodies to fight infection.
But sometimes, they get overwhelmed by bacteria or viruses.
This can make them swollen and inflamed.
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils, two masses of tissue at the back of the throat.
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side.
Tonsillitis is common, especially in children.
It can happen once in a while or come back again and again in a short period.Nursing management of Tonsillitis is important.
A comprehensive understanding of the operations for management of Tonsillitis and areas requiring special attention would be important.