Siemens has implemented the requirements of the new IEC 62271-200 standard for medium-voltage switchgear. The standard includes stricter requirements for dielectric and switching capacity tests compared to the previous IEC 60298 standard. It also introduces new partition classes based on protection against electric shock and stricter criteria for internal arc classification testing. As one of the first manufacturers, Siemens now offers its full range of air-insulated and gas-insulated switchgear certified according to the new IEC 62271-200 standard.
Catalog LS, Catalog,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện LS, Catalog Thiết Bị Điện,
http://dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của LS tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của LS tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm LS vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
Example of Substation Maintenance & Assessment Audits for Training - Niels In...Niels Inderbiethen
This is a good example of an audit which explores all the substation attributes, equipment & maintenance requirements and is usually the basis for creating a professional site specific Training Manual which I then finalize with the client and prepare the documentation for formal training of any new staff to the plant, together with Regulations & ORHVS training. This documentation can then also be forwarded to the SETA & SAQA for formalization and educational points allocation. It also forms a critical part of any plants record keeping requirements and plant maintenance inspections and complies with regulatory and annual legislation of any mandatory records of status and investigations of equipment. - Please note that this document is only published to showcase my work - any use, distribution, copying or any other sort of media use is prohibited as the contents are owned by Siemens and the equipment is covered by patents and the report is covered by copyrights. I appreciate your commitment to this understanding.
Equipment Audits for LV, MV, HV for annual mandatory record keeping by NielsNiels Inderbiethen
This is a good example of an audit which explores all the substation attributes, equipment & maintenance requirements and is usually the basis for creating a professional site specific Training Manual which I then finalize with the client and prepare the documentation for formal training of any new staff to the plant, together with Regulations & ORHVS training. This documentation can then also be forwarded to the SETA & SAQA for formalization and educational points allocation. It also forms a critical part of any plants record keeping requirements and plant maintenance inspections and complies with regulatory and annual legislation of any mandatory records of status and investigations of equipment. - Please note that this document is only published to showcase my work - any use, distribution, copying or any other sort of media use is prohibited as the contents are owned by Siemens and the equipment is covered by patents and the report is covered by copyrights. I appreciate your commitment to this understanding.
Catalog LS, Catalog,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện LS, Catalog Thiết Bị Điện,
http://dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của LS tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của LS tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm LS vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
Example of Substation Maintenance & Assessment Audits for Training - Niels In...Niels Inderbiethen
This is a good example of an audit which explores all the substation attributes, equipment & maintenance requirements and is usually the basis for creating a professional site specific Training Manual which I then finalize with the client and prepare the documentation for formal training of any new staff to the plant, together with Regulations & ORHVS training. This documentation can then also be forwarded to the SETA & SAQA for formalization and educational points allocation. It also forms a critical part of any plants record keeping requirements and plant maintenance inspections and complies with regulatory and annual legislation of any mandatory records of status and investigations of equipment. - Please note that this document is only published to showcase my work - any use, distribution, copying or any other sort of media use is prohibited as the contents are owned by Siemens and the equipment is covered by patents and the report is covered by copyrights. I appreciate your commitment to this understanding.
Equipment Audits for LV, MV, HV for annual mandatory record keeping by NielsNiels Inderbiethen
This is a good example of an audit which explores all the substation attributes, equipment & maintenance requirements and is usually the basis for creating a professional site specific Training Manual which I then finalize with the client and prepare the documentation for formal training of any new staff to the plant, together with Regulations & ORHVS training. This documentation can then also be forwarded to the SETA & SAQA for formalization and educational points allocation. It also forms a critical part of any plants record keeping requirements and plant maintenance inspections and complies with regulatory and annual legislation of any mandatory records of status and investigations of equipment. - Please note that this document is only published to showcase my work - any use, distribution, copying or any other sort of media use is prohibited as the contents are owned by Siemens and the equipment is covered by patents and the report is covered by copyrights. I appreciate your commitment to this understanding.
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 07 - ELCB
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
ABB LV Low Voltage Surge Arresters
ABB LOVOS-5 ABB LOVOS-10
ABB Surge Arresters for Low Voltage Overhead Line Protection
ABB low voltage surge arresters LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 are a new generation of LV surge arresters ensuring electrical protection of overhead lines, electric energy receivers, distributing transformers and low voltage electrical equipment. Specify and install ABB LOVOS type surge arresters to protect low voltage power equipment from the effects of lightning and switching overvoltages.
ABB low voltage surge arrester types LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 selection criteria : continuous operating voltage Uc, voltage protection level Up and energy absorption capability.
Applications for Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
The ABB LOVOS range provides protection along LV overhead lines, cables, motors, switches, any equipment connected to the line, from the LV side of distribution transformers up to measuring instruments.
Typical places of installation
Low voltage switchgears, distribution transformers (LV side)
Transition points of insulated and uninsulated, overhead and underground lines and cables
Electricity service entrance locations to buildings (in cabinets or at poles)
At junctions (branching])
Every 500 / 1000 m of overhead line in locations of high lightning activity
At the end of dead-end feeder line
At the sealing ends of inserted cables
At any apparatuses connected to secondary voltage source
ABB LOVOS Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
ABB LOVOS-5 and ABB LOVOS-10 Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
The principal active element of ABB LV low voltage LOVOS surge arresters is a metal oxide varistor characterised by high non-linearity - at a working voltage mainly a capacity current flows smaller than 1 mA. Any voltage increase causes a large increase of current flowing through the varistor, leading in turn to immediate limitation of further voltage increase on arrester terminals. When the overvoltage disappears, the surge arrester immediately returns to its basic state. Surge arresters are equipped with a disconnecting device, that disconnects the surge arrester from the low voltage electricity network if it becomes damaged as the result of overvoltage of too high energy or inadmissable voltage increase in the system. If such a situation occurs then the bottom terminal of the disconnecting device is rejected by the spring inside - this terminal remains suspended on an insulation leash.
ABB LOVOS-5 and ABB LOVOS-10 LV Surge Arresters - Advantages
Easy assembly and connection of ABB LOVOS surge arresters
Disconnecting device also fulfills function of damage indicator
Large choice of ABB LOVOS surge arrester accessories
Casing resistant to UV radiation, non-flammable
Maintenance free low voltage surge arresters
All surge arrester accessories are made from corrosion-resistant materials
ABB low voltage surge arresters LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 are a new generation of LV surge arresters ensuring electrical protection of overhead lines, electric energy receivers, distributing transformers and low voltage electrical equipment. Specify and install ABB LOVOS type surge arresters to protect low voltage power equipment from the effects of lightning and switching overvoltages.
ABB low voltage surge arrester types LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 selection criteria : continuous operating voltage Uc, voltage protection level Up and energy absorption capability.
The ABB LOVOS range provides protection along LV overhead lines, cables, motors, switches, any equipment connected to the line, from the LV side of distribution transformers up to measuring instruments.
Typical places of installation
• low voltage switchgears, distribution transformers (LV side)
• transition points of insulated and uninsulated, overhead and underground lines and cables
• electricity service entrance locations to buildings (in cabinets or at poles)
• at junctions (branching])
• every 500 / 1000 m of overhead line in locations of high lightning activity
• at the end of dead-end feeder line
• at the sealing ends of inserted cables
• at any apparatuses connected to secondary voltage source
ABB Power Products - Low Voltage Capacitators, Low Voltage Surge Arresters, Low Voltage Surge Arresters, Low Voltage Plugs & Sockets ATEX, Medium - High Voltage Fuses (Indoor & Outdoor), Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers, Voltage Surge Arresters, Vacuum Contactors.
ELCB Fuji: thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji
Beeteco.com là trang mua sắm trực tuyến thiết bị điện - Tự động hóa uy tín tại Việt Nam.
Chuyên cung cấp các thiết bị: Đèn báo nút nhấn, Relay, Timer, Contactor, MCCB ELCB, Biến tần, Van, Thiết bị cảm biến, phụ kiện tủ điện, .... Từ các thương hiệu hàng đầu trên thế giới.
www.beeteco.com @ Công ty TNHH TM KT ASTER
Số 7 Đại Lộ Độc Lập, KCN Sóng Thần 1, P. Dĩ An, Tx. Dĩ An, Bình Dương
www.facebook.com/beeteco
Tel: 0650 3617 012
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 01 - Contactor
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
Công ty cổ phần Hạo Phương xin gửi đến Quý Khách hàng bộ catalog các dòng Contactor Fuji Electric mới nhất 2019 bao gồm: contactor SK, contactor SC, contactor FJ.
Contactor (Khởi động từ) Fuji Electric là dòng sản phẩm thuộc nhóm thiết bị đóng ngắt mạch điện. Các sản phẩm Fuji hiện đang được phân phối bởi Công ty Hạo Phương, nhà phân phối thiết bị điện và là nhà tích hợp hệ thống hàng đầu Việt Nam.
Quý khách có nhu cầu mua hàng hoặc hợp tác cùng chúng tôi xin vui lòng liên hệ theo địa chỉ :
CÔNG TY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG
Trụ sở chính:
Địa chỉ: Số 88 đường Vĩnh Phú 40, Kp. Hòa Long, P. Vĩnh Phú, Thuận An, Bình Dương.
Văn phòng Hà Nội:
Địa chỉ: Số 95 TT4 - KĐT Mỹ Đình Sông Đà - Phường Mỹ Đình - Q. Nam Từ Liêm - Hà Nội
Chi nhánh Cambodia:
Địa chỉ: The Park Land SenSok, Borey Chip Mong, House Number 22, P11.Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan San Sok, Phnom Penh.
Email: cs@haophuong.com - Website: haophuong.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/haophuongcompany/
HOTLINE: 1800 6547
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 07 - ELCB
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
ABB LV Low Voltage Surge Arresters
ABB LOVOS-5 ABB LOVOS-10
ABB Surge Arresters for Low Voltage Overhead Line Protection
ABB low voltage surge arresters LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 are a new generation of LV surge arresters ensuring electrical protection of overhead lines, electric energy receivers, distributing transformers and low voltage electrical equipment. Specify and install ABB LOVOS type surge arresters to protect low voltage power equipment from the effects of lightning and switching overvoltages.
ABB low voltage surge arrester types LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 selection criteria : continuous operating voltage Uc, voltage protection level Up and energy absorption capability.
Applications for Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
The ABB LOVOS range provides protection along LV overhead lines, cables, motors, switches, any equipment connected to the line, from the LV side of distribution transformers up to measuring instruments.
Typical places of installation
Low voltage switchgears, distribution transformers (LV side)
Transition points of insulated and uninsulated, overhead and underground lines and cables
Electricity service entrance locations to buildings (in cabinets or at poles)
At junctions (branching])
Every 500 / 1000 m of overhead line in locations of high lightning activity
At the end of dead-end feeder line
At the sealing ends of inserted cables
At any apparatuses connected to secondary voltage source
ABB LOVOS Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
ABB LOVOS-5 and ABB LOVOS-10 Low Voltage LV Surge Arresters
The principal active element of ABB LV low voltage LOVOS surge arresters is a metal oxide varistor characterised by high non-linearity - at a working voltage mainly a capacity current flows smaller than 1 mA. Any voltage increase causes a large increase of current flowing through the varistor, leading in turn to immediate limitation of further voltage increase on arrester terminals. When the overvoltage disappears, the surge arrester immediately returns to its basic state. Surge arresters are equipped with a disconnecting device, that disconnects the surge arrester from the low voltage electricity network if it becomes damaged as the result of overvoltage of too high energy or inadmissable voltage increase in the system. If such a situation occurs then the bottom terminal of the disconnecting device is rejected by the spring inside - this terminal remains suspended on an insulation leash.
ABB LOVOS-5 and ABB LOVOS-10 LV Surge Arresters - Advantages
Easy assembly and connection of ABB LOVOS surge arresters
Disconnecting device also fulfills function of damage indicator
Large choice of ABB LOVOS surge arrester accessories
Casing resistant to UV radiation, non-flammable
Maintenance free low voltage surge arresters
All surge arrester accessories are made from corrosion-resistant materials
ABB low voltage surge arresters LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 are a new generation of LV surge arresters ensuring electrical protection of overhead lines, electric energy receivers, distributing transformers and low voltage electrical equipment. Specify and install ABB LOVOS type surge arresters to protect low voltage power equipment from the effects of lightning and switching overvoltages.
ABB low voltage surge arrester types LOVOS-5 and LOVOS-10 selection criteria : continuous operating voltage Uc, voltage protection level Up and energy absorption capability.
The ABB LOVOS range provides protection along LV overhead lines, cables, motors, switches, any equipment connected to the line, from the LV side of distribution transformers up to measuring instruments.
Typical places of installation
• low voltage switchgears, distribution transformers (LV side)
• transition points of insulated and uninsulated, overhead and underground lines and cables
• electricity service entrance locations to buildings (in cabinets or at poles)
• at junctions (branching])
• every 500 / 1000 m of overhead line in locations of high lightning activity
• at the end of dead-end feeder line
• at the sealing ends of inserted cables
• at any apparatuses connected to secondary voltage source
ABB Power Products - Low Voltage Capacitators, Low Voltage Surge Arresters, Low Voltage Surge Arresters, Low Voltage Plugs & Sockets ATEX, Medium - High Voltage Fuses (Indoor & Outdoor), Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers, Voltage Surge Arresters, Vacuum Contactors.
ELCB Fuji: thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji
Beeteco.com là trang mua sắm trực tuyến thiết bị điện - Tự động hóa uy tín tại Việt Nam.
Chuyên cung cấp các thiết bị: Đèn báo nút nhấn, Relay, Timer, Contactor, MCCB ELCB, Biến tần, Van, Thiết bị cảm biến, phụ kiện tủ điện, .... Từ các thương hiệu hàng đầu trên thế giới.
www.beeteco.com @ Công ty TNHH TM KT ASTER
Số 7 Đại Lộ Độc Lập, KCN Sóng Thần 1, P. Dĩ An, Tx. Dĩ An, Bình Dương
www.facebook.com/beeteco
Tel: 0650 3617 012
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 01 - Contactor
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
Công ty cổ phần Hạo Phương xin gửi đến Quý Khách hàng bộ catalog các dòng Contactor Fuji Electric mới nhất 2019 bao gồm: contactor SK, contactor SC, contactor FJ.
Contactor (Khởi động từ) Fuji Electric là dòng sản phẩm thuộc nhóm thiết bị đóng ngắt mạch điện. Các sản phẩm Fuji hiện đang được phân phối bởi Công ty Hạo Phương, nhà phân phối thiết bị điện và là nhà tích hợp hệ thống hàng đầu Việt Nam.
Quý khách có nhu cầu mua hàng hoặc hợp tác cùng chúng tôi xin vui lòng liên hệ theo địa chỉ :
CÔNG TY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG
Trụ sở chính:
Địa chỉ: Số 88 đường Vĩnh Phú 40, Kp. Hòa Long, P. Vĩnh Phú, Thuận An, Bình Dương.
Văn phòng Hà Nội:
Địa chỉ: Số 95 TT4 - KĐT Mỹ Đình Sông Đà - Phường Mỹ Đình - Q. Nam Từ Liêm - Hà Nội
Chi nhánh Cambodia:
Địa chỉ: The Park Land SenSok, Borey Chip Mong, House Number 22, P11.Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan San Sok, Phnom Penh.
Email: cs@haophuong.com - Website: haophuong.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/haophuongcompany/
HOTLINE: 1800 6547
Study of amendments were done to analyze the interpretation of new clauses and implications of the same on the existing products/scope of new projects or products
AC High voltage Air Break Disconnector Switch Routine Test According to IEC 6...Ali Sepehri
AC High voltage Air Break Disconnector Switch Routine Test According to IEC 62271-102 Standard
Article 9(09.10.2018) direct link: https://lnkd.in/gX_aVqq
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
06612 iec zerti_rz11_e
1. Siemens AG
Power Transmission and Distribution
Medium Voltage Division
Mozartstr. 31c
91052 Erlangen
Germany
www.siemens.com/energy
For questions on power transmission and
distribution, please contact our Customer
Support Center, 24 hours a day.
Tel.: +49 180 / 524 70 00
Fax: +49 180 / 524 24 71
(Subject to charge: e.g. 12 ct/min)
E-mail: support.energy@siemens.com
www.siemens.com/energy-support
Subject to change without prior notice
Order no. E50001-U229-A282-X-7600
Printed in Germany
Dispo 30403
GB 06612 101976 08064.
The information in this document contains general descriptions of the technical features, which may not always be available.
An obligation to provide the respective performance feature shall exist only if expressly agreed in the terms of contract.
2. Power Transmission and Distribution
We are ready: IEC 62271-200
The new switchgear standard
3. Standards for all
Switchgear are important nodal points
in modern power distribution. Corre-
spondingly important is their reliable
functioning, a clearly defined switch-
ing behavior according to specified
parameters as well as the protection of
personnel and protection against oper-
ational interruptions when an overload
occurs.
The International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) has taken up the
task of developing the required speci-
fications, their worldwide standard-
ization and further development. The
same applies to IEC 62271-200 – the
new standard for medium-voltage
switchgear.
As one of the first manufacturers,
Siemens has implemented these
requirements and already offers the
complete product range of air-insu
lated and gas-insulated switchgear
today, type-tested according to
IEC 62271-200.
2
IEC 62271-200
IEC 62271-200
4. IEC 60298 – for four decades this abbre-
viation was the decisive factor for the type
testing of metal-enclosed switchgear. In
the meantime there are tens of thousands
of switchgear panels of the primary and
secondary distribution level based on this
standard in use – certified according to
the mandatory part of the standard and,
if required, according to optional tests.
The passing of the following tests was
obligatory in order to identify switchgear as
type-tested:
Dielectric test to verify the insulation
level of the switchgear (tests with rated
lightning impulse withstand voltage and
rated short-duration power frequency
withstand voltage with the specified
values depending on the respective rated
voltage).
Temperature rise tests to verify the
current carrying capacity with rated normal
currents.
Peak and short-time withstand current
tests to verify the dynamic and thermal
current carrying capacity of the main and
earth circuits; the tests are performed with
rated peak short-circuit current or rated
short-circuit making current or rated short-
time current or rated short-circuit breaking
current.
Switching capacity test to verify the
making/breaking capacity of the installed
switchgear.
Mechanical function test to verify the
mechanical functions and interlocks.
Degree of protection tests to verify the
protection against electric shock and foreign
objects.
Pressure and strength tests to verify
the gas tightness and pressure resistance for
gas-filled switchgear.
There is also the possibility of voluntarily
certifying switchgear for resistance to inter-
nal arc faults and for personal protection.
Manufacturers and operators can select the
criteria which are relevant to them from the
following six criteria and have them tested.
Criterion 1:
Doors and covers must not open.
Criterion 2:
Parts of the switchgear must not fly off.
Criterion 3:
Holes must not develop in the external parts
of the enclosure.
Criterion 4:
Vertical indicators must not ignite.
Criterion 5:
Horizontal indicators must not ignite.
Criterion 6:
Earth connections must remain effective.
In order to guarantee safe access to the
individual switchgear components, e.g.the
incoming cable, without isolating the busbar,
the IEC 60298 standard differentiates bet
ween three types of compartmentalization
that serve exclusively as protection against
electric shock.
Metal-clad switchgear: Division of the
switchgear panel into four compartments
(busbar compartment, switching-device
compartment, connection compartment
and low-voltage compartment); partitions
between the compartments made of sheet
steel, front plate made of sheet steel or
insulating material.
Compartmented switchgear: Division of
the switchgear panel same as for metal-clad
switchgear, but with the partitions between
the individual compartments made of insu-
lating material.
Cubicle-type switchgear: All other types
of construction that do not meet the above
features of the metal-clad or compartmented
designs.
In this context, access to the then common
minimum-oil-content circuit-breakers for
maintenance work without longer opera-
tional interruptions was of prime importance
because of the limited number of operating
cycles. Therefore, with switchgear in metal-
clad or compartmented design, the busbar in
the busbar compartment and the incom-
ing cable in the connection compartment
could remain in operation. With a cubicle-
type design, the incoming cable had to be
isolated, but the busbar itself could remain in
operation.
Retrospective
3
5. Although the old IEC 60298 standard
was very helpful, in time it was super-
seded by the technological progress.
Above all, the appearance of mainte-
nance-free vacuum circuit-breakers,
with operating cycles far exceeding
the normal number, made frequent
access to this circuit-breaker no longer
of prime importance.
The vacuum arc-quenching principle
is technologically so superior to other
arc-quenching principles that the
circuit-breaker can be fixed-mounted
again. This resulted in the first-time
use of gas insulation with the impor-
tant features of climatic independence,
compactness and maintenance-free de-
sign. However, both technologies – the
vacuum arc-quenching principle and
gas insulation – were not adequately
taken into account in the existing
standard.
Therefore, at the end of the nine-
ties, the responsible IEC committees
decided on the reformulation of the
switchgear standard, which finally
came into effect as IEC 62271-200 in
November 2003. At the same time the
old IEC 60298 standard was withdrawn
without any transition period.
Four key features are of special note with
the new IEC 62271-200 standard:
1. Changed dielectric requirements
According to IEC 60298, two disruptive
discharges were permitted in a series of
15 voltage impulses for the test with rated
lightning impulse withstand voltage. Ac-
cording to the new standard, the series
must be extended by another five voltage
impulses if a disruptive discharge has oc-
curred during the first 15 impulses. This can
lead to a maximum of 25 voltage impulses,
whereas the maximum number of permis-
sible disruptive discharges is still two.
2. Increased demands on the circuit-
breaker and earthing switch
In contrast to the previous standard, the
switching capacity test of both switching
devices is no longer carried out as a pure
device test. Instead, it is now mandatory
to carry out the test in the corresponding
switchgear panel. The switching capacity
may get a negative influence from the
different arrangement of the switchgear
with contact arms, moving contacts,
conductor bars, etc.
For this reason, the test duties T100s and
T100a from the IEC 62271-100 standard
are stipulated for the test of the circuit-
breaker inside the switchgear panel.
3. New partition classification
The new partition classes PM (partitions
metallic = partitions and shutters made
of metal) or PI (partitions nonmetallic =
partitions and shutters made of insulat-
ing material) now apply with respect to
the protection against electric shock dur-
ing access to the individual components.
The assignment is no longer according
to the constructional description (metal-
clad, compartmented or cubicle-type
design), but according to operator-related
criteria (Tables 1 and 2).
4. Stricter internal arc classification
Significantly stricter changes have also
been implemented here. The energy flow
direction of the arc supply, the maximum
number of permissible panels with the
test in the end panel and the dependency
of the ceiling height on the respective
panel height have been redefined. In
addition, the five following new criteria
must always be completely fulfilled (no
exceptions are permitted):
1) Covers and doors remain closed.
Limited deformations are accepted.
2) No fragmentation of the enclosure,
no projection of small parts above
60 g weight.
3) No holes in the accessible sides up
to a height of 2 meters.
4) Horizontal and vertical indicators do not
ignite due to the effect of hot gases.
5) The enclosure remains connected to
its earthing parts.
For the internal arc classification of
substations with and without control
aisle, the testing of the substation with
installed switchgear is mandatory in the
new IEC 62271-202 standard. The clas-
sification of the substation is only valid
in combination with the switchgear used
for the test. The classification cannot be
transferred to a combination with an-
other switchgear type as each switchgear
behaves differently in the case of an in-
ternal arc (pressure relief equipment with
different cross-sections and pickup pres-
sures, different arcing conditions because
of different conductor geometries).
New specifications –
new challenges
Overview of IEC 62271-200
4
6. Loss of service
continuity category
When an accessible compartment of
the switchgear is opened: …
Constructional design
LSC 1 … then the busbar and therefore
the complete switchgear must be
isolated.
No partitions within the panel, no
panel partition walls to adjacent
panels.
LSC 2 LSC 2A … then the incoming cable must be
isolated. The busbar and the adjacent
switchgear panels can remain in
operation.
Panel partition walls and isolating
distance with compartmentaliza-
tion to the busbar.
LSC 2B … then the incoming cable, the
busbar and the adjacent switchgear
panels can remain in operation.
Panel partition walls and isolating
distance with compartmentaliza-
tion to the busbar and to the cable.
The notation IAC A FLR, I and t contains the abbreviations for the following values:
IAC Internal Arc Classification
A
Distance between the indicators 300 mm, i.e. installation in rooms with access for
authorized personnel, closed electrical service location
FLR Access from the front (F), from the sides (L = lateral) and from the rear (R)
I Test current = rated short-circuit breaking current (in kA)
t Internal arc duration (in seconds)
Type of accessibility
to a compartment
Access features
Interlock-based Opening for normal operation and
maintenance, e.g. fuse replacement.
Access is controlled by the
construction of the switchgear,
i.e. integrated interlocks prevent
impermissible opening.
Procedure-based Opening for normal operation and
maintenance, e.g. fuse replacement.
Access control via a suitable pro-
cedure (work instruction of the
operator) combined with a locking
device (lock).
Tool-based Opening not for normal operation or
maintenance, e.g. cable testing.
Access only with tool for opening,
special access procedure
(instruction of the operator).
Nonaccessible Opening not possible / not intended for operator,
opening can destroy the compartment.
This applies generally to the gas-filled compartments of gas-insulated
switchgear. As the switchgear is maintenance-free and climate-indepen-
dent, access is neither required nor possible.
Table 2
Overview of the characteristic values
The IAC classification describes a success-
ful test. It results from the definition of
the degree of accessibility, the possibili-
ties of arrangement inside a room, as
well as the test current and test time
(Table 3).
Medium-voltage switchgear in the pri-
mary and secondary distribution level is
generally classified with degree of acces-
sibility A. This means they are intended
for use in rooms that are only accessible
to authorized personnel (closed electrical
service locations).
Switchgear that is accessible by general
public has the degree of accessibility B
(distance of indicators = 100 mm) and
polemounted switchgear has the degree
of accessibility C (indicators below a
tower in an area of 3 x 3 m).
Consequences for operators
With the new IEC 62271-200 standard,
the following conditions must be satisfied
by the switchgear operators:
Already existing switchgear can still be
operated in accordance with IEC 60298.
However, new switchgear must fulfill the
IEC 62271-200 standard in order to avoid
any resulting legal disadvantages. A situ-
ation which has a number of advantages.
For example, the comparison and evalu-
ation of switchgear features is now more
transparent. But also from an economic
point of view, they are an investment in
the future.
Table 1
Table 3
5
7. 6
With intensive development work and
comprehensive tests, Siemens has al-
ready implemented the performance
features requested by IEC 62271-200 at
an early stage. As one of the first man-
ufacturers, we offer the entire product
range of air- and gas-insulated switch-
gear for medium-voltage applications
in primary and secondary distribution
systems today – type-tested according
to the new IEC 62271-200 standard.
A greater margin for your safety
Not only that: the more stringent require-
ments of the dielectric type tests have
been implemented without exception.
All switching capacity tests for the various
circuit-breakers and earthing switches
were performed in installed condition,
i.e. inside the switchgear panel with the
associated arrangement of the conducting
path, contacts, etc. This means for you as
the operator: One hundred percent cer-
tainty that this combination of switchgear
and switchgear panel functions reliably.
All switchgear series were also tested for
the internal arc classification in accordance
with the new standard. The maximum
permissible number of test objects (gener-
ally two or three panels) as well as the
changed direction of energy flow of the arc
supply significantly increased the demands
on the switchgear panels. All switchgear
certified in accordance with IEC 62271-
200 satisfies all five criteria required for
the internal arc test without exception.
Siemens medium-voltage switchgear
therefore corresponds to the IAC A FLR
classification for short-circuit currents up
to 50 kA (depending on the system type)
and short-circuit times up to one second.
Ready for the future – with Siemens
With the fulfillment of the new IEC 62271-
200 standard, all our switchgear types
represent the latest state of development
in technology, safety and reliability.
Without exception, Siemens switchgear
fulfills the internal arc classification as vital
proof of the personal safety. Our switch-
gear therefore also meets the require-
ments of CAPIEL – the European associa-
tion of national switchgear manufacturer
associations: “This is now a type test and
not anymore subject of agreement be-
tween manufacturer and user.”
An investment in the switchgear technol-
ogy made by Siemens is a profitable invest-
ment in the future.
With the successfully verified internal arc
classification, IAC A FLR up to 50 kA and
one second arc duration, our switchgear
offers maximum possible personal protec-
tion. Our type-tested series also entirely
fulfill the specifications of IEC 62271-200
in all aspects. In addition, they guarantee
the highest possible degree of operational
reliability and therefore an extremely low
failure rate.
Air- and gas-insulated switchgear
from Siemens in accordance with
IEC 62271-200
We are ready – to make you ready as well