This document discusses pharmacovigilance, which involves monitoring medicines to detect and prevent adverse effects. It defines pharmacovigilance and describes its aims to improve patient safety and public health related to medicine use. The document outlines the scope of pharmacovigilance and objectives to improve care, health, assess medicine benefits and risks, and promote education. It also discusses adverse drug reactions, types A-F, factors affecting reactions like patient characteristics and medicine properties, and the role of pharmacists in managing reactions.
Pharmacovigilance AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.
MONITORING REPORTING ROLE OF PHARMACIST.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADR. MECHANISM OF ADR
ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN MANAGING ADR. AUGMENTED, BIZZARE, CONTINOUS, DELAYED, END OF TREATMENT, ABCD, ABCDE.
Adverse Drug Reaction by Firoz Rosid.pptxFirozRosid1
Adverse reaction of any drug is a major concerning issue in many countries. A medicine may act as poison without proper dosing as well as management. Sometimes, adverse drug reaction is life threatening. About 10% of diseased people are dying due to adverse reaction of drug. They even don't know why medicine is not being effective them well. So, to get proper medication, knowledge about adverse drug reaction is a must.
Polypharmacy and Rational Prescribing in Elderly Patients.pptxAhmed Mshari
Polypharmacy is typically defined as the prescription of five or more medications.
It also refers to the prescription of medications that do not have a specific current indication, that duplicate other medications, or that are known to be ineffective for the condition being treated.
In other words, polypharmacy is the use of multiple medications that are unnecessary and have the potential to do more harm than good.
Pharmacovigilance AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS.
MONITORING REPORTING ROLE OF PHARMACIST.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADR. MECHANISM OF ADR
ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN MANAGING ADR. AUGMENTED, BIZZARE, CONTINOUS, DELAYED, END OF TREATMENT, ABCD, ABCDE.
Adverse Drug Reaction by Firoz Rosid.pptxFirozRosid1
Adverse reaction of any drug is a major concerning issue in many countries. A medicine may act as poison without proper dosing as well as management. Sometimes, adverse drug reaction is life threatening. About 10% of diseased people are dying due to adverse reaction of drug. They even don't know why medicine is not being effective them well. So, to get proper medication, knowledge about adverse drug reaction is a must.
Polypharmacy and Rational Prescribing in Elderly Patients.pptxAhmed Mshari
Polypharmacy is typically defined as the prescription of five or more medications.
It also refers to the prescription of medications that do not have a specific current indication, that duplicate other medications, or that are known to be ineffective for the condition being treated.
In other words, polypharmacy is the use of multiple medications that are unnecessary and have the potential to do more harm than good.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. CONTENT:
1. Scope, aims ,definition and scope of pharmacovigilance
2. Adverse drug reactions
3. Reporting, evaluation, monitoring , preventing and management of
pharmacovigilance
4. Role of pharmacist in management of ADR.
3. WHAT IS PHARMACOVIGILANCE (PV)
• The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-
related problems -
Pharmaco - Vigilance
Pharmaco = medicine
Vigilare = to watch
– alert watchfulness
– forbearance of sleep; wakefulness
– watchfulness in respect of danger; care; caution; circumspection
– the process of paying close and continuous attention
4. PHARMACOVIGILANCE AIMS
• Improve patient care and safety in relation to the use of medicines, and
all medical and paramedical interventions
• Improve public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines
• Contribute to the assessment of benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk of
medicines, encouraging their safe, rational and more effective (including
cost-effective) use
• Promote understanding, education and clinical training in
pharmacovigilance and its effective communication to the public.
5. OBJECTIVES OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE
• To improve patient care and safety
• To improve public health and safety
• To contribute to the assessment of benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk
of medicines
• To promote understanding, education and clinical training
6. SCOPE OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE
• Improve patient care and safety in relation to the use of medicines, and
all medical and paramedical interventions,
• Improve public health and safety in relation to the use of medicines,
• Contribute to the assessment of benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk of
medicines, encouraging their safe, rational and more effective (including
cost- effective) use, and
• Promote understanding, education and clinical training in
pharmacovigilance and its effective communication to the public
7.
8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN
MANAGEMENT OF ADR’s
Avoiding the combination entirely
Adjusting the dose of the object drug
Spacing dosing times to avoid the interaction
Monitoring for early detection
Provide information on patient risk factors that increases the chance of
an adverse outcome
Improve computerized screening systems
Excessive number of drug interactions on the systems
Drug class differences not handled correctly
9. WHAT ARE ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
(ADRS)?
Any noxious change which is suspected to be due to a drug, occurs at
doses normally used in man , requires treatment or decrease in dose or
indicates caution for in future use of the same drug.
Adverse drug event – Any untoward medical occurrence that may
present during treatment with medicine , but which may not have causal
relationship with the treatment.
10. STATISTICS
ADR to drugs are most common cause of iatrogenic disease.
3-5% hospitalisations due to adverse reactions results in 3,00,000
hospitalisations annually in US.
Once hospitalised → 30% chance of ADR → Risk of each course is 5%
3% chance of life threatning reactions → Risk of each course is 0.4 %
11. COMMON CAUSES OF ADRS
Failing to take the correct dosages at the correct times.
Overdosing.
Allergies to chemical components of the medicine.
Combining the medicine with alcohol.
Taking other drugs or preparations that interact with the medicine.
Taking a medicine that was prescribed for someone else.
12. FACTORS AFFECTING ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
:
Patient-related factors
Age
Sex
Genetic influences
Concurrent diseases (renal ,liver , cardiac)
Previous adverse drug reactions
Compliance with dosing regimen
Total number of medications
Misc. (diet, smoking, environmental exposure)
13. AGE
• Children are often at risk because their capacity to metabolize drugs is usually
not fully developed
• Children younger than 18 may be at risk of developing Reye’s syndrome if
given acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) while infected with chickenpox or influenza.
ELDERLY
• ADRs, including drug interactions, are a common cause of admission to
hospitals in the elderly .
• Reasons for ADRs in the elderly: Concomitant use of several medications
Decreased drug ADME activity due to age
• These conditions are exacerbated by malnutrition and dehydration, common in
the elderly
14. PREGNANCY
1. Sulfonamides → Jaundice and brain damage in the fetus
2. Warfarin → Birth defects, and increased risk of bleeding problems in
newborns and mothers
3. Lithium → Defects of the heart (Ebstein’s Anomaly), lethargy, reduced
muscle tone, and underactivity of the thyroid gland
BREAST FEEDING
→ Many drugs can be passed from mother to infant via breast milk
– Amantadine (antiviral)
– Cyclophosphamide (antineoplastic)
– Cocaine (Schedule 2 FDA drug)
– Carisoprodol (skeletal muscle relaxant
15. FACTORS AFFECTING ADVERSE DRUG
REACTIONS :
• Drug-related factors
Dose
Duration
Inherent toxicity of the agent
Pharmacodynamics properties
Pharmacokinetic properties
16. TYPES OF ADR’S
Type A - (Augmented)
Type B - (Bizarre)
Type C - (Continuous)
Type D - (Delayed)
Type E - (Ending of Use)
Type F - (Failure of Efficacy)
17. ADR CLASSIFICATION
Type A (Augmented) Predictable Type B (Bizarre) Unpredictable
Expected- Undesirable Unexpected- Undesirable
Based- Pharmacological properties of drug Based- Peculiarities of patient
More common Less common
Dose related Non dose related
Mostly preventable and reversible More serious, requires drug withdrawal
Includes- Side effects , Secondary effects ,
Toxic effects, Consequences of drug
withdrawal
Includes-Hypersensitivity/allergy ,
Idiosyncrasy
18. TYPES BASED ON ONSET
Onset of event:
• Acute - within 60 minutes
• Sub-acute - 1 to 24 hours
• Latent - > 2 days
19. SEVERITY OF ADR
Minor Moderate Severe Lethal
No treatment/
Antidote/
Prolongation of
hospitalization on
Requires
treatment/ Change
in treatment/
Prolongation by at
least 1 day
Requires intensive
treatment , Life
threatening,
Permanent
damage
Directly/
Indirectly
contributes to the
death of the
patient
20. FDA DEFINES SERIOUS ADR AS WHICH
Results in death
Life-threatening
Require hospitalization
Prolong hospitalization
Cause disability
Cause congenital anomalies
Require intervention to prevent permanent injury
21. TYPE A REACTIONS OR AUGMENTED
• Pharmacological properties of a drug
Extension effects
Predictable
Dose - Related responses
Prevention - Adjustment of dosage regimen
Examples
Benzodiazepines - Sedation
Furosemide - Water and electrolyte imbalance
Heparin, warfarin - Spontaneous bleeding
Insulin - Hypoglycemia
22. • ADVERSE EFFECTS Predictable, dose-dependent
reactions unrelated to the goal of therapy Often
produced by the same drug-receptor interaction
responsible for the therapeutic effect, differing only
in the tissue/s or organ/s affected
24. TYPE B REACTIONS OR BIZARRE
Abnormal effects
Unrelated from the drug’s known pharmacological actions.
EXAMPLES OF BIZARRE REACTIONS
Hypersensitivity reactions
Stevens-Johnson’s Syndrome
Hemolytic anaemia
25. TYPE C REACTIONS OR CONTINUOUS
Long term effects are usually related to the dose and duration of treatment
Examples
Ethambutol - Retinopathy
NSAIDs - Nephrotoxicity
26. TYPE D REACTIONS OR DELAYED
• Carcinogenesis
• Teratogenesis
• Examples: Thalidomide
27. TYPE E REACTIONS OR ENDING OF USE
Withdrawal Syndromes
Examples:
Benzodiazepines – Rebound insomnia, agitation
Clonidine – Rebound hypertension
Corticosteroids – Acute adrenal insufficiency
28. TYPE F REACTIONS OR FAILURE OF EFFICACY
Counterfeit medicines
Underdosing of medications
Drug interactions
29. DRUG INTERACTION
• Warfarin which is highly protein bound is displaced by valproic acid leading to bleeding
• Aspirin inhibit platelet aggregation together with heparin an anticoagulant leads increased
risk of bleeding.
ADVERSE DRUG EFFECTS MAY BE CATEGORISED INTO
1. Side Effects - Undesirable effects at therapeutic doses
e.g a)Atropine → Preanaesthetic medication → (undesirable ) dry mouth
b) Codiene → Suppresses Cough (desirable) → Constipation (undesirable)
Making Use of side effects
Minoxidil → Antihypertension → Hypertrichosis → Male pattern baldness
Codeine → used in travellers diarrhoea
30. 2. Secondary Effects- Indirect consequence of primary action of drug
Examples –
a)Corticosteroids → ↓Immunity → Latent T.B. activated
b)Tetracyclines → ↓Bacterial flora → Super-infection.
3. Toxic Effects-Exaggerated form of side effects due to overdosage/prolonged
use
Examples –
a)High dose heparin → Bleeding
b)Prolonged use of streptomycin →Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
31. 4. Allergy/Hypersensitivity-Immunologically mediated allergic
responses occurs when sensitised individuals are re-exposed to same
drug again
Humoral-Type I,II,III
Cell mediated-Type IV
Type I - Anaphylactic reactions due to IgE antibodies, min→2-3 hours
Examples - urticaria ,angioedema , anaphylactic shock
Type II - Cytolytic reactions due to antigen antibody complex , within 72
hours
Examples - hemolytic anemia , SLE.
32. Type III – Retarded or Arthus reaction - Immune complex mediated reactions,
72 hours→1-2 weeks
Examples - serum sickness (fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy),PAN , Steven
Johnson syndrome , procainamide induced systemic lupus erythematous.
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Examples - Contact dermatitis
33. 5. Idiosyncrasy - Genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical.
Here drug interacts with some unique features of individuals , not found in
majority of subjects , produces uncharacteristic reaction.
Examples –
a) Barbiturates → excitement and mental confusion in some patients.
b) Chloramphenicol → Aplastic anemia in some patients.
c) Quinine/ quinidine → cramps, diarrhoea , purpura , asthma & vascular
collapse.
34. 6. Drug Intolerance –
- Characteristic toxic effects at therapeutic dose
- Converse of tolerance
- ↑ sensitivity to low doses
Examples - Single dose triflupromazine → muscular
dystonia
35. 7. Photosensitivity
- Cutaneous reactions → sensitized skin → UV radiation. Two types:
- a) Phototoxicity
- b) Photoallergicity
36. Phototoxicity Photoallergy
Drug/ metabolite accumulates in skin
→ absorbs light → photochemical and
photobiological reaction → local tissue
damage i.e.erythema,edema,blistering,
hyperpigmentation
Drug/metabolite → cell mediated
immune response → UV light →
papular or eczematous contact
dermatitis like picture
Short wavelengths (290-320nm) UV-B Longer wavelengths (320-400nm) UV-
A
More common e.g. Tetracyclines Less common e.g.
Sulfonamides,Griseofulvin
37. 8. Drug withdrawal reactions
- Sudden interruption of drug → worsens clinical condition for which
previously drug was used.
Examples –
a) Corticosteroids in asthma → precipitates acute attacks , myalgia,
depression
b) b) Beta Blockers → worsening of angina , precipitates myocardial
infarction
39. DRUGS CAN AFFECT THE FOETUS AT 3 STAGES
• .
Fertilization & implantation
(blastocyst formation)
Conception to 17 days -
failure of pregnancy -
Cytotoxic drugs , alcohol
Organogenesis - 18-55 days
of gestation - most
vulnerable period -
deformities are produced –
teratogens.
Growth and
development -
Developmental &
functional abnormality
ACE inhibitors -
Hypoplasia of organs
NSAIDS- Premature
closure of ductus
arteriosus
40. RISK CATEGORY OF DRUGS DURING
PREGNANCY
Pregnancy Category Description
No risk : Adequate and well-controlled
human studies - Failed to demonstrate a
risk to the foetus
e.g. inj magnesium sulphate , thyroxine
A
41. Pregnancy Category Description
No evidence of risk in humans : Animal
reproduction studies - Failed to
demonstrate a risk to the foetus & no
adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women OR Animal studies have
shown an adverse effect, but adequate
and well-controlled studies in pregnant
women have failed to demonstrate a risk
to the foetus in any trimester.
E.g. Penicillin V, amoxicillin , cefaclor,
erythromycin paracetamol , lidocaine
B
42. Pregnancy Category Description
Risk cannot be ruled out: Animal
reproduction studies have shown an
adverse effect on the foetus and there are
no adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women, But potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks.
E.g morphine , codeine , atropine ,
corticosteroids ,adrenaline , thiopentone,
bupivacaine
C
43. Pregnancy Category Description
Benefit may outweigh potential risk:
Positive evidence of human foetal risk
- on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing
experience or studies in humans, But
potential benefits may warrant use of
the drug in pregnant women despite
potential risks .
E.g. aspirin , phenytoin ,
carbamazepine, valproate, lorazepam ,
methotrexate
D
44. Pregnancy Category Description
Contraindicated in Pregnancy: Studies in
animals or humans have demonstrated
foetal abnormalities and/or There is
positive evidence of human foetal risk
based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience,
and the risks involved in use of the drug in
pregnant women clearly outweigh potential
benefits.
E.g oestrogens , isotretinoin , ergometrine,
thalidomide.
X
46. Mutagenicity
Structural changes in DNA
Oxidation of the drugs produces reactive metabolites
Covalent interaction with DNA
Inheritable
Takes 10-40 years to develop
Anti cancer drugs, radioisotopes
Usually marketed for life threatening conditions
47. 11. Iatrogenic (Drug induced diseases)
- Examples :
• a) NSAID'S → Peptic ulcers
• b) Hydralazine → DLE
• c) Phenothiazine's → Parkinsonism
• d) INH → Hepatitis
48. • 12. Drug Dependence - Use of drug produces a state in which person
believes that continuous use is necessary for state of well being (
psychic dependence) or to avoid withdrawal symptoms ( physical
dependence
Psychological Physical
Here person believes that state of wellbeing
achieved only with action of drugs
Here repeated administration of drug required
to maintain physiological equilibrium
Discontinuation → withdrawl
e.g. Opiods , Benzodiazepins e.g. Alcohol , Barbiturates , Benzodiazepins
49. PREVENTION OF ADR
1. Avoid all inappropriate use of drugs.
2. Use of appropriate dose , route & frequency of drug administration.
3. Elicit & take into consideration previous history of drug reactions.
4. Elicit h/o allergic diseases & exercise caution.
5. Rule out possibility of drug interaction.
6. Adopt correct drug administration technique.
7. Carry out appropriate laboratory investigation.
8. Be aware of interactions with certain foods, alcohol and even with
household chemicals.
50. MANAGEMENT OFADR
Discontinue the offending agent if –
It can be safely stopped
The event is life-threatening or intolerable
There is a reasonable alternative
Continuing the medication will further exacerbate the patient’s condition
Continue the medication (modified as needed) if –
It is medically necessary
There is no reasonable alternative
The problem is mild and will resolve with time
Discontinue non-essential medications
Administer appropriate treatment - e.g., atropine,protamine sulfate ,digibind antibodies, flumazenil.
Provide supportive or palliative care - e.g., hydration, glucocorticoids, warm / cold compresses,
analgesics or antipruritics
Consider rechallenge or desensitization
52. CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT
Routine procedure in Pharmacovigilance
Relationship of cause & effect
Most outcomes : multiple interacting causes
Aim : to define contribution due to drugs
Problems:
ADRs rarely specific
Diagnostic tests usually absent
Re challenge rarely ethically justified
53. • Three broad categories of various methods of causality assessment:
1. Expert judgment/global introspection
2. Algorithms
3. Probabilistic methods (Bayesian approaches)
1. Expert judgment/global introspection: Expert judgments are individual assessments
based on previous knowledge and experience in the field using no standardized tool to arrive
at conclusions regarding causality.
2. Algorithms: Algorithms are sets of specific questions with associated scores for
calculating the likelihood of a cause-effect relationship.
54. 3. Probabilistic methods (Bayesian approaches)
Bayesian approaches use specific findings in a case to transform the
prior estimate of probability into a posterior estimate of probability of
drug causation.
The prior probability is calculated from epidemiological information
and the posterior probability combines this background information with
the evidence in the individual case to come up with an estimate of
causation.
55.
56. THE NARANJO PROBABILITY SCALE
The score :-
≥ 9 = Definite
5-8 = Probable
1-4 = Possible
0 = Doubtful
57. World Health Organization (WHO) - Uppsala Monitoring Centre
(UMC) causality assessment criteria The WHO–UMC causality
assessment method includes the following four criteria :
a) Time relationships between the drug use and the adverse event.
b) Absence of other competing causes (medications, disease process itself).
c) Response to drug withdrawal or dose reduction (dechallenge).
d) Response to drug readministration (rechallenge).
58.
59. • ADR can also be categorized into
Unclassified/Conditional or Unassessable/Unclassifiable in WHO-UMC
causality assessment.
• The term Unclassified/Conditional is applied when more data is needed
and such data is being sought or is already under examination.
• Finally when the information in a report is incomplete or contradictory
and cannot be complemented or verified, the verdict is Unassessable.
60. CERTAIN
✘ NOT a common causality grading
✘ Event / laboratory test abnormality with PLAUSIBLE TIME
RELATIONSHIP to drug intake
✘ Event CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY CONCURRENT DISEASE /
OTHER DRUGS / CHEMICALS / NO CONCOMITANT DRUG
✘ PLAUSIBLE RESPONSE TO WITHDRAWAL – usually recover
without any treatment
✘ Confirmed with POSITIVE RECHALLENGE / SPECIFIC
LABORATORY TEST (patch test)
✘ Event DEFINITIVE - no other possible explanation
61. CERTAIN
• Only that particular drug
• No concomitant drug Or specific laboratory test
• Plausible time relationship
• Recover without treatment
62. PROBABLE
✘ COMMON causality grading
✘ Event / laboratory test abnormality with REASONABLE TIME
RELATIONSHIP to drug intake
✘ Event UNLIKELY TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO CONCURRENT
DISEASE / OTHER DRUGS / CHEMICALS
✘ REASONABLE RESPONSE TO WITHDRAWAL – usually recover
without any treatment
✘ RECHALLENGE NOT NECESSARY
63. POSSIBLE
✘ COMMON causality grading
✘ Event / laboratory test abnormality with REASONABLE TIME
RELATIONSHIP to drug intake
✘ Event COULD BE EXPLAINED BY CONCURRENT DISEASE /
OTHER DRUGS / CHEMICALS
✘ LACK OF INFORMATION ON WITHDRAWAL
✘ NO RECHALLENGE
64. UNLIKELY
✘ Event / laboratory test abnormality with IMPROBABLE (BUT NOT
IMPOSSIBLE) TIME RELATIONSHIP to drug intake
✘ Event MORE LIKELY CAN BE EXPLAINED BY CONCURRENT
DISEASE / OTHER DRUGS / CHEMICALS
68. WHY REPORT ADRS?
• To prevent drug-induced human suffering
• To avoid financial risks associated with unexpected risks
GOVERNMENT POLICY ON ADR REPORTING
• June 22, 1963 as amended on May 22, 1987 Republic Act 3720 “Food, Drugs and
Devices and Cosmetics Act”
• Creation of Food and Drug Administration now Bureau of Food and Drugs April
20, 1994
• BFAD Memorandum Circular No. 5 s. 1994 Submission of ADR reports by
pharmaceutical establishments and parties concerned June 30, 1994
• Department Order No. 345 - I s. 1994 Creation of National Adverse Drug Reaction
Advisory Committee (NADRAC)
69.
70. HOW TO WE REPORT ADR
Step:1 Fill out the red alert card
71.
72.
73.
74. Examples of Reported ADRs
COMMON REPORTS
RASH CAUSED BY OXACILLIN
RED FACE, FEVER SECONDARY TO VANCOMYCIN
UNCOMMON REPORTS
HAIR LOSS DUE TO ANTI THYROID AGENTS
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME WITH RISPERIDONE
75. How to recognize ADRs
• Ensure, medicine received & actually taken by the patient at the dose advised
• Verify the onset of suspected ADR is after taking the drug
• Determine the time interval between drug taken – onset of event
• Evaluate the suspected ADR after discontinuing the drug / reduced dose,
monitor status.
• Analyze the alternate cause (other than the drug)
• Use relevant literature & experienced physician opinion & information PV
center
• Report the ADR
76. WHAT TO REPORT ?
WHO SHOULD REPORT
WHEN TO REPORT
HOW TO REPORT
WHERE TO REPORT
77. WHAT TO REPORT ?
• Any undesirable adverse event suspected to be associated with use of drug.
• Include - All ADRs as a result of prescription and non-prescription
• All ADRs – irrespective of the used (acc with PI provided by company)
• Unexpected reactions - regardless of their nature or severity
• ADRs-in special field – drug abuse, drug use – pregnancy / lactation
• ADRs occurring from overdose or medication error.
Information required for ADR case reporting
Patient information-
patient identifier
age at time of event or date of birth
gender
weight
78. Adverse event or product problem-
-description of event or problem - date of event - date of this report - relevant
tests/laboratory data (if available) - other relevant patient information/history -
outcomes attributed to adverse even.
Suspected medication (s)
- name (INN and brand name) - dose, frequency & route used - therapy date -
diagnosis for use - event abated after use stopped or dose reduced - batch
number - expiration date - event reappeared after reintroduction of the
treatment - concomitant medical products and therapy dates
79. WHO SHOULD REPORT
Doctors,
Dentists,
Pharmacists,
Nurses,
Assistant Medical Officers,
Clinical Officers,
Pharmaceutical Technicians,
Pharmaceutical Assistants,
Traditional Medicine Practitioners And Others Health Care Providers.
80. WHEN TO REPORT
• Any suspected ADR should be reported as soon as possible.
• Delay in reporting will make reporting inaccurate and unreliable.
• If possible, report while the patient is still in the health facility this
gives a chance to reporter to clear any ambiguity by re-questioning or
examining the patient
81. HOW TO REPORT
• CDSCO suspected ADR Reporting Form.
WHERE TO REPORT
• Please return the completed form to the nearest Adverse drug reaction
Monitoring Centre (AMC) or to National Coordinating Centre
• A list of nationwide AMCs are available
82. What happens to the submitted information:
• Information provided in this form is handled in strict confidence.
• The causality assessment is carried out at (AMCs) by using WHO-
UMC.
• The analyzed forms are forwarded to the National Coordinating Centre
through the ADR database.
• Finally the data is analyzed and forwarded to the Global
Pharmacovigilance Database managed by WHO Uppsala Monitoring
Center in Sweden.
83. • The reports are periodically reviewed by the National Coordinating
Centre (PvPI).
• The information generated on the basis of these reports helps in
continuous assessment of the benefit-risk ratio of medicines.
• The information is submitted to the Steering Committee of PvPI
constituted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The
Committee is entrusted with the responsibility to review the data and
suggest any interventions that may be required
84.
85.
86. DETECTION OF ADRS
1. Pre- marketing studies
2. Post –marketing surveillance
3. Under reporting
4. Communicating ADRs
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98. PREVENTION OF ADR
Anticipation by patient monitoring Ex- anemia- due to deficiency of G6PD, check
the condition
Anticipation of dosage reeducation Ex- impaired renal / liver function – dosage
should reduce
Monitoring the serum levels(drug) Ex- theophylline, aminoglycosides
Monitoring of pharmacological activity (extensive of P’cology activity) Ex-
diuretics- to promote salt & water loss , but causes electrolyte depletion &
dehydration. So therapeutic end point not exceeded.
Minimizing of non-preventable- Idiosyncratic / hypersensitivity not preventable.
Can be done by carful observation / monitoring of patient Ex- patient with
meningitis – should be with penicillin (even if pt is allergic). Chemotherapy –
nausea
99. Management of the adverse reaction
• Confirmation of the ADRs: indicate what assisted in confirming the suspected
adverse reactions.
For example:
i. Drug reactions confirmed by disappearance of the reaction after stopping
administration of the drug or reducing the doses.
ii. Recovery on withdrawal of suspected drug(s) if no other drug is withdrawn and no
therapy given.
iii. Recovery follows treatment of the reaction in addition to withdrawal of drug.
2. Mention the criteria for regarding the reaction as serious
3. Mention any treatment given to the patient after experiencing the ADRs.
4. Outcome: indicate the outcome of the adverse reaction by marking X in the
appropriate box with dates in case of fatal outcome.