Impulse and Momentum

1. Honors Physics
Impulse and Momentum

2. Impulse = Momentum
Consider Newton’s 2nd
Law and
the definition of acceleration
Units of Impulse:
Units of Momentum:
Momentum is defined as “Inertia in Motion”
Ns
Kg x m/s

3. Impulse – Momentum Theorem
vmFt ∆=
IMPULSE CHANGE IN MOMENTUM
This theorem reveals some
interesting relationships such
as the INVERSE relationship
between FORCE and TIME
t
vm
F
∆
=

4. Impulse – Momentum Relationships

5. Impulse – Momentum Relationships
VmfT ∆=
Constant
Since TIME is directly related to the
VELOCITY when the force and mass
are constant, the LONGER the
cannonball is in the barrel the greater
the velocity.
Also, you could say that the force acts
over a larger displacement, thus there
is more WORK. The work done on the
cannonball turns into kinetic energy.

6. How about a collision?
Consider 2 objects speeding toward
each other. When they collide......
Due to Newton’s 3rd
Law the FORCE
they exert on each other are
EQUAL and OPPOSITE.
The TIMES of impact are also equal.
Therefore, the IMPULSES of the 2
objects colliding are also EQUAL
21
21
2121
)()(
JJ
FtFt
ttFF
−=
−=
=−=

7. How about a collision?
If the Impulses are equal then
the MOMENTUMS are
also equal!
22221111
222111
2211
21
21
)()(
oo
oo
vmvmvmvm
vvmvvm
vmvm
pp
JJ
+−=−
−−=−
∆−=∆
−=
−=
22112211 vmvmvmvm
pp
oo
afterbefore
+=+
= ∑∑

8. Momentum is conserved!
The Law of Conservation of Momentum: “In the absence of
an external force (gravity, friction), the total
momentum before the collision is equal to the total
momentum after the collision.”
smkgp
smkgp
smkgp
smkgp
smkgp
smkgmvp
total
car
truck
totalo
caro
otrucko
/*3300
/*18005.4*400
/*15003*500
/*3300
/*800)2)(400(
/*2500)5)(500(
)(
)(
)(
=
==
==
=
==
===

9. Types of Collisions
A situation where the objects DO NOT STICK is one type of
collision
Notice that in EACH case, you have TWO objects BEFORE and AFTER
the collision.

10. A “no stick” type collision
Σpbefore = Σpafter
=
=−
+=+
+=+
1
1
1
22112211
100010000
)10)(3000())(1000(0)20)(1000(
v
v
v
vmvmvmvm oo
-10 m/s

11. Types of Collisions
Another type of collision is one where the objects “STICK”
together. Notice you have TWO objects before the collision
and ONE object after the collision.

12. A “stick” type of collision
Σpbefore = Σpafter
=
=
=+
=+
T
T
T
TToo
v
v
v
vmvmvm
400020000
)4000(0)20)(1000(
2211
5 m/s

13. The “explosion” type
This type is often referred to as
“backwards inelastic”. Notice you
have ONE object ( we treat this as
a SYSTEM) before the explosion
and TWO objects after the
explosion.

14. Backwards Inelastic - Explosions
Suppose we have a 4-kg rifle loaded
with a 0.010 kg bullet. When the
rifle is fired the bullet exits the
barrel with a velocity of 300 m/s.
How fast does the gun RECOIL
backwards?
Σpbefore = Σpafter
=
+=
+=
+=
2
2
2
2211
430
))(4()300)(010.0()0)(010.4(
v
v
v
vmvmvm TT
-0.75 m/s

15. Collision Summary
Sometimes objects stick together or blow apart. In this case,
momentum is ALWAYS conserved.
2211)(
022011
2211022011
vmvmvm
vmvmvm
vmvmvmvm
pp
totalototal
totaltotal
afterbefore
+=
=+
+=+
= ∑∑
When 2 objects collide and DON’T stick
When 2 objects collide and stick together
When 1 object breaks into 2 objects
Elastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is Conserved
Inelastic Collision = Kinetic Energy is NOT Conserved

16. Elastic Collision
JAfterKE
JAfterKE
JmvBeforeKE
car
truck
car
000,50)10)(1000(5.0)(
000,150)10)(3000(5.0)(
000,200)20)(1000(5.0
2
1)(
2
2
22
=−=
==
===
Since KINETIC ENERGY is conserved during the collision we call this an
ELASTIC COLLISION.

17. Inelastic Collision
JAfterKE
JmvBeforeKE
cartruck
car
000,50)5)(4000(5.0)(
000,200)20)(1000(5.0
2
1)(
2
/
22
==
===
Since KINETIC ENERGY was NOT conserved during the collision we call
this an INELASTIC COLLISION.

18. Example Granny (m=80 kg) whizzes
around the rink with a velocity
of 6 m/s. She suddenly collides
with Ambrose (m=40 kg) who
is at rest directly in her path.
Rather than knock him over,
she picks him up and continues
in motion without "braking."
Determine the velocity of
Granny and Ambrose.How many objects do I have before the collision?
How many objects do I have after the collision?
2
1
=
=+
=+
= ∑∑
T
T
TToo
ab
v
v
vmvmvm
pp
120)0)(40()6)(80(
2211
4 m/s

19. Collisions in 2 Dimensions
The figure to the left shows a
collision between two pucks
on an air hockey table. Puck A
has a mass of 0.025-kg and is
moving along the x-axis with a
velocity of +5.5 m/s. It makes
a collision with puck B, which
has a mass of 0.050-kg and is
initially at rest. The collision is
NOT head on. After the
collision, the two pucks fly
apart with angles shown in the
drawing. Calculate the speeds
of the pucks after the collision.
vA
vB
vAcosθ
vAsinθ
vBcosθ
vBsinθ

20. Collisions in 2 dimensions
vA
vB
vAcosθ
vAsinθ
vBcosθ
vBsinθ
)37cos)(050(.)65cos)(025(.0)5.5)(025.0( BA
xBBxAAoxBBoxAA
xox
vv
vmvmvmvm
pp
+=+
+=+
=∑ ∑
BA vv 040.00106.01375.0 +=
AB
AB
BA
yBByAA
yoy
vv
vv
vv
vmvm
pp
757.0
0227.00300.0
)37sin)(050.0()65sin)(025.0(0
0
=
=
−+=
+=
=∑ ∑

21. Collisions in 2 dimensions
AB vv 757.0=
smv
v
vv
vv
A
A
AA
AA
/84.2
04845.01375.0
03785.00106.01375.0
)757.0)(050.0(0106.01375.0
=
=
+=
+=
BA vv 040.00106.01375.0 +=
smvB /15.2)84.2(757.0 ==