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02-OWA200002 WCDMA RAN Fundamental (with comments) .ppt
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www.huawei.com
Internal
OWA200002 WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
ISSUE1.0
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the advantage of CDMA technology
Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN
Outline the key technologies of UTRAN
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Chapter 1 CDMA Technology
Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental
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Multiple Access Technology
power
FDMA
power
TDMA
power
CDMA
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Characteristics of CDMA System
High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
Soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
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Chapter 1 CDMA Technolofy
Chapter 2 WCDMA Fundamental
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Source
coding
Channel
coding
Spreading Modulation
Source
decoding
Channel
decoding
Despreading Demodulation
Radio channel
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmission
Reception
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Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit: data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading
Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different
− Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service
− Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller
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WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
Multi-rate:
− 8 kinds of coding rates
− Benefit multi-mode terminal design
Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease
speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support
more subscribers.
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WCDMA Channel Coding
Purpose:
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs.
Types
Speech service: Convolutional code（1/2、1/3）
Data service: Turbo code (1/3)
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
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WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSF
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
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Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection
For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections
Typical service Data rate Downlink SF Uplink SF
AMR 12.2+3.4 128 64
Modem28.8k 28.8+3.4 64 32
12.2kAMR & 64k packet data 12.2+64+3.4 32 16
12.2kAMR & 144k packet data 12.2+144+3.4 16 8
12.2kAMR & 384k packet data 12.2+384+3.4 8 4
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Why we need Scrambling Code
Distinguishing transmitter (cells or users)
Downlink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells
OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users
OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user
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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator
Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA
clong,1,n
clong,2,n
MSB LSB
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Gold Sequence
The autocorrelation function has multi-value, not so good
as m sequence.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
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Spreading
Despreading
Chip
Symbol
Data
Spreading code
Spreading signal
=Data×code
Data
=Spreading×code
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
Spreading code
Spreading and Despreading
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Desired signal
Other user’s signal
Desired spreading
signal
Spreading code
Data after
despreading
Other spreading
signal
Other signal after
integration
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
8
-8
1
-1
8
-8
Data after
integration
Other signal after
despreading
Spreading and Despreading
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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in
air interface
R99/R4: adopt QPSK
DL maximum data rate is 2.7Mbps
HSDPA: adopt 16QAM
DL maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps
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Multi-path Environment
Time
Received
signal
Transmitted
signal
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Fading
Distance(m)
Received Power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
Slow fading
Fast fading
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Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
− Fast fading caused by multi-path
− Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Diversity methods
Macroscopic diversity
− Soft handover and softer handover
Microscopic diversity
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Microscopic Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency
spectrum
Space diversity
Receive diversity
Transmit diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
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Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Combiner
The
combined
signal
t
t
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Performance of Diversity
5 10 15
SNR（dB)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
BER
1 finger
2 finger
5 finger
No fading
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WCDMA Fast Power Control
Without power control With power control
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RAKE receiver is adopted
Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with different bit rate
and QoS requirement.
High spectral efficiency
Supporting soft handover and softer handover
Advantages of WCDMA
