This document discusses the role of modelling in water resource systems planning and management. It begins by explaining how modelling provides a way to predict how proposed infrastructure designs or policies will impact water resource systems. It then discusses some of the challenges in modelling complex, real-world water systems which involve understanding many interconnected physical, ecological, social and political factors. The document concludes by arguing that while modelling is an important tool, it has limitations and model results alone do not replace the judgement of planners and managers.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
This document provides an overview of conceptual modeling using the Entity-Relationship (ER) model. It describes the basic concepts of the ER model including entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. It also covers ER schema notation, constraints on relationships, design choices, and enhanced ER features such as subclasses and specialization. Additionally, it outlines the steps for designing an ER schema and translating an ER schema into relational tables.
1. The document explains how to use the inverse matrix method to solve simultaneous linear equations. It shows how to write two equations as a matrix equation Ax = B.
2. It then states that to solve for x, we multiply both sides by the inverse of A. This gives x = A^-1B.
3. The document provides an example of using this method to solve the equations x + 2y = 4 and 3x - 5y = 1. It calculates the inverse of the matrix A and multiplies it by B to obtain the solution x=2, y=1.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
1) The document discusses wordiness in writing and provides examples of wordy sentences.
2) It gives an example of a wordy 31-word sentence that is reduced to a clearer 13-word sentence by removing unnecessary words.
3) The document provides five examples of types of wordiness to avoid, such as redundant words, empty phrases, vague expressions, unnecessary phrases, and passive voice. It suggests being concise by using the simplest words that convey meaning.
1) The document discusses wordiness in writing and provides examples of wordy sentences.
2) It gives an example of a wordy 31-word sentence that is reduced to a clearer 13-word version by removing unnecessary words.
3) The document provides five examples of types of wordiness to avoid, such as redundant words, empty phrases, vague expressions that can be more clearly stated, unnecessary phrases, and passive voice. It encourages editing sentences by removing extra words to make writing more concise and impactful.
This document contains 11 problems related to strength of materials and beams from Prof. M. S. Sivakumar of IIT Madras. The problems cover topics such as computation of reactions, shear force, bending moment, and stresses in beams. Problem 11 asks the reader to calculate the maximum stress experienced in the steel and wood portions of a composite beam under a bending moment of 40 kNm, given the dimensions and moduli of the materials.
This document discusses the history of local government in Ethiopia and whether it has shifted from being an apparatus of control. It describes how Ethiopia transitioned from a decentralized system before 1855 to a highly centralized unitary state by the 20th century. Local authorities were used as political and administrative extensions of the central government to exert control over opposition and extract resources. While decentralization began in 1991, the document argues local authorities still primarily serve as a means of control rather than promoting grassroots democracy and development as intended. It provides historical context on how local control evolved under different emperors up until the 1974 revolution.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
This document provides an overview of conceptual modeling using the Entity-Relationship (ER) model. It describes the basic concepts of the ER model including entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. It also covers ER schema notation, constraints on relationships, design choices, and enhanced ER features such as subclasses and specialization. Additionally, it outlines the steps for designing an ER schema and translating an ER schema into relational tables.
1. The document explains how to use the inverse matrix method to solve simultaneous linear equations. It shows how to write two equations as a matrix equation Ax = B.
2. It then states that to solve for x, we multiply both sides by the inverse of A. This gives x = A^-1B.
3. The document provides an example of using this method to solve the equations x + 2y = 4 and 3x - 5y = 1. It calculates the inverse of the matrix A and multiplies it by B to obtain the solution x=2, y=1.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
1) The document discusses wordiness in writing and provides examples of wordy sentences.
2) It gives an example of a wordy 31-word sentence that is reduced to a clearer 13-word sentence by removing unnecessary words.
3) The document provides five examples of types of wordiness to avoid, such as redundant words, empty phrases, vague expressions, unnecessary phrases, and passive voice. It suggests being concise by using the simplest words that convey meaning.
1) The document discusses wordiness in writing and provides examples of wordy sentences.
2) It gives an example of a wordy 31-word sentence that is reduced to a clearer 13-word version by removing unnecessary words.
3) The document provides five examples of types of wordiness to avoid, such as redundant words, empty phrases, vague expressions that can be more clearly stated, unnecessary phrases, and passive voice. It encourages editing sentences by removing extra words to make writing more concise and impactful.
This document contains 11 problems related to strength of materials and beams from Prof. M. S. Sivakumar of IIT Madras. The problems cover topics such as computation of reactions, shear force, bending moment, and stresses in beams. Problem 11 asks the reader to calculate the maximum stress experienced in the steel and wood portions of a composite beam under a bending moment of 40 kNm, given the dimensions and moduli of the materials.
This document discusses the history of local government in Ethiopia and whether it has shifted from being an apparatus of control. It describes how Ethiopia transitioned from a decentralized system before 1855 to a highly centralized unitary state by the 20th century. Local authorities were used as political and administrative extensions of the central government to exert control over opposition and extract resources. While decentralization began in 1991, the document argues local authorities still primarily serve as a means of control rather than promoting grassroots democracy and development as intended. It provides historical context on how local control evolved under different emperors up until the 1974 revolution.
The document analyzes land use/cover changes over 35 years in Northern Afar rangelands, Ethiopia using remote sensing data and interviews. It finds a rapid reduction in woodland (97%) and grassland (88%) between 1972 and 2007, while bushland increased over 3-fold and cultivated land grew over 8-fold. Major drivers of change included severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, an increase in dry years recently, and immigration/sedentarization of pastoralists. Continued land use/cover changes coupled with a drier climate could highly impact peoples' livelihoods and threaten the pastoral production system.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to characterize optimized TEC performance with optical modulation. The goal is to increase TEC efficiency for applications in solar and combustion energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document defines key database terms used in relational database management systems (RDBMS). It discusses different types of keys such as candidate keys, primary keys, foreign keys, and secondary/alternative keys. It also defines key terms like super key, simple key, compound key, and composite key. The primary purpose of keys is to uniquely identify each record in a database table and help establish relationships between tables.
This document summarizes key concepts in commutative ring theory, beginning with divisibility and ideals. It defines what it means for an element to divide another in a ring, as well as irreducible, prime, and unit elements. Ideals are introduced as additive subgroups that are closed under multiplication. Polynomial rings over a field are then discussed, proving they have unique factorizations. Irreducible polynomials are shown to be prime. The document provides numerous examples and proofs of fundamental results about divisibility, ideals, and factorization in commutative rings.
The document contains 11 problems related to strength of materials and computation of reactions, shear forces, and bending moments for beams. Problem 1 provides the steps to calculate reactions for a simply supported beam with point loads applied. Problem 2 calculates reactions for a beam with a uniformly varying load. Problem 3 calculates reactions for a beam with an inclined point load applied. The remaining problems involve computation of shear forces and bending moments using various methods like section cut method, integration method, and considering beams with point loads, uniformly distributed loads, variable loads, and composite cross sections.
Performance appraisal is a method used to evaluate an employee's job performance and quality of work. It provides feedback to employees, identifies training needs, and informs personnel decisions. There are various methods of appraisal, including rating scales, checklists, and management by objectives. Performance appraisal can be either past-oriented or focused on development. When done effectively, it benefits both employees and organizations.
The document describes the methodology used in a study to develop an interactive listening material application using Longtion Autorun. It involves:
1) Conducting a needs analysis through student questionnaires and teacher interviews to understand target and learning needs.
2) Designing instruction based on the needs analysis, syllabus, and curriculum to create interactive listening material using Longtion Autorun.
3) Developing the material, validating it with experts, testing it with students, revising it based on feedback, and creating the final product.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to analyze how laser excitation can increase TEC efficiency and be used in energy systems to reduce carbon emissions.
This document summarizes the research methodology used in a study to develop a microcontroller-based device to monitor air pollution levels. The study used a developmental research design to construct the device out of locally available, low-cost materials. The device was designed to monitor harmful gases like carbon monoxide in parking garages and provide information to people in those areas. The conceptual framework outlines the resources, steps, and feedback involved in planning, building, programming, testing, and evaluating the pollution monitoring device.
The document defines air pollution and classifies pollutants. It discusses how air pollution has changed the natural atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Primary pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen compounds are directly emitted while secondary pollutants like ozone and acid droplets form from atmospheric chemical reactions. Regulations have developed to limit criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants that harm human health and the environment under laws like the Clean Air Act.
Texas Woman's University offers several fashion camps for students ages 10-18 to explore careers in fashion design and merchandising. The camps include hands-on activities like sketching, sewing, and screen printing. Camps are held in June and July on the TWU Denton campus and last 4-5 days, running from 8:30am to 5:30pm. The $395 registration fee covers supplies, activities, and meals, with an additional $295 option to stay in campus housing.
The document provides an overview of financial analysis tools including financial statements, ratios, and common size statements. It discusses the three main financial statements - the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. It then explains how to analyze these statements using common size statements, which express each line item as a percentage of total assets or total sales. Finally, it introduces financial ratio analysis, explaining that ratios are useful for assessing a firm's financial strengths and weaknesses and serving as a basis for decision making. Ratios are computed by dividing one number by another and can provide more informative insights than raw numbers alone.
This document introduces matrices through the theory of simultaneous linear equations. It discusses how matrices can represent systems of linear equations and how elementary row operations can be used to solve such systems. Specifically, it shows that elementary row operations preserve equivalence between systems of linear equations. It then provides examples of using row operations to determine that a system has no solution and to solve a system with an infinite number of solutions.
This document contains information from a mechanical engineering professor including their contact details, examples of engineering mechanics problems, homework questions, and summaries of topics like Lami's theorem, the principle of transmissibility of force, and moments. It provides teaching materials and content for a course on engineering mechanics along with the professor's contact information for students to get in touch.
The document describes research on optimizing the design of compound pressure vessels. It investigates the effects of interference radius, shrinkage tolerance, working pressure, and the ratio of outer to inner radius (k value) on the equivalent von Mises stress through finite element modeling. The key findings are:
1) Von Mises stress decreases slightly with increasing interference radius up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in radius.
2) Von Mises stress decreases with increasing shrinkage tolerance up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in tolerance.
3) Increasing the working pressure leads to a higher percentage reduction in von Mises stress from compounding.
4) Increasing the
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
The document provides an overview of the Research Methodology course offered at Purbanchal University. The course is aimed at teaching students key concepts in research methods, including research design, data collection techniques, sampling methods, data analysis, and developing a research proposal. The course is divided into 8 sections that will cover topics such as defining a research problem, different types of research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, writing a research report and proposal. The overall goal is to equip students with the skills to select appropriate methodologies and effectively plan and conduct research studies.
This document contains lecture notes from Professor Devaprakasam Deivasagayam on the topic of Engineering Mechanics. It discusses scalar and vector quantities, the definition of a force as a vector, and methods for representing and adding 2D forces using rectangular and parallel/perpendicular components. Examples are provided for expressing forces in terms of their components and calculating the resultant of multiple forces using vector addition. Students are assigned homework problems involving these concepts.
This document provides instructions for building a folding machine for sheet metal work. It describes the main components of the machine, which include a base frame assembly, two clamp assemblies, a clamping beam, and a folding beam. Detailed drawings and dimensions are provided for each component. The instructions then describe the step-by-step process for constructing each part and assembling them to complete the folding machine. Optional designs are also discussed that could adapt the machine for different sheet metal folding jobs.
Water Resource Planning & Management ModelsGodisgoodtube
Water resource models are analytical tools used to understand and predict water systems. Models can range from simple calculations to complex computer programs. They represent real-world water systems using numbers and equations. Common water resource models include SWAT, HEC-RAS, and CropWat. Models are used for operations and management, planning, policy development, and regulation. They help synthesize and analyze water quality and quantity data and can be used as predictive tools.
The document analyzes land use/cover changes over 35 years in Northern Afar rangelands, Ethiopia using remote sensing data and interviews. It finds a rapid reduction in woodland (97%) and grassland (88%) between 1972 and 2007, while bushland increased over 3-fold and cultivated land grew over 8-fold. Major drivers of change included severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, an increase in dry years recently, and immigration/sedentarization of pastoralists. Continued land use/cover changes coupled with a drier climate could highly impact peoples' livelihoods and threaten the pastoral production system.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to characterize optimized TEC performance with optical modulation. The goal is to increase TEC efficiency for applications in solar and combustion energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document defines key database terms used in relational database management systems (RDBMS). It discusses different types of keys such as candidate keys, primary keys, foreign keys, and secondary/alternative keys. It also defines key terms like super key, simple key, compound key, and composite key. The primary purpose of keys is to uniquely identify each record in a database table and help establish relationships between tables.
This document summarizes key concepts in commutative ring theory, beginning with divisibility and ideals. It defines what it means for an element to divide another in a ring, as well as irreducible, prime, and unit elements. Ideals are introduced as additive subgroups that are closed under multiplication. Polynomial rings over a field are then discussed, proving they have unique factorizations. Irreducible polynomials are shown to be prime. The document provides numerous examples and proofs of fundamental results about divisibility, ideals, and factorization in commutative rings.
The document contains 11 problems related to strength of materials and computation of reactions, shear forces, and bending moments for beams. Problem 1 provides the steps to calculate reactions for a simply supported beam with point loads applied. Problem 2 calculates reactions for a beam with a uniformly varying load. Problem 3 calculates reactions for a beam with an inclined point load applied. The remaining problems involve computation of shear forces and bending moments using various methods like section cut method, integration method, and considering beams with point loads, uniformly distributed loads, variable loads, and composite cross sections.
Performance appraisal is a method used to evaluate an employee's job performance and quality of work. It provides feedback to employees, identifies training needs, and informs personnel decisions. There are various methods of appraisal, including rating scales, checklists, and management by objectives. Performance appraisal can be either past-oriented or focused on development. When done effectively, it benefits both employees and organizations.
The document describes the methodology used in a study to develop an interactive listening material application using Longtion Autorun. It involves:
1) Conducting a needs analysis through student questionnaires and teacher interviews to understand target and learning needs.
2) Designing instruction based on the needs analysis, syllabus, and curriculum to create interactive listening material using Longtion Autorun.
3) Developing the material, validating it with experts, testing it with students, revising it based on feedback, and creating the final product.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to analyze how laser excitation can increase TEC efficiency and be used in energy systems to reduce carbon emissions.
This document summarizes the research methodology used in a study to develop a microcontroller-based device to monitor air pollution levels. The study used a developmental research design to construct the device out of locally available, low-cost materials. The device was designed to monitor harmful gases like carbon monoxide in parking garages and provide information to people in those areas. The conceptual framework outlines the resources, steps, and feedback involved in planning, building, programming, testing, and evaluating the pollution monitoring device.
The document defines air pollution and classifies pollutants. It discusses how air pollution has changed the natural atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Primary pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen compounds are directly emitted while secondary pollutants like ozone and acid droplets form from atmospheric chemical reactions. Regulations have developed to limit criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants that harm human health and the environment under laws like the Clean Air Act.
Texas Woman's University offers several fashion camps for students ages 10-18 to explore careers in fashion design and merchandising. The camps include hands-on activities like sketching, sewing, and screen printing. Camps are held in June and July on the TWU Denton campus and last 4-5 days, running from 8:30am to 5:30pm. The $395 registration fee covers supplies, activities, and meals, with an additional $295 option to stay in campus housing.
The document provides an overview of financial analysis tools including financial statements, ratios, and common size statements. It discusses the three main financial statements - the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. It then explains how to analyze these statements using common size statements, which express each line item as a percentage of total assets or total sales. Finally, it introduces financial ratio analysis, explaining that ratios are useful for assessing a firm's financial strengths and weaknesses and serving as a basis for decision making. Ratios are computed by dividing one number by another and can provide more informative insights than raw numbers alone.
This document introduces matrices through the theory of simultaneous linear equations. It discusses how matrices can represent systems of linear equations and how elementary row operations can be used to solve such systems. Specifically, it shows that elementary row operations preserve equivalence between systems of linear equations. It then provides examples of using row operations to determine that a system has no solution and to solve a system with an infinite number of solutions.
This document contains information from a mechanical engineering professor including their contact details, examples of engineering mechanics problems, homework questions, and summaries of topics like Lami's theorem, the principle of transmissibility of force, and moments. It provides teaching materials and content for a course on engineering mechanics along with the professor's contact information for students to get in touch.
The document describes research on optimizing the design of compound pressure vessels. It investigates the effects of interference radius, shrinkage tolerance, working pressure, and the ratio of outer to inner radius (k value) on the equivalent von Mises stress through finite element modeling. The key findings are:
1) Von Mises stress decreases slightly with increasing interference radius up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in radius.
2) Von Mises stress decreases with increasing shrinkage tolerance up to an optimum point, then increases with further increases in tolerance.
3) Increasing the working pressure leads to a higher percentage reduction in von Mises stress from compounding.
4) Increasing the
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
The document provides an overview of the Research Methodology course offered at Purbanchal University. The course is aimed at teaching students key concepts in research methods, including research design, data collection techniques, sampling methods, data analysis, and developing a research proposal. The course is divided into 8 sections that will cover topics such as defining a research problem, different types of research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, writing a research report and proposal. The overall goal is to equip students with the skills to select appropriate methodologies and effectively plan and conduct research studies.
This document contains lecture notes from Professor Devaprakasam Deivasagayam on the topic of Engineering Mechanics. It discusses scalar and vector quantities, the definition of a force as a vector, and methods for representing and adding 2D forces using rectangular and parallel/perpendicular components. Examples are provided for expressing forces in terms of their components and calculating the resultant of multiple forces using vector addition. Students are assigned homework problems involving these concepts.
This document provides instructions for building a folding machine for sheet metal work. It describes the main components of the machine, which include a base frame assembly, two clamp assemblies, a clamping beam, and a folding beam. Detailed drawings and dimensions are provided for each component. The instructions then describe the step-by-step process for constructing each part and assembling them to complete the folding machine. Optional designs are also discussed that could adapt the machine for different sheet metal folding jobs.
Water Resource Planning & Management ModelsGodisgoodtube
Water resource models are analytical tools used to understand and predict water systems. Models can range from simple calculations to complex computer programs. They represent real-world water systems using numbers and equations. Common water resource models include SWAT, HEC-RAS, and CropWat. Models are used for operations and management, planning, policy development, and regulation. They help synthesize and analyze water quality and quantity data and can be used as predictive tools.
rsos.royalsocietypublishing.orgReviewCite this article .docxhealdkathaleen
rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org
Review
Cite this article: Calder M etal. 2018
Computational modelling for
decision-making: where, why, what, who and
how. R.Soc.opensci. 5: 172096.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172096
Received: 6 December 2017
Accepted: 10 May 2018
Subject Category:
Computer science
Subject Areas:
computer modelling and
simulation/mathematical modelling
Keywords:
modelling, decision-making, data,
uncertainty, complexity, communication
Author for correspondence:
Muffy Calder
e-mail: [email protected]
Computational modelling
for decision-making: where,
why, what, who and how
Muffy Calder1, Claire Craig2, Dave Culley3, Richard de
Cani4, Christl A. Donnelly5, Rowan Douglas6, Bruce
Edmonds7, Jonathon Gascoigne6, Nigel Gilbert8,
Caroline Hargrove9, Derwen Hinds10, David C. Lane11,
Dervilla Mitchell4, Giles Pavey12, David Robertson13,
Bridget Rosewell14, Spencer Sherwin15, Mark
Walport16 and Alan Wilson17
1School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
2The Royal Society, London, UK
3Improbable, London, UK
4Arup, London, UK
5MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease
Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
6Willis Towers Watson, London, UK
7Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
8Centre for Research in Social Simulation, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
9McLaren Applied Technologies, Woking, UK
10National Cyber Security Centre, UK
11Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK
12Consultant, UK
13School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
14Volterra Partners, London, UK
15Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, UK
16UK Research and Innovation, London, UK
17The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
BE, 0000-0002-3903-2507
In order to deal with an increasingly complex world, we
need ever more sophisticated computational models that can
help us make decisions wisely and understand the potential
consequences of choices. But creating a model requires far
more than just raw data and technical skills: it requires a
2018 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted
use, provided the original author and source are credited.
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1098/rsos.172096&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2018-06-20
mailto:[email protected]
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3903-2507
2
rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org
R.Soc.open
sci.5:172096
.................................................
close collaboration between model commissioners, developers, users and reviewers. Good modelling
requires its users and commissioners to understand more about the whole process, including the
different kinds of purpose a model can have and the different technical bases. This paper offers a
guide to the process of commissioning, developing and deploying mo ...
This document discusses adaptive resource management (ARM) as a process for managing complex environmental systems and natural resources. ARM is an iterative, structured decision-making process aimed at reducing uncertainty over time through systematic monitoring and data collection. It uses tools from both science and public participation to build understanding of systems, evaluate alternatives, and make optimal decisions given current knowledge. The document provides examples of ARM applications in managing the Everglades and water resources in the Glen Canyon and Grand Canyon areas.
This document discusses methodologies for assessing water resources in river basins. It describes how to conduct a water balance at the catchment level by accounting for factors like precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater recharge and storage changes. It also outlines approaches for assessing surface water resources through analysis of discharge, and groundwater resources by examining aquifer recharge and sustainable yield. The document emphasizes the importance of integrated management at the river basin scale using quantitative modeling tools to evaluate water availability, demand, and the impacts of different management policies and interventions.
This document discusses selecting a soil water simulation model to provide soil water information for deficit irrigation as part of the REDSIM project. It evaluates several potential models and their capabilities. The models considered include APSIM, AquaCrop, CROPSYST, DSSAT, STICS, SWAP, SWAT, and WOFOST. The document describes the modeling concepts and compares the models. It discusses requirements for the soil water, growth, and data modules. The selected model will be set up and calibrated using existing database and monitoring data, and satellite data will be assimilated to update state variables.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document provides an overview of various optimization techniques that have been used for operating multi-reservoir systems, including linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming. It describes how each technique works and examples of its applications to reservoir systems. Dynamic programming is highlighted as being well-suited for reservoir operations given their multi-stage decision process nature, but it faces computational challenges for problems with more than a few state variables. The document also discusses how combinations of techniques, like linear programming and dynamic programming, have been used to help address some of the limitations.
Decision-making Support System for climate change adaptation_yin v2Chonghua Yin
GENIES is a decision support system for climate change adaptation that uses a system dynamics approach. It provides an open framework platform where users can build modular system dynamic models by linking existing model components and applications. GENIES helps users visualize complex systems, predict outcomes, and identify problems by simulating processes. It provides tools for risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis, and climate change uncertainty analysis to support decision-making for climate change adaptation. GENIES is being developed as a collaborative community of practice between research institutions, organizations, practitioners, and other stakeholders.
The document discusses risk-informed decision making for sustainable management of flood risks. It describes using a risk analysis and decision analysis framework to evaluate alternatives and select recommended plans. Scenario analysis is used to consider future uncertainties. The document provides an example of how these techniques were applied to post-Katrina planning for coastal Louisiana, including specifying objectives, evaluating alternatives, and conducting multi-criteria decision analysis to rank plans. Adaptive management is discussed as a way to incorporate new information over time.
The Alliance for Water Stewardship Beta International Water Stewardship Standard provides a roadmap for companies and utilities to follow towards sustainable water use. Participants will learn about the Alliance, how the Standard can help transform water management, and how to help improve the Standard before it is finalized in 2014. This presentation was given by Kathryn Buckner, President, Council of Great Lakes Industries.
1. The document discusses several topics related to environmental training including life cycle assessment (LCA), ecological footprint, environmental impact assessment (EIA), strategic environmental assessment (SEA), multi-criteria analysis (MCA), climate resilient infrastructure development, and gender analysis matrix.
2. Multi-criteria analysis is introduced as a decision-making tool for complex problems that allows multiple criteria to be considered. It provides a structured way to incorporate expert judgement and stakeholder preferences.
3. Climate resilient infrastructure is defined as infrastructure planned and designed to withstand, respond to, and recover from impacts of climate change. Examples of structural and management adaptation measures are given.
This document discusses the development of a methodology to incorporate impacts of climate variability and change, specifically floods and droughts, into basin planning processes. The project aims to improve the ability of water managers in transboundary basins to address implications of increased extreme weather events in plans like Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses, Strategic Action Plans, Integrated Water Resources Management plans, and Water Safety Plans. The methodology will use decision support systems and tools to integrate flood and drought information. The project will develop a generic methodology and test it in pilot basins while also consulting other basins.
A Decision Support System for the Design and Evaluation of Durable Wastewater...AM Publications
To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field experts and engineers to define values and brainstorms solution. This paper describes a decision support system model that is designed to help community planners to identify the solution which balance the environmental, economic and social needs. System will be scalable, adaptable and flexible. Our decision support system will take modular description of components and description of community constraints, suggest the design of alternative waste water system, and facilitates evaluating how well each design satisfies the given constraints. Decision support system will give alternatives with visualization of the effect of various trade-offs and their effect in the relation of the community’s goals.
A Decision Support System for the Design and Evaluation of Durable Wastewater...AM Publications
To develop the waste water solutions challenging task. To design sustainable wastewater solution requires information about new ideas, new systems and latest technology. Generally it is assumed that, decision making needs to involve field experts and engineers to define values and brainstorms solution. This paper describes a decision support system model that is designed to help community planners to identify the solution which balance the environmental, economic and social needs. System will be scalable, adaptable and flexible. Our decision support system will take modular description of components and description of community constraints, suggest the design of alternative waste water system, and facilitates evaluating how well each design satisfies the given constraints. Decision support system will give alternatives with visualization of the effect of various trade-offs and their effect in the relation of the community’s goals.
A landscape approach to rainwater management in Ethiopia: Nile 5 – coordinat...ILRI
This document summarizes the objectives and approach of the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) research being conducted in Ethiopia. The research will focus on improving rainwater management systems to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development. It will examine issues related to rainwater management, crop/livestock production, and minimizing land degradation. The research involves multiple projects focused on learning from past practices, developing integrated rainwater strategies, targeting and scaling innovations, and assessing impacts. It will use a collaborative approach, building partnerships across organizations and sectors to facilitate knowledge sharing and ensure research outcomes benefit communities.
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Adaptive management is a systematic approach
for improving resource management by learning from
management outcomes (1). Its origin can be traced back
to ideas of scientific management pioneered by Frederick
Taylor in the early 1900s (2,3). Various perspectives
on adaptive management are rooted in parallel concepts
found in business (total quality management and learning
organizations [4]), experimental science (hypothesis
testing [5]), systems theory (feedback control [6]),
and industrial ecology (7). The concept has attracted
attention as a means of linking learning with policy and
implementation (8,9). Although the idea of learning from
experience and modifying subsequent behavior in light of
that experience has long been reported in the literature,
the specific idea of adaptive management as a strategy for
natural resource management can be traced to the seminal
work of Holling (10), Walters (11), and Lee (12).
Adaptive management as described here is
infrequently implemented, even though many resource
planning documents call for it and numerous resource
managers refer to it (13). It is thought by many that
merely by monitoring activities and occasionally
changing them, one is doing adaptive management.
Contrary to this commonly held belief, adaptive manage-
ment is much more than simply tracking and changing
management direction in the face of failed policies,
and, in fact, such a tactic could actually be maladaptive
(14). An adaptive approach involves exploring alterna-
tive ways to meet management objectives, predicting
the outcomes of alternatives based on the current state
of knowledge, implementing one or more of these
alternatives, monitoring to learn about the impacts of
management actions, and then using the results to update
knowledge and adjust management actions (15). Adaptive
management focuses on learning and adapting, through
partnerships of managers, scientists, and other stake-
holders who learn together how to create and maintain
sustainable resource systems (3).
The purpose of this technical guide is to present an
operational definition of adaptive management, identify
the conditions in which adaptive management should be
considered, and describe the process of using adaptive
management for managing natural resources. The guide is
not an exhaustive discussion of adaptive management,
nor does it include detailed specifications for individual
projects. However, it should aid both U.S. Department of
Interior (DOI) managers and practitioners in determining
when and how to apply adaptive management.
Chapter 1: What is Adaptive Management?
Examples of decision making in natural resource
management include the control of water releases
from a dam, direct manipulation of plant or
animal populations through harvesting, stocking,
or transplanting, and manipulations of eco.
Environment modelling and its environmental aspectsMansi Rastogi
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social, and economic components within the Earth's environment. They are characterized by nonlinear interactions between components, heterogeneous features that vary over small spatial and temporal scales, and incompatible scales between components. Additionally, many system processes are inaccessible or unobservable. There are three main types of models used to model environmental systems: empirical, conceptual, and process-based models, which differ in complexity. Models are used to understand, diagnose, and forecast environmental systems and issues.
Sustainable Mining - Intervening in the Mining Process - Creating a Shift Tow...Benjamin Farrell
(1) The document evaluates the mining life cycle process and applies systems thinking and The Natural Step framework to create more sustainable practices in the mining industry.
(2) It identifies several unsustainable impacts of mining including pollution, deforestation, and social degradation. The current mining system is described as linear with weak interactions between involved organizations.
(3) The report proposes a systematic approach, including developing a shared vision of sustainability and mapping the environmental, social, and economic systems. It suggests strategies like increasing transparency, budgeting for post-closure earlier, reducing acid mine drainage, and waste.
System dynamics modeling and its applications on urban environmental managementMarion Micah Tinio
This document discusses system dynamics modeling and its applications for urban environmental management. It defines key concepts in systems thinking like feedback loops and system dynamics modeling. System dynamics modeling uses simulation to model complex systems and their changes over time. It identifies stocks, flows, converters and interrelationships as the basic elements. The document provides examples of system dynamics modeling applications for waste management in Tuguegarao City and water reuse planning in the Great Lakes region. It argues that system dynamics modeling is a powerful tool for assessing interconnected environmental systems.
1. The document provides instructions for using Dropbox to store and share files across devices. It explains how to install Dropbox on computers and mobile devices, upload and access files from any device, and share files and folders with others by generating links or setting up shared folders.
2. Dropbox allows users to automatically backup files to the cloud so they are safe if a device is lost or broken. Installed on multiple devices, it syncs files across all devices.
3. The instructions cover uploading and accessing files from any device with the Dropbox app, as well as sharing large files by generating links and collaborating on documents through shared folders.
The document discusses finding the inverse of square matrices. It provides:
1. An overview of matrix inverses and conditions for their existence, such as a matrix being square and non-singular.
2. A formula for calculating the inverse of a 2x2 matrix using determinants.
3. Two methods for calculating the inverse of a 3x3 matrix - using Gauss elimination or determinants. Worked examples are provided.
This document discusses the laws of dry friction and coefficients of friction. It explains that when a horizontal force is applied to a block on a surface, a static friction force develops to counter the force and keep the block in equilibrium until the force reaches the maximum static friction limit. It also describes how angles of friction can be used and provides examples of problems involving dry friction, such as determining if a block will remain at rest or slide down an inclined plane.
The document summarizes research applying genetic algorithms to optimize the design of large water distribution networks. It describes using a genetic algorithm to minimize the total cost of a real network in Suez City, Egypt with 341 nodes and 389 pipes. The genetic algorithm optimizes pipe diameters to meet hydraulic constraints like minimum pressure levels at nodes. It presents the formulation of the optimization problem and genetic algorithm approach. The case study applies the method to the Suez City network, demonstrating the approach's ability to solve large-scale, real-world optimization problems.
Corruption is a major problem in the Philippines that undermines good governance and economic development. The Philippines ranks poorly in international corruption indexes and surveys show that the public perceives widespread corruption, especially in revenue collection agencies and infrastructure projects. While the government expresses commitment to anti-corruption efforts, systemic and institutionalized corruption are entrenched issues according to analyses of the Philippine experience with monopolies of power, lack of transparency and accountability, and a culture where corrupt practices are socially accepted.
05 chap 4 research methodology and design(1)ELIMENG
This chapter discusses the research methodology and design used in the study. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding the philosophical assumptions that underpin research. The research design is described as a descriptive and interpretive case study analyzed through qualitative methods. Data collection methods included questionnaires, participant observation, interviews, and member checking. The chapter then explores the interpretive research paradigm in more detail and discusses how this paradigm frames the study. It provides an overview of the key characteristics of interpretivism, including the nature of reality, knowledge, and the relationship between the researcher and participants.
This chapter discusses the research methodology and design used in the study. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding the philosophical assumptions that underpin research. The research design is described as a descriptive and interpretive case study analyzed through qualitative methods. Data collection methods included questionnaires, participant observation, interviews, and member checking. The chapter then explores the interpretive research paradigm in more detail and discusses how this paradigm frames the study. It provides an overview of the key characteristics of interpretivism, including the nature of reality, knowledge, and the relationship between the researcher and participants.
The document describes the organization and architecture of the Intel 8086 microprocessor. It discusses the register organization including general purpose registers, segment registers, and flag register. It also describes the segmented memory addressing scheme, physical address calculation, and instruction queue. The key components of the 8086 architecture including the bus interface unit and execution unit are summarized.
This document discusses analysis of statically determinate structures. It covers idealized structure representation, principles of superposition and equilibrium equations. Examples are provided to classify structures as determinate or indeterminate, determine stability, and calculate reactions on beams, frames and compound structures by applying equilibrium equations. Unknown reactions are solved for as force components at supports.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses the role of modelling in water resource systems planning and management. It begins by explaining how modelling provides a way to predict how proposed infrastructure designs or policies will impact water resource systems. It then discusses some of the challenges in modelling complex, real-world water systems which involve understanding many interconnected physical, ecological, social and political factors. The document concludes by arguing that while modelling is an important tool, it has limitations and model results alone do not replace the judgement of planners and managers.
This document discusses steam systems used in industrial processes. It provides information on:
- The properties of steam including enthalpy, saturation temperature, and phase diagrams.
- Components of steam distribution systems including piping, drainage, expansion, and insulation.
- Methods for sizing steam pipes to minimize pressure drop and optimize energy efficiency.
- The importance of proper steam trapping to remove condensate and maintain dry steam.
This document discusses various metal casting processes and defects that can occur. It describes permanent and expandable pattern casting processes like sand casting, shell molding, investment casting, and permanent mold casting. Common casting defects are outlined such as misruns, cold shuts, shrinkage cavities, and sand blows. Inspection methods like visual inspection, dimensional measurements, and non-destructive testing are used to detect defects in castings.