1) The document discusses Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
2) It describes Darwin's observations on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, including the unique species of finches he found on the Galapagos Islands that had adapted to different food sources.
3) Darwin proposed that natural selection leads to the emergence of new species over long periods as beneficial traits become more common and help individuals survive and reproduce.
(1) Darwin observed that there were 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, all descended from a single species of mainland finch. (2) The finches had adapted to different food sources based on variations in their beak sizes and shapes. (3) Over generations, this led to the emergence of new species as the populations diverged to fill different ecological niches.
The document discusses the phylogeny and classification of living vertebrates. It explains that the traditional classification groups several non-monophyletic taxa together, but that this course will redefine some taxa to be monophyletic or abandon problematic names. Diagrams of vertebrate phylogeny and a phylogenetic taxonomy listed in indented form are provided to illustrate proper monophyletic groups.
The document discusses a scientific article comparing the diets, behaviors, and physical traits of spider and howler monkeys. It aims to show that obtaining food was a major factor in primate evolution. Students are asked questions about the differences between the two monkeys, which type humans resemble most, what drove increased brain size in early humans, how a study of chimpanzee digestion supported the idea that early humans ate more fiber, and two strategies monkeys use to cope with nutritional challenges and related adaptations.
- Many characteristics of modern primates evolved due to early primates obtaining most of their food from the tropical forest canopy.
- Obtaining adequate nutrition in the forest canopy, where primates evolved, was difficult due to challenges like finding enough food, dealing with plant defenses like toxic chemicals and fiber, and getting a mix of nutrients.
- The strategies early primates developed to cope with these dietary challenges in the forest canopy profoundly influenced primate evolution, especially that of anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
(1) The document describes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
(2) Darwin observed that species on the Galapagos Islands, including 14 species of finches, had adapted to their unique environments in ways not seen on the mainland.
(3) He concluded that evolution had occurred over generations as random variations that proved advantageous in each environment enabled some individuals to survive and reproduce more than others.
This graph shows how species diversity changes along an environmental gradient. Some key points:
- Species diversity is highest in the middle of the gradient, and lower at the extremes. This suggests that intermediate levels of the environmental factor(s) represented by the gradient allow the most species to coexist.
- Diversity declines towards both ends of the gradient. This implies that as conditions become more extreme in either direction, fewer species are able to tolerate those conditions.
- The declines in diversity at the ends could be due to species being excluded by conditions becoming too harsh. It could also reflect competitive exclusion if only a few highly specialized species can survive at the environmental extremes.
- In summary, the hump-shaped pattern is
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about the characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food. A chart is included that fills in these details for each kingdom.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food through photosynthesis, decomposition, or consuming other organisms. Examples are given for each kingdom to illustrate the diversity of life forms within each category.
(1) Darwin observed that there were 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, all descended from a single species of mainland finch. (2) The finches had adapted to different food sources based on variations in their beak sizes and shapes. (3) Over generations, this led to the emergence of new species as the populations diverged to fill different ecological niches.
The document discusses the phylogeny and classification of living vertebrates. It explains that the traditional classification groups several non-monophyletic taxa together, but that this course will redefine some taxa to be monophyletic or abandon problematic names. Diagrams of vertebrate phylogeny and a phylogenetic taxonomy listed in indented form are provided to illustrate proper monophyletic groups.
The document discusses a scientific article comparing the diets, behaviors, and physical traits of spider and howler monkeys. It aims to show that obtaining food was a major factor in primate evolution. Students are asked questions about the differences between the two monkeys, which type humans resemble most, what drove increased brain size in early humans, how a study of chimpanzee digestion supported the idea that early humans ate more fiber, and two strategies monkeys use to cope with nutritional challenges and related adaptations.
- Many characteristics of modern primates evolved due to early primates obtaining most of their food from the tropical forest canopy.
- Obtaining adequate nutrition in the forest canopy, where primates evolved, was difficult due to challenges like finding enough food, dealing with plant defenses like toxic chemicals and fiber, and getting a mix of nutrients.
- The strategies early primates developed to cope with these dietary challenges in the forest canopy profoundly influenced primate evolution, especially that of anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
(1) The document describes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
(2) Darwin observed that species on the Galapagos Islands, including 14 species of finches, had adapted to their unique environments in ways not seen on the mainland.
(3) He concluded that evolution had occurred over generations as random variations that proved advantageous in each environment enabled some individuals to survive and reproduce more than others.
This graph shows how species diversity changes along an environmental gradient. Some key points:
- Species diversity is highest in the middle of the gradient, and lower at the extremes. This suggests that intermediate levels of the environmental factor(s) represented by the gradient allow the most species to coexist.
- Diversity declines towards both ends of the gradient. This implies that as conditions become more extreme in either direction, fewer species are able to tolerate those conditions.
- The declines in diversity at the ends could be due to species being excluded by conditions becoming too harsh. It could also reflect competitive exclusion if only a few highly specialized species can survive at the environmental extremes.
- In summary, the hump-shaped pattern is
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about the characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food. A chart is included that fills in these details for each kingdom.
The document summarizes the six kingdoms of living things: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. It provides details about each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain their food through photosynthesis, decomposition, or consuming other organisms. Examples are given for each kingdom to illustrate the diversity of life forms within each category.
This document provides a review for a Physical Science final exam, outlining 9 competencies covered on the exam. It includes 75 multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of concepts in motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic structure, nuclear processes, bonding, and acids/bases. Sample questions assess knowledge of the scientific method, graphing, Newton's laws, energy transformations, electromagnetic radiation, the periodic table, nuclear reactions, and chemical equations.
This document provides 42 multi-part physics problems involving Newton's laws of motion. The problems cover concepts such as force, mass, acceleration, weight, and their relationships. Some sample answers are provided. The problems involve calculating unknown values like force, mass, or acceleration given information about real-world scenarios involving objects in motion or at rest under the influence of various forces.
1. This document discusses different types of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and electromagnetic waves. It defines key wave properties such as amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and wave speed.
2. Frequency is defined as the number of vibrations per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Period is the time for one full vibration. Frequency and period are inversely related.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating wave properties like frequency, period, wavelength, and wave speed from information given about the wave.
This document discusses electrical power and energy. It explains that power is calculated as current multiplied by voltage, and is measured in watts. It asks the reader to calculate the power needed to operate a clock radio drawing 0.05 amps from a household circuit. The document also explains that electrical energy is provided by power companies and sold to homeowners in units of kilowatt-hours, which is 1000 watts delivered for one hour. It provides an example of calculating the electrical energy used and cost for a 1200W toaster oven used for 15 minutes.
This document explains the differences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). It defines AC as an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time in contrast to DC, which flows in one direction. The document also outlines the key characteristics of series and parallel electric circuits. Series circuits have the same current flowing through all elements and the total voltage is divided among the elements. Parallel circuits have the same voltage across each element and the total current is the sum of the currents in the individual branches. The document concludes by noting that fuses are used to prevent circuit overloading by melting and breaking the circuit if too much current passes through.
This document provides an Ohm's Law worksheet with 6 practice problems calculating voltage, current, and resistance using the equations: I = V/R, R = V/I, and V = IR. Students are asked to use these equations to find the missing value in each circuit scenario, such as calculating the voltage applied to a light bulb with a known current and resistance.
This document contains a worksheet on Ohm's Law with 14 problems. The worksheet provides the three forms of Ohm's Law and asks students to calculate values like voltage, current, and resistance using circuits with resistors and batteries. Students are asked to determine unknown values, total resistances, and currents in various circuit diagrams applying the relationships defined by Ohm's Law.
This document provides an Ohm's Law worksheet with 6 practice problems calculating voltage, current, and resistance using the equations: I = V/R, R = V/I, and V = IR. Students are asked to use these equations to find the missing value in each circuit scenario, such as calculating the voltage applied to a light bulb with a known current and resistance.
This document discusses resistance and Ohm's Law. It describes the key parts of Ohm's Law including volts, amps, and resistance. It also explains how to calculate an unknown value using two known values and Ohm's Law. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating current and resistance using Ohm's Law. The document also discusses how resistance affects current and electric shock, and provides examples of calculating current through the body at different resistances and voltages.
Static electricity and electrical currantssbarkanic
This document defines static electricity and current electricity. It explains that static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, usually through rubbing materials together, while current electricity involves the controlled flow of electrons. It distinguishes conductors that allow electron flow from insulators that do not, and describes how static charges build up and arc in lightning.
This document covers acids and bases, including definitions, properties, examples and the pH scale. It also discusses acid rain, its effects and causes. For radioactivity, it defines different types and compares the strong force to the electric force in alpha and beta equations. It explains transmutation, half-life, fission and chain reactions. Additionally, it outlines nuclear power plants, how they create electricity from fission, reasons for past meltdowns and pros and cons of nuclear power. Finally, it addresses the big bang theory, evidence supporting it, the potential end of the universe, star formation, star types and life cycles.
This document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It explains that chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, and that they consist of reactants on the left side of the arrow yielding products on the right. It also describes how to balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the equation. Balancing chemical equations ensures conservation of mass during chemical reactions.
Naming and writing compounds and moleculessbarkanic
This document provides instructions for writing formulas and naming ionic compounds, covalent molecules, and polyatomic ions. It explains that for ionic compounds, you write the symbols of the ions and use the crossover method to determine subscripts before naming the compound by writing the cation name followed by the anion name with "ide." For covalent molecules, Greek prefixes indicate subscripts and the name is written by specifying each element followed by the number of atoms. Polyatomic ions are also named and included in ionic compounds by looking up their formula and charge. Examples and practice problems are provided to demonstrate the process.
1) The document provides instructions for drawing Lewis structures to show ionic and covalent bonding between various elements. Students are asked to draw Lewis structures for pairs of elements, and indicate electron transfers or sharing to write chemical formulas. 2) For ionic bonds, students should draw Lewis structures, arrows to show electron transfer, charges for each ion, and chemical formulas. 3) For covalent bonds, the instructions are to draw Lewis structures, circles around shared electrons, bond structures, and chemical formulas.
The document discusses atomic spectra and the Bohr model. It explains that atoms can absorb and emit light at specific frequencies, and this atomic spectrum acts as a fingerprint that can be used to identify elements. The Bohr model describes electrons occupying different energy shells around the nucleus, and electrons absorbing and emitting energy by jumping between shells and releasing light. The document also briefly mentions flame tests and spectroscopes as methods to observe atomic spectra.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a notable British physicist and chemist who made seminal contributions to the development of the modern atomic model. Through his gold foil experiment in 1911, Rutherford was able to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom, which established that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by low-mass electrons. For this breakthrough discovery, Rutherford received numerous honors including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of atomic structure.
Lise Meitner was an Austrian/German physicist born in 1878 who made significant contributions to nuclear physics. She received her doctorate in 1905 as the second woman to earn a PhD from the University of Vienna. In 1938, Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission when bombarding uranium with neutrons. This splitting of uranium atoms led to additional neutrons and the potential for an explosive chain reaction. Sadly, her discovery was later used in 1945 for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Meitner received several honors for her work, including the Max Planck medal in 1949.
Murray Gell-Mann was born in 1929 and is still living. He graduated valedictorian from Columbia Grammar School and attended Yale University at age 15. Gell-Mann won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1964, he discovered the quark, which makes up protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Quarks have never been isolated due to their small size of 10-15 mm. Gell-Mann is also interested in activities like bird watching and collecting antiques.
Democritus was a Greek philosopher born around 460-457 BC in Abdera, Thrace. He developed the first atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made up of indivisible atoms moving through empty space. Democritus believed that atoms were the fundamental building blocks of the natural world and that their behavior determined natural phenomena. He and his mentor Leucippus are considered the founders of atomic theory. Democritus was highly respected in his lifetime for making discoveries and predictions that were later proven true.
This document provides a review for a Physical Science final exam, outlining 9 competencies covered on the exam. It includes 75 multiple choice and short answer questions testing understanding of concepts in motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic structure, nuclear processes, bonding, and acids/bases. Sample questions assess knowledge of the scientific method, graphing, Newton's laws, energy transformations, electromagnetic radiation, the periodic table, nuclear reactions, and chemical equations.
This document provides 42 multi-part physics problems involving Newton's laws of motion. The problems cover concepts such as force, mass, acceleration, weight, and their relationships. Some sample answers are provided. The problems involve calculating unknown values like force, mass, or acceleration given information about real-world scenarios involving objects in motion or at rest under the influence of various forces.
1. This document discusses different types of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and electromagnetic waves. It defines key wave properties such as amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and wave speed.
2. Frequency is defined as the number of vibrations per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Period is the time for one full vibration. Frequency and period are inversely related.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating wave properties like frequency, period, wavelength, and wave speed from information given about the wave.
This document discusses electrical power and energy. It explains that power is calculated as current multiplied by voltage, and is measured in watts. It asks the reader to calculate the power needed to operate a clock radio drawing 0.05 amps from a household circuit. The document also explains that electrical energy is provided by power companies and sold to homeowners in units of kilowatt-hours, which is 1000 watts delivered for one hour. It provides an example of calculating the electrical energy used and cost for a 1200W toaster oven used for 15 minutes.
This document explains the differences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). It defines AC as an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time in contrast to DC, which flows in one direction. The document also outlines the key characteristics of series and parallel electric circuits. Series circuits have the same current flowing through all elements and the total voltage is divided among the elements. Parallel circuits have the same voltage across each element and the total current is the sum of the currents in the individual branches. The document concludes by noting that fuses are used to prevent circuit overloading by melting and breaking the circuit if too much current passes through.
This document provides an Ohm's Law worksheet with 6 practice problems calculating voltage, current, and resistance using the equations: I = V/R, R = V/I, and V = IR. Students are asked to use these equations to find the missing value in each circuit scenario, such as calculating the voltage applied to a light bulb with a known current and resistance.
This document contains a worksheet on Ohm's Law with 14 problems. The worksheet provides the three forms of Ohm's Law and asks students to calculate values like voltage, current, and resistance using circuits with resistors and batteries. Students are asked to determine unknown values, total resistances, and currents in various circuit diagrams applying the relationships defined by Ohm's Law.
This document provides an Ohm's Law worksheet with 6 practice problems calculating voltage, current, and resistance using the equations: I = V/R, R = V/I, and V = IR. Students are asked to use these equations to find the missing value in each circuit scenario, such as calculating the voltage applied to a light bulb with a known current and resistance.
This document discusses resistance and Ohm's Law. It describes the key parts of Ohm's Law including volts, amps, and resistance. It also explains how to calculate an unknown value using two known values and Ohm's Law. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating current and resistance using Ohm's Law. The document also discusses how resistance affects current and electric shock, and provides examples of calculating current through the body at different resistances and voltages.
Static electricity and electrical currantssbarkanic
This document defines static electricity and current electricity. It explains that static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, usually through rubbing materials together, while current electricity involves the controlled flow of electrons. It distinguishes conductors that allow electron flow from insulators that do not, and describes how static charges build up and arc in lightning.
This document covers acids and bases, including definitions, properties, examples and the pH scale. It also discusses acid rain, its effects and causes. For radioactivity, it defines different types and compares the strong force to the electric force in alpha and beta equations. It explains transmutation, half-life, fission and chain reactions. Additionally, it outlines nuclear power plants, how they create electricity from fission, reasons for past meltdowns and pros and cons of nuclear power. Finally, it addresses the big bang theory, evidence supporting it, the potential end of the universe, star formation, star types and life cycles.
This document discusses chemical equations and reactions. It explains that chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, and that they consist of reactants on the left side of the arrow yielding products on the right. It also describes how to balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the equation. Balancing chemical equations ensures conservation of mass during chemical reactions.
Naming and writing compounds and moleculessbarkanic
This document provides instructions for writing formulas and naming ionic compounds, covalent molecules, and polyatomic ions. It explains that for ionic compounds, you write the symbols of the ions and use the crossover method to determine subscripts before naming the compound by writing the cation name followed by the anion name with "ide." For covalent molecules, Greek prefixes indicate subscripts and the name is written by specifying each element followed by the number of atoms. Polyatomic ions are also named and included in ionic compounds by looking up their formula and charge. Examples and practice problems are provided to demonstrate the process.
1) The document provides instructions for drawing Lewis structures to show ionic and covalent bonding between various elements. Students are asked to draw Lewis structures for pairs of elements, and indicate electron transfers or sharing to write chemical formulas. 2) For ionic bonds, students should draw Lewis structures, arrows to show electron transfer, charges for each ion, and chemical formulas. 3) For covalent bonds, the instructions are to draw Lewis structures, circles around shared electrons, bond structures, and chemical formulas.
The document discusses atomic spectra and the Bohr model. It explains that atoms can absorb and emit light at specific frequencies, and this atomic spectrum acts as a fingerprint that can be used to identify elements. The Bohr model describes electrons occupying different energy shells around the nucleus, and electrons absorbing and emitting energy by jumping between shells and releasing light. The document also briefly mentions flame tests and spectroscopes as methods to observe atomic spectra.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a notable British physicist and chemist who made seminal contributions to the development of the modern atomic model. Through his gold foil experiment in 1911, Rutherford was able to formulate the Rutherford model of the atom, which established that atoms have a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by low-mass electrons. For this breakthrough discovery, Rutherford received numerous honors including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. His work fundamentally changed scientific understanding of atomic structure.
Lise Meitner was an Austrian/German physicist born in 1878 who made significant contributions to nuclear physics. She received her doctorate in 1905 as the second woman to earn a PhD from the University of Vienna. In 1938, Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission when bombarding uranium with neutrons. This splitting of uranium atoms led to additional neutrons and the potential for an explosive chain reaction. Sadly, her discovery was later used in 1945 for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Meitner received several honors for her work, including the Max Planck medal in 1949.
Murray Gell-Mann was born in 1929 and is still living. He graduated valedictorian from Columbia Grammar School and attended Yale University at age 15. Gell-Mann won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1964, he discovered the quark, which makes up protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Quarks have never been isolated due to their small size of 10-15 mm. Gell-Mann is also interested in activities like bird watching and collecting antiques.
Democritus was a Greek philosopher born around 460-457 BC in Abdera, Thrace. He developed the first atomic theory, proposing that all matter is made up of indivisible atoms moving through empty space. Democritus believed that atoms were the fundamental building blocks of the natural world and that their behavior determined natural phenomena. He and his mentor Leucippus are considered the founders of atomic theory. Democritus was highly respected in his lifetime for making discoveries and predictions that were later proven true.
4. mya
Quaternary
Molluscs
Anaerobic Bacteria
Jawless Fish
Teleost Fish
Multicellular Animals
Chordates
Land Plants
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Green Algae
Seed Plants
Arthropods
Amphibians
Mammals
Birds
Flowering Plants
Insects
Reptiles
1.5
Tertiary
63
Cretaceous
Dinosaurs
135
Jurassic
180
Triassic
225
Permian
280
Carboniferous
350
Devonian
400
Silurian
430
Ordovician
500
Cambrian
570
Ediacaran
700
Precambrian,
Proterozoic,
&
Archarozoic
4500
Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions
AP Biology
5. LaMarck
Organisms adapted to
their environments by
acquiring traits
change in their life time
Disuse
organisms lost parts because they did not use them
— like the missing eyes & digestive system of the
tapeworm
Perfection with Use & Need
the constant use of an organ leads that organ to
increase in size — like the muscles of a blacksmith
or the large ears of a night-flying bat
transmit acquired characteristics to next
generation
AP Biology
6. Charles Darwin
1809-1882
British naturalist
Proposed the idea
of evolution by
natural selection
Collected clear
evidence to
support his ideas
AP Biology
7. Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Invited to travel around the world
1831-1836 (22 years old!)
makes many observations of nature
main mission of the Beagle was to chart
South American coastline
Robert Fitzroy
AP Biology
8. Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Stopped in Galapagos Islands
500 miles off coast of Ecuador
AP Biology
9. Succession of types
Armadillos are native to the
Americas, with most species
found in South America.
Why should extinct
armadillo-like species
& living armadillos be
found on the same
continent?
Glyptodont fossils are also
unique to South America.
AP Biology
10. Mylodon (left) Giant
ground sloth (extinct)
Modern sloth (right)
“This wonderful relationship
in the same continent between
the dead and the living will…throw more light
on the appearance of organic beings on our earth,
and their disappearance from it,
than any other class of facts.”
AP Biology
12. Darwin found… birds
Collected many
different birds on the
Galapagos Islands.
Finch? Sparrow?
Thought he found
very different kinds…
AP Biology Woodpecker? Warbler?
13. But Darwin found… a lot of finches
Darwin was amazed to
find out:
All 14 species of birds
were finches…
But there is only one
species of finch on the LargeFinch?
Ground
Finch? Sparrow?
Small Ground
Sparrow?
mainland! Finch Finch
How did
one species
of finches become
so many different
species now?
AP Biology Woodpecker?
Warbler Finch
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Veg. Tree Finch
Warbler?
14. Tree Thinking
Descendant
species
Ancestral Large-seed eater?
Large Ground Small-seed eater?
Small Ground
species Finch Finch
AP Biology Warbler?
Warbler Finch Leaf-browser?
Veg. Tree Finch
15. Correlation of species to food source
Seed Flower Insect
eaters eaters eaters
Rapid speciation:
new species filling new niches,
because they inherited
successful adaptations.
Adaptive radiation
AP Biology
16. Darwin’s finches
Differences in beaks
associated with eating different foods
survival & reproduction of beneficial
adaptations to foods available on islands
Warbler finch Cactus finch
Woodpecker finch Sharp-beaked finch
Small insectivorous er Small ground
tree finch Warbl finch
finch
Gr
es
Large Cactus
ou
ch
insectivorous Medium
nd
fin
eater
tree finch ground finch
fin
ee
Insect eaters
Tr
ch
Seed eaters
es
Vegetarian
Bud eater Large
tree finch
AP Biology ground finch
17. Darwin’s finches
Darwin’s conclusions
small populations of original South American
finches landed on islands
variation in beaks enabled individuals to gather
food successfully in the different environments
over many generations, the populations of
finches changed anatomically & behaviorally
accumulation of advantageous traits in population
emergence of different species
AP Biology
18. Seeing this gradation &
diversity of structure in
one small, intimately related group of birds,
one might really fancy that
from an original paucity of birds
in this archipelago,
one species has been taken &
modified for different ends.
AP Biology
19. Darwin’s finches
Differences in
beaks allowed
some finches to…
successfully
compete
successfully feed
successfully
reproduce
pass successful
traits onto their
offspring
AP Biology
20. More observations… Correlation of species
to food source
Whoa,
Turtles, too!
AP Biology
21. Many islands also show
distinct local variations in
tortoise morphology…
…perhaps these are
the first steps in the
splitting of one species
into several?
AP Biology
23. Selective
breeding
the raw genetic
material (variation)
is hidden there
AP Biology
24. Selective breeding
Hidden variation
can be exposed
through selection!
AP Biology
25. In historical context
Other people’s ideas paved the
path for Darwin’s thinking
competition:
struggle for survival
population growth
exceeds food supply
land masses change over
immeasurable time
AP Biology
26. A Reluctant Revolutionary
Returned to England in 1836
wrote papers describing his collections
& observations
long treatise on barnacles
draft of his theory of
species formation in 1844
instructed his wife to
publish this essay upon
his death
reluctant to publish but
didn’t want ideas to die
AP Biology with him
27. And then came the letter….
Then, in 1858, Darwin received a letter
that changed everything…
Alfred Russel Wallace
a young naturalist working
in the East Indies, had
written a short paper with a
new idea. He asked Darwin
to evaluate his ideas and
pass it along for publication.
AP Biology
28. The time was ripe for the idea!
To Lyell—
Your words
have come true
with a vengeance…
I never saw a more striking
coincidence…so all my originality,
whatever it may amount to,
will be smashed.
AP Biology
29. Voyage: 1831-1836
November 24, 1859, Darwin published
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
AP Biology
30. Essence of Darwin’s ideas
Natural selection
variation exists in populations
over-production of offspring
more offspring than the environment can support
competition
for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators
differential survival
successful traits = adaptations
differential reproduction
adaptations become more
AP Biology
common in population
31. LaMarckian vs. Darwinian view
LaMarck
in reaching higher
vegetation giraffes
stretch their necks &
transmits the acquired
longer neck to offspring
Darwin
giraffes born with longer
necks survive better &
leave more offspring who
inherit their long necks
AP Biology
34. Life has changed over time
& in turn has changed the Earth
Living creatures have
changed Earth’s environment,
making other life possible
AP Biology
35. Evolution as Change Over Time
idea accepted
Evolution!
before Darwin
Evolution!
Evolution!
Evolution!
AP Biology
36. Galapagos
Recent volcanic origin most
of animal species on the
Galápagos live nowhere else
in world, but they resemble
species living on South
American mainland.
AP Biology 500 miles west of mainland
37. Coherent explanation of observations
"Nothing in biology
makes sense except in
the light of evolution."
-- Theodosius Dobzhansky
March 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University
(1900-1975)
AP Biology 2006-2007
38. Essence of Darwin’s ideas
(1) Variation exists in natural populations
(2) Many more offspring are born each season
than can possibly survive to maturity
(3) As a result, there is a struggle for existence
- competition
(4) Characteristics beneficial in the struggle
for existence will tend to become more
common in the population, changing the
average characteristics of the population
- adaptations
(5) Over long periods of time, and given a steady input of
new variation into a population, these processes lead to
AP Biologyemergence of new species
the
40. The Birds…
Galápagos birds
22 of the 29 species of
birds on the Galapagos
are endemic
found only on these islands
collected specimens of all
One particular group…
at first, he paid little
attention to a series of
small birds
some were woodpecker-
like, some warbler-like, &
some finch-like
AP Biology
41. Darwin’s finches
Darwin was amazed
to find out they were
all finches
14 species
but only one
species on SouthLarge-seed eater?
Finch? Small-seed eater?
Sparrow?
American mainland
500 miles away
all the birds had to
originally come How did
from mainland one species
of finches become
species so many different
ones now?
AP Biology Warbler?
Warbler? Leaf-browser?
Wren?
Editor's Notes
Lamarck noted how well-adapted organisms were to their environments, and believed that fossils could be understood as less perfect forms which had perished in the struggle for increasing perfection. He explained adaptation as a result of change caused by environmental pressures.
What did Darwin say? What evidence supports Evolution by Natural Selection? What impact did Evolution have on biology?
After graduation Darwin was recommended to be the conversation companion to Captain Robert FitzRoy, preparing the survey ship Beagle for a voyage around the world. FitzRoy chose Darwin because of his education, his similar social class, and similar age as the captain. Darwin noted that the plants and animals of South America were very distinct from those of Europe
The origin of the fauna of the Galapagos, 900 km west of the South American coast, especially puzzled Darwin. On further study after his voyage, Darwin noted that while most of the animal species on the Galapagos lived nowhere else, they resembled species living on the South American mainland. It seemed that the islands had been colonized by plants and animals from the mainland that had then diversified on the different islands
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Darwin noted that the plants and animals of South America were very distinct from those of Europe. Organisms from temperate regions of South America were more similar to those from the tropics of South America than to those from temperate regions of Europe. Further, South American fossils more closely resembled modern species from that continent than those from Europe.
Theodosius Dobzhansky: Integrating Genetics and Evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian geneticist who moved to the United States, provided laboratory evidence for natural selection and variation where previously there had been only field observation. Dobzhansky's work with Drosophila, or fruit flies, provided new evidence that supported Darwin's theory that natural selection, acting on genetic variation in populations, is a driving force in evolution.
Darwin noted that the plants and animals of South America were very distinct from those of Europe. Organisms from temperate regions of South America were more similar to those from the tropics of South America than to those from temperate regions of Europe. Further, South American fossils more closely resembled modern species from that continent than those from Europe.