Automatic Gate With PhotoCell Sensor And Safety Ultrasonic Sensor For Bridge
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1.
2. Overview Of The Project
➢ The purpose of this project is to build a motion sensing camera, using a Pyroelectric
Infrared (PIR) sensor, an Ultrasonic Sensor, ARM7TDMI microcontroller and USB
Camera.
➢ The project envisages to capture an image of an object / human / animal in motion,
sensed by the PIR and Ultrasonic sensors. The inputs from the two sensors are used to
trigger the web camera and capture an image.
➢ The main objective of this project is to reduce the power consumption of traditional
home surveillance system and reduce the use of memory which is required for storing
data.
3. Motion
➢In physics, motion is a change in position of an object with
respect to time and its reference point.
➢ Motion is typically described in terms of displacement,
direction, velocity, acceleration and time.
➢ Motion is the variation of a body with respect to time.
4. Sensor
➢ A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data
for perception.
➢ A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal.
➢ A sensor (also called as a detector) is a converter that measures a
physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by
an observer or by an (electronic) instrument.
5. Motion Sensors
➢ The term ‘Motion sensor’ can be used to refer to any kind of
sensing system which is used to detect motion; motion of any
object or motion of human beings.
➢ Motion sensors are commonly used in security systems as triggers
for automatic lights or remote alarms and similar applications.
➢ There are 2 types, Active Motion Sensor and Passive Motion
Sensor
6. Active Sensors
➢ Active sensors emit a signal, typically a burst of (light, microwaves or
sound) waves which is reflected by the surroundings.
➢ The reflected signal is received by the sensor and takes necessary
action.
➢ Some examples of active sensors are:-
➔ RADAR.
➔ LiDAR.
➔ SONAR.
7. Passive Sensors
➢A passive sensor is a device that detects and responds to some
type of input from the physical environment.
➢Passive sensor technologies gather target data through the
detection of vibrations, light, radiation, heat or other
phenomena occurring in the subject’s environment.
➢Examples of passive sensor-based technologies include:
Photographic, thermal, electric field sensing, chemical,
infrared and seismic.
10. ARM Microcontrollers
➢ ARM is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based
on a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British
company ARM Holdings.
➢ A RISC-based computer design approach means ARM processors require
significantly fewer transistors than typical processors in average computers.
This approach reduces costs, heat and power use.
➢ These are desirable traits for light, portable, battery-powered devices—including
smartphones, laptops, tablet and notepad computers, and other embedded
systems.
11. ➢ A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs and higher core counts at
lower cost, providing higher processing power and improved energy efficiency for
servers and supercomputers.
➢ In 2005, about 98% of all mobile phones sold used at least one ARM processor. The
low power consumption of ARM processors has made them very popular: 37 billion
ARM processors have been produced as of 2013, up from 10 billion in 2008.
➢ The ARM architecture (32-bit) is the most widely used architecture in mobile devices,
and most popular 32-bit one in embedded systems.
➢ LPC2148 is the widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and
it is pre-loaded with many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable
option for the beginners as well as high end application developer.
12. Features of LPC2148
➢ 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory.
➢ In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader
software.Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes
in 1ms.
➢ EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
theon-chip RealMonitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
➢ USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.In
addition, the LPC2146/8 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
13. ➢ One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of
6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 us per channel.
➢ Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
➢ Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
➢ Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock
input.
➢ Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus(400
kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
➢ Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
14. ➢ Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
➢ Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
➢ On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz to
30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
➢ Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
➢ Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for
additional power optimization.
➢ Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out
Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
15. Passive Infrared Sensor
➢ A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or
other objects.
➢ They are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive
infrared detector".
➢ An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation
impinging upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface
characteristics of the objects in front of the sensor
➢ They are sensitive to person’s skin temperature emitted through blackbody
radiation at mid infrared wavelengths, in contrast to the objects at room
temperature.
➢ Infrared sensors are characterized by high sensitivity, low cost and are widely
used.
16.
17. Ultrasonic Sensors
➢ Ultrasonic Sensors use sound waves to detect motion. If movement is detected,
the sound wave pattern is disrupted and an alarm is signaled.
➢ It senses motion by analyzing
sound waves in its environment.
•
➢ These frequencies are generally not audible to humans and most animals.
➢ Active motion sensors generate sound waves in the ultrasonic frequency range,
typically around 30 to 50 kilohertz (kHz).
18.
19. ➢ When no objects are moving in the area, the pattern of sound and the time it
takes to bounce back remain the same.
➢ If something moves, the detector senses that the level or phase of the
returning sound waves has shifted slightly.
➢ Example:-
➔ Ultrasound is also used in medical applications for imaging and surgery.
➔ Sonar.
20. Piezo Element
➢ Piezo element converts mechanical signals, such as force, pressure,
strain or acceleration, into electrical voltage, or, vice versa, an electrical
voltage into mechanical motion or oscillations.
➢ The typical resonant frequencies are
between 200 kHz and 10 MHz.
➢ The piezo elements are frequently used for generating ultrasonic
oscillations, for example, in sensors or for high-power ultrasonic
applications.
21. Liquid Crystal Display
➢ A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCD’s) that will flow like a
liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties normally
associated with solids.
➢ The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power
requirement is typically in the order of microwatts for the LCD. However, an
LCD requires an external or internal light source.
➢ We use LCD in our project to display the timestamp and initialization
messages
23. Applications
➢ Wireless Security System
➢ Border Security System
➢ Distance Measurement
➢ All outdoor Lights
➢ Multi Apartment Complexes
➢ Common staircases
➢ For Basement or Covered Parking
Area
➢ Shopping Malls
➢ For garden lights
24. Advantages
➢ High Security
➢ Video Surveillance
➢ Very easy installation
Disadvantages
➢ Initialization cost is high
