Biogas treatment and phytoremediation

1. HOSTEL KITCHEN WASTE
& WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
PRJ 401 – PROJECT WORK (0+3)
Project students
1.D.Shanmugapriya (ID.No.2015031052)
2. S.Shobana (ID.No.2015031053)
3. M.Siva (ID.No.2015031054)
Project co -ordinator
Dr. A.KRISHNAVENI, Ph.D.
Asst.Professor (ENS)

2.  To study the detailed information on the quantity of solid &
liquid waste generated in the students Hostel mess.
 To study the characteristics of solid and liquid waste in students
hostel mess.
 To evaluate the suitable technology for the solid wastes to
produce biogas.
 To evaluate the suitable treatment technology for waste water
recycling.
OBJECTIVES

3.  India generates 1 lakh metric tonnes of wastes / day .
 Nearly 960 million tonnes of solid waste is generated
annually.
 The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased
from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.6 kg/day in 2011.
INTRODUCTION
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4.  Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced
from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal
waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas
is a renewable energy source.
 Also called Marsh gas or gobar gas
 Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or
anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed
system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials.
 This closed system is called an anaerobic digester, biodigester or
a bioreactor.
BIOGAS

5. Reactions:
The formation of methane from biomass follows in general the equation:
• The products include, for example, the following:
• Carbohydrates: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
• Fats: C 12 H 24 O 6 + 3H 2 O → 4.5CO 2 + 7.5CH 4
• Proteins: C 13 H 25 O 7 N 3 S + 6H 2 O → 6.5CO 2 + 6.5CH 4 + 3NH 3 + H 2 S
MECHANISM OF BIOGAS FERMENTATION

6. FLOW CHART FOR BIODEGRADATION

7. Many factors affecting the fermentation process of
organic substances under anaerobic condition are,
• The quantity and nature of organic matter
• The temperature
• Acidity and alkanity (PH value) of substrate
• The flow and dilution of material
FACTORS AFFECTING YIELD AND PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS

8. Treatment 1 Only cowdung 100%
Treatment 2 Only kitchen waste 100%
Treatment 3 Kitchen waste 50% +cowdung 50%
Treatment 4 Kitchen waste 75% + cowdung 25%
Treatment 5 Kitchen waste 25% + Cowdung 75%
TREATMENTS
Total No. of Treatments - 5

9.  Collection of kitchen waste
 Analysis of kitchen waste
 Estimating Total solids and pH
 Grinding of kitchen waste
 Filling the bottle with kitchen waste and cowdung
with different Concentration.
 Fitting of Rubber cork and tubes
 Estimation of biogas by Water displacement method.
 Concluding the best treatment for bio gas production
WORK PLAN

10. WEIGHING OF MESS WASTES

11. DATE DAY
GOMUKI GIRLS
HOSTEL
Weight (Kg)
THENPENNAI
BOYS HOSTEL
Weight (Kg)
BIO - DEGRADABLE BIO-DEGRADABLE
23.1.19 SUNDAY 12 9.5
24.1.19 MONDAY 14.5 10.3
25.1.19 TUESDAY 13 12
26.1.19 WEDNESDAY 12 8
27.1.19 THURSDAY 9.5 8.9
28.1.19 FRIDAY 14 9.3
29.1.19 SATURDAY 14.5 15
ESTIMATION OF WEEKLY MESS WASTES

12. DATE DAY KOMUKI GIRLS HOSTEL
(Kg)
THENPENNAI BOYS HOSTEL
(Kg)
BREAKFAST LUNCH DINNER BREAKFAST LUNCH DINNER
23.1.19 SUNDAY 5 4 3 3.5 3 3
24.1.19 MONDAY 4 6 4.5 5 3.3 2
25.1.19 TUESDAY 3.5 5 4.5 4 5 3
26.1.19 WEDNESDAY 4 6 2 2.5 2 3.5
27.1.19 THURSDAY 5 2 2.5 4 2 3.9
28.1.19 FRIDAY 3 7 4 5 2 2.3
29.1.19 SATURDAY 4 6 4.5 4 6 5
TOTAL = 89.5 kg = 73 Kg
AMOUNT OF MESS WASTE COLLECTED AT DIFFERENT SESSION
INTERPRETATION :
Nearly 162.5 kg of Bio- degradable wastes are collected
in the students hostel mess for one week. so, It will be a excellent source for
producing bio gas.

13. 70%
10%
20%
A B C
(A) – Cooked food waste - 70%
(B) – Eggshell - 10%
(C) – Rotten fruits &vegetables - 20%
COMPOSITION OF KITCHEN WASTE

14. PRETREATMENT OF KITCHEN WASTE

15. ESTIMATION OF TS

16. TOTAL SOLIDS (TS %) - It is the amount of solid present in the
sample after the water present in it is evaporised.
The sample, approximately 10 gm is taken and poured in foil
plate and dried to a constant weight at about 105 degree in
furnace.
W1 –weight of the dried crucible + dried residue
W2-Weight of the crucible (gm)
W3- Initial weight of the wet sample ( substrate) + crucible
TS % = (41.29 – 39.2 / 49.26 – 39.26) × 100
= 20 %
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS
TS % = (W1 – W2 / W3- W2) × 100

17. FILLING BOTTLES WITH WASTES
ESTIMATION OF PH & EC

18.  T 1 – 100% cow dung : Mix 125 g cowdung with 125 ml
water.
 T 2 – 100% Kitchen waste : Mix 125 g kitchen waste with
125 ml of water
 T 3 – 50 % Kitchen waste + 50 % cow dung : Mix 62.5 g of
cow dung & 62.5 kitchen waste & 125 ml of water.
 T 4 – 75 % kitchen waste + 25% cow dung : Mix 93.75 g of
kitchen waste & 31.25 g Of cow dung & 125 ml of water.
 T 5 - 75 % cow dung + 25% kitchen waste : Mix 93.75 g of
cow dung & 31.25 g Of kitchen waste & 125 ml of water.
MIXING RATIO OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS.

19. Day Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5
pH TS % pH TS % pH TS % pH TS % pH TS %
10th 7.2 20 7.2 20 7.25 20 7.6 20 7.4 20
20th 6.7 18 6.5 14 7.0 17 7.3 18 7.2 17.5
30th 6.2 16 5.8 11.5 6.8 14.5 7.2 16.7 7.1 15
40th 5.9 15 5.2 9 6.5 13 7.0 14 6.9 13
50th 5.8 12 4.9 7 6.3 11 6.9 13.5 6.3 11
PH AND TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION OF SETUP

20. SET UP UNIT FOR BIOGAS ESTIMATION

21. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10 20 30 40 50
pH
T I
T2
T3
T4
T5
pH Vs DAY
Days

22. DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml
1 4 16 34.5 31 29 46 -
2 5 17 35 32 24 47 -
3 6.5 18 35 33 21 48 -
4 6.5 19 36 34 19 49 -
5 9 20 39 35 15 50 -
6 10.5 21 40 36 14 51 -
7 13 22 42 37 13.5 52 -
8 15 23 41 38 11 53 -
9 18 24 39 39 9 54 -
10 20 25 35 40 3 55 -
11 22 26 33 41 - 56 -
12 25 27 33 42 - 57 -
13 28 28 31.5 43 - 58 -
14 30 29 29.5 44 - 59 -
15 33 30 29 45 - 60 -
Gas production in ml for T 1- 100% Cow dung
Total biogas
Production = 931.5ml

23. DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml
1 16 16 49 31 68 46 51
2 22 17 49 32 69 47 50
3 25 18 50 33 67.5 48 49
4 27.5 19 51.5 34 66 49 48.5
5 38 20 52 35 66 50 48
6 38.5 21 55.5 36 65 51 42.5
7 39 22 58 37 64.5 52 42
8 40 23 60 38 64 53 35
9 42.5 24 61 39 63 54 31
10 43 25 63.5 40 63 55 28.5
11 43 26 64 41 62 56 23
12 44 27 64.5 42 60 57 17
13 46 28 65 43 58 58 15
14 46.5 29 66 44 57 59 7
15 48 30 66.5 45 53 60 4
Gas production in ml for T 2 - 100% Kitchen waste
Total biogas
Production = 2877.5ml

24. DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml
1 3 16 24.5 31 16 46 -
2 3.5 17 25 32 13 47 -
3 4 18 25 33 11 48 -
4 4.5 19 27 34 7 49 -
5 6 20 27.5 35 3.5 50 -
6 8 21 29 36 2.5 51 -
7 8.5 22 35 37 - 52 -
8 14 23 35 38 - 53 -
9 16 24 36 39 - 54 -
10 16 25 39.5 40 - 55 -
11 18 26 33 41 - 56 -
12 18.5 27 30 42 - 57 -
13 21 28 28 43 - 58 -
14 24 29 24 44 - 59 -
15 24 30 20 45 - 60 -
Gas production in ml for T3 – 50% Kitchen waste + 50% cowdung
Total biogas
Production = 683.5 ml

25. DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml
1 7 16 18 31 33 46 3
2 7.5 17 19 32 31 47 2
3 8 18 19.5 33 30 48 2
4 8.5 19 20 34 27 49 2
5 11 20 22 35 25 50 1
6 12 21 22 36 23 51 -
7 13 22 23 37 20 52 -
8 14.5 23 24 38 20 53 -
9 15 24 27 39 19 54 -
10 16 25 29 40 18 55 -
11 16 26 29 41 14 56 -
12 17 27 30 42 12 57 -
13 17.5 28 32.5 43 9 58 -
14 18 29 33 44 8 59 -
15 18 30 35 45 4 60 -
Gas production in ml for T4 – 75% Kitchen waste + 25 % cowdung
Total biogas
Production = 885 ml

26. DAY ml DAY ml DAY ml D-AY ml
1 5 16 19 31 17 46 -
2 6 17 19 32 14 47 -
3 8.5 18 19.5 33 11 48 -
4 9 19 20 34 9 49 -
5 9.5 20 23.5 35 3 50 -
6 11 21 26 36 3 51 -
7 12 22 28 37 - 52 -
8 13 23 29 38 - 53 -
9 15 24 29 39 - 54 -
10 15.5 25 30 40 - 55 -
11 17 26 27 41 - 56 -
12 17 27 22 42 - 57 -
13 17 28 20 43 - 58 -
14 18 29 19 44 - 59 -
15 18.5 30 19 45 - 60 -
Gas production in ml for T5 – 25 % Kitchen waste + 75% cowdung
Total biogas
Production = 557.5 ml

27. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1 11 21 31 41 51
Gasproduction(ml)
Days
T 1
T 2
T3
T4
T5
GAS PRODUCTION Vs DAYS

28. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
TI T2 T3 T4 T5
Gasproductioninml
Treatments
931.5 ml
2877.5 ml
683.5 ml
885 ml
557.5 ml
COMPARISON OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT TRATMENTS

29. TREATMENTS Biogas
(ml)
Biogas
(m3)
T 1 (Only cowdung 100%) 931.5 0.000931
T 2 (Only kitchen waste 100%) 2877.5 0.002877
T 3 (Kitchen waste 50% +cowdung 50% ) 683.5 0.000683
T 4 (Kitchen waste 75% + cowdung 25%) 885 0.000885
T 5(Kitchen waste 25% + Cowdung 75% ) 557.5 0.000557
CALCULATION
 IN 125 gm kitchen waste – 0.002877 m3 0f biogas produced
 Total amount of kitchen waste produced in a week = 162.5 kg
 Therefore for 1 year = 8450 kg of kitchen waste
 Total amount of biogas produced in 8450 kg (kitchen waste)
= 194.4852 m3/year

30. CONFIRMATION TEST FOR BIOGAS

31. APPLICATIONS
LPG GENERATION
 To produce 1 LPG = 28 m3 of biogas required
 Therefore by using 194.4852 m3 of biogas = 6.99 ≈ 7 LPG is produced
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
 Since 1 m3 of biogas = 1.6 kWh of Electricity
 Therefore ,311.17632 kWh of Electricity is produced

32. WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF
TOTAL GAS PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT

33. CONCLUSION
 Among the different treatments, Treatment T2
(100% kitchen waste )Produces more amount of biogas.
 The gap between demand and supply for energy sources
can be reduced by converting Bio degradable kitchen waste
into a biogas.
 It is a source of renewable green energy. The biogas can be
used as a cooking gas and also can be used in turbine to
generate electricity.
 The left over sludge can be packed and used as a manure
and compost for agriculture forming.

34. LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT -PHYTOREMEDIATION
Typha angustifolia

35. REED BED SYSTEM - TREATMENT PLOT IN HOSTEL

36.  Typha angustifolia was monocotyledons plant in the family of
Typhaceae, with the common name as narrow-leaves cattail. It
was an erect, perennial freshwater aquatic plant.
 Typha angustifolia could use for phytostabilisation purpose; it
was one of the phytoremediation techniques, where metal
tolerant or accumulating plants might be effective in reducing the
mobility of heavy metals within the soil and rendering them
harmless.
 It act as accumulator, of which was capable to uptake very high
concentration of metals and have evolved specific mechanisms to
detoxifying high metal levels accumulated in the tissues.
 These plant species might increase soil organic matter, which
played an important role in immobilizing heavy metals,
improving soil structure, increased soil fertility and reduced
erosion.
MECHANISM

37. ESTIMATION
ESTIMATION BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT
pH 6.5 7.5
EC 1.5 ds/m 1.1ds/m
TDS 11.9 % 10.3 %
OBSERVATION
From our study , the following changes in parameters were observed
 pH of the effluent water get increased.
 EC also get reduced.
 TDS also get reduced.

38. UPSCALING RECOMMENDATION
 Pilot project that can be upscaled to larger level through constructing
appropriate structure for production of biogas from food wastes and utilized for
kitchen as a fuel.
 Waste water can be treated and irrigated in nearby field for tree crops.
 Developing a ZERO CARBON CAMPUS.

39. FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR GOOD FERMENTATION
• Temperature: 20o c to 35o c.
• PH value: Neutral PH and ranges 6.8 to 7.2.
• C/N ratio: Ranges from 20:1 to 30:1.
• Pressure: A minimum pressure of 6-10 cm of water
column that is 1.2 bar is considered ideal for the proper
functioning of plant. It should never be allowed to exceed
40-50 cm of water column.
ARTI BIOGAS

40. REFERENCES
[1] Kale, S.P and Mehele, S.T. kitchen waste based biogas plant.pdf. Nuclear
agriculture and Biotechnology/ Division.
[2] Karve .A.D. (2007), Compact biogas plant, a low cost digester for biogas from
waste starch. http://www.arti-india.org.
[3] Karve of Pune A.D (2006). Compact biogas plant compact low-cost digester
from waste starch. www.bioenergylists.org.
[4] Shalini sing, sushil kumar, M.C. Jain, Dinesh kumar (2000), the increased biogas
production using microbial stimulants.
[5] Hilkiah Igoni, M. F. N. Abowei, M. J. Ayotamuno and C. L. Eze (2008), Effect of
Total Solids Concentration of Municipal Solid Waste on the Biogas Produced in an
Anaerobic Continuous Digester.
[6]Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organization
(TaTEDO), BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY- Construction, Utilization and Operation Manual.

41. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our beloved dean,
Dr.M.Pandiyan,Ph.D., who has rendered full support and encouragement to carry
this project successfully.
 Special thanks to our warden ,DR.M.DEVANATHAN, Ph.D., Who gave a technical
guidance to carry out this project.
 Once again special thanks to DR. ARUN KUMAR Ph.D., who gave us a guidance for
laboratory analysis.
 We are thankful to our academic coordinator Dr. S. ANBUMANI Ph.D., who gave a
kind support to complete the project.
 We extend our heartful thanks to our project guide Dr. A. KRISHNAVENI P.hD who
gave a continuous support, encouragement & necessary facilities provided for the
study project.
 Finally we extend our thanks to all staff members & students who supported us to
complete this project.