1. ￮ In urban areas, various drainage
facilities such as pump stations and
detention reservoirs have been
constructed.
Pump stations can prevent the
backwater effect in urban streams
that leads to flooding in drainage
systems.
INTRODUCTION
1
￮ Detention reservoirs can reduce
the peak discharge in urban drainage
systems.
￮ It is difficult, however, to prevent
flooding due to extreme rainfall, even
though all drainage facilities are
designed and constructed using the
concept of design flood frequency.
Both structural and non-structural
measures can be implemented to
prevent and reduce flooding.
Structural measures are any
physical construction used to reduce or
avoid possible impacts of flooding, as
well as engineering techniques used to
achieve flood-resistance and resilience
in urban drainage systems.
￮ Non-structural measures are any
measure not involving physical
constructions, which use knowledge
or practical operation to reduce flood
risks (Lee et. al, 2016).
2. ￮ Currently, drainage facilities are not
as effective as expected due to a greater
amount of extreme rainfall, impervious
areas, and runoff in urban areas. Non-
structural measures such as rainfall
prediction, flood forecasting, and
drainage facility operation have
emerged as a new alternative that can
support structural measures.
2
INTRODUCTION
￮ This study will aim to improve
the current drainage facilities by
adding some water pump
stations to effectively lessen the
flood risk and lessen the total
damage that the flood may
produce.
3. ￮ The Republic of the Philippines
is one of the countries that suffer
from frequent natural disasters.
The typhoons, storms, and floods
in particular cause serious
human damage and negative
impact to economic activities.
3
Background of the study
￮ In spite of the serious damage
by the natural disasters, full-
fledged flood mitigation
measures have been
implemented for only a limited
number of river basins due to
budgetary and personnel
￮ For this reason, enormous flood
damages have occurred every year in
many places, and the effective
development of flood mitigation
projects has been one of the important
issues in the country.
4. ￮ Under such circumstances, the
Government of the Philippines adopted
watershed conservation and
infrastructure development for flood
risk mitigation as the principal
measures in the medium-term
development plan (2011-2016 years).
4
￮ The GOP further worked out the
natural strategy for preferential
construction of flood mitigation
facilities for high flood risk area,
adaptation to climate change, and
disaster risk reduction and
management from both structural and
non-structural measures.
￮ To cope with the above
circumstances, the government
has requested the Japan
International Cooperation Agency
to undertake this Preparatory
Survey.
Background of the study
5. ￮ The purpose of the study is to formulate the
plan for the comprehensive flood mitigation
projects which constitute combinations of
structural and non-structural measures for the
three river basins located in the eastern part of
Cavite province that are vulnerable to flood
and located in a strategic position in terms of
economic development.
5
Background of the study
￮ The GOP and JICA agreed on the
scope and implementing
arrangements for the study in
July 2014.
7. ￮ 1901 — Byron Jackson develops
the first deep well vertical
turbine pump.
7
History
8. HISTORY
2000 BC
￮ Egyptians invent the shadoof
to raise water. It uses a long
suspended rod with a bucket
at one end and a weight at
the other.
200 BC
￮ Greek inventor and
mathematician Ctesibius
invents the water organ,
an air pump with valves
on the bottom, a tank of
water in between them
and a row of pipes on top.
This is the principal design
that is now known as the
reciprocating pump.
9
￮ Archimedean screw pump,
designed by Archimedes, is
considered one of the
greatest inventions of all
time and is still in use today
for pumping liquids and
granulated solids in both
the industrialized world and
in the third world—where it
is a preferred way to irrigate
agricultural fields without
electrical pumps.
9. HISTORY
1588
￮ Sliding vane water pump
technology is described
by Italian engineer
Agostino Ramelli in his
book “The Diverse and
Artifactitious Machines of
Captain Agostino
Ramelli,” which also
included other pump and
engine designs.
9
1593
￮ Frenchman Nicolas Grollier
de Servière creates an early
design for a gear pump.
10. HISTORY
1636
￮ Pappenheim, a German engineer, invents the
double deep-toothed rotary gear pump, which is still
used to lubricate engines. This gear pump made it
possible to dispense with the reciprocating slide
valves used by Ramelli.
9
1650
￮ Otto van Guericke invents the
piston vacuum pump, which
used leather washers to prevent
leakage between the cylinder
and the piston.
11. HISTORY
9
1687
￮ French-born inventor, Denis Papin
develops the first true centrifugal pump,
one with straight vanes used for local
drainage.
1675
￮ Sir Samuel Moreland—an English academic, diplomat,
spy, inventor and mathematician—patents the packed
plunger pump, capable of raising great quantities of
water with far less proportion of strength than a chain or
other pump. The piston had a leather seal. Moreland's
pump may have been the first use of a piston rod and
stuffing box (packed in a cylinder) to displace water.
12. HISTORY
1782
￮ James Watt—who invented the steam
engine's connecting rod crank
mechanism, which made it possible to
convert the piston's reciprocating
motion into rotary motion—designs an
oscillating piston machine in which a
wing-shaped rotary blade made a
near complete revolution uncovering
inlet ports in a chamber separated by
a curved radial wall.
9
1790
￮ Briton Thomas Simpson harnesses
steam power to pumping engines for
municipal water applications.
1830
￮ Modern screw pump is
invented by Revillion.
13. HISTORY
9
1845
￮ Henry R. Worthington invents the first
direct-acting steam pumping engine.
Worthington Pump designed its first
products to power canal boats and U.S.
naval vessels. Worthington later
pioneered pump designs for boiler
feed, oil pipeline and hydro-electric
applications.
1849
￮ Goulds casts and
assembles the
world's first all-
metal pump.
1851
￮ British inventor John Appold
introduces the curved vane
centrifugal pump.
1857
￮ Worthington produces the first horizontal,
duplex, direct-acting steam pumps for boiler
feed.
14. HISTORY
9
￮ 1859 — Jacob Edson invents the
diaphragm pump and founds the
Edson Corporation in Boston, Mass., to
manufacture and sell his pump.
￮ 1874 — Charles Barnes of New
Brunswick invents the vane pump.
￮ — Gotthard Allweiler invents and
produces a series of hand wing
pumps.
￮ 1886 — Jens Nielsen, founder of Viking
Pump Company, invents the internal
gear pumping principal while
designing a pump to remove excess
water that was seeping into his
limestone quarry from a nearby creek.
￮ 1899 — Robert Blackmer invents rotary
vane pump technology, a pump
design that was an important
departure from the old gear principle
and predecessor to today's sliding
vane pumps.
￮ 1901 — Byron Jackson develops the
first deep well vertical turbine pump.
￮ 1905 — Multistage centrifugal
pumps are developed.
￮ 1906 — André Petit invents the
eccentric disc pump.
￮ 1908 — Western Land Roller pioneers the design and
manufacture of irrigation pumps.
￮ — Hayward Tyler creates its first electric motor for
use under water and develops the wet stator motor
for use as a boiler circulation glandless motor-
pump.
￮ 1911 — Jens Nielsen builds the first internal
gear pump, founding the Viking Pump
Company. The Viking Rotary “Gear-Within-A-
Gear” pump (the first of its kind) is placed on
the market.
￮ 1913 — Inventor and Engineer Albert
Baldwin Wood invents the Wood screw
pump.
￮ 1915 — Albert Baldwin Wood invents the
Wood trash pump.
15. HISTORY
9
￮ 1916 — Aldrich produces the first direct motor-
driven reciprocating pump while Armais
Sergeevich Arutunoff first invented submersible
pumps in Russia in 1916, their use in the United
States did not begin until the 1950s.
￮ The first DORRCOTM Suction Pump is built by
Dorr-Oliver Pump Company for the mineral
process industry.
￮ 1917 — Louis Bergeron invents the concrete
volute pump.
￮ 1918 — Byron Jackson produces the first hot
oil pumps for the petroleum industry.
￮ 1923 — Ruthman Companies designs
the world’s first seal-less vertical pump.
￮ 1924 — Durco Pump introduces the
world's first pump specifically designed
for chemical processing.
￮ 1926 — Pacific Pump Company
produces the first hot oil double
casing pump.
￮ O.H. Dorer receives a patent for the
first inducer, which reduces the
required NPSH. Inducers did not
become incorporated into standard
pump lines until the 1960s.
￮ 1927 — Aldrich produces the first
variable stroke multi-cylinder
reciprocating pump.
￮ 1928 — Worthington-Simpson
produces the world's largest steam-
driven pumping engine for municipal
water supply.
￮ 1929 — Pleuger incorporates in Berlin,
Germany. Its first offerings are
submersible motor pumps for
dewatering in the construction of
underground railways and subways.
Pleuger pioneers the first successful
application of submersible motor
pumps in offshore service.
￮ — Stork Pompen produces the first
concrete volute pump for drainage,
integrating the pump housing in the
civil construction of the pumping
station.
￮ 1933 — The original version of the Bush
Pump is designed as a closed-top
cylinder pump.
￮ 1933 —J.C. Gorman and Herb Rupp
introduce a pump with a “non-
clogging” feature. It outperforms any
other self-priming centrifugal pump
previously invented. The company
Gorman-Rupp is established.
￮ 1936 — Robert Sheen invents the
metering pump. The core of his
invention was a method of controlled
volume that was inherent to the
pump.
￮ 1937 — IDP produces the first radially
split, pull-from-the-rear process
pump. Worthington produces the
world's first hydraulic decoking
systems.
￮ 1939 — Dorr-Oliver Pump Company
develops the Oliver Diaphragm Slurry
pump for slurry transfer. Originally
designed for mining slurry transfer
with their associated acids, it
developed into a Primary Sludge
Underflow Pump for the wastewater
industry starting in the 1970s after the
Clean Water Act.
￮ 1942 — The Gorman-Rupp team
creates the first commercially
available solids-handling trash pump
to respond to the contractor's need
for a pump to withstand the
considerable rigors of pumping out
trash-laden septic tanks, cesspools
and outhouses.
￮ 1947 — Flygt's Sixten Englesson, a
master of engineering, develops a
prototype for the first submersible
drainage pump, which is later known
as the “parrot cage,” or B-pump, used
in mining for construction.
￮ 1949 — HMD Pumps invents and
engineers the world's first magnet
drive pump.
￮ 1950 — Vanton develops the Flex-i-
liner seal-less self-priming rotary
pump which handles corrosive,
abrasive and viscous fluids as well as
those that must be transferred free of
product contamination.
16. 9
History
￮ 1954 — Worthington produces the
world's first high speed (9,000 rpm)
boiler feed pumps.
￮ 1955 — Jim Wilden invents the air-
operated double-diaphragm (AODD)
pump technology.
￮ 1956 — Sixten Englesson develops for
Stenberg-Flygt AB the submersible
sewage pump, called the C-pump,
with a discharge connection and level
regulator.
￮ 1960 — New lines of industrial pumps
are developed by Goulds Pumps,
including large double suction pumps,
higher pressure pumps and non-
metallic pumps. In home water
systems, the jet water system is
improved and a complete line of
submersible pumps is completed.
17. HISTORY
9
￮ 1962 — Sundstrand develops the first
Sundyne high-speed centrifugal
pump and sells it to Shell Chemical.
￮ 1962 — Grundfos places the first
circulator pump into the market with
variable speed regulation.
18. HISTORY
9
￮ 1979 — Gusher develops multistage pumps for
higher pressures required by the machine tool
industry and the world’s first top pull-out pump.
￮ 1980 — Gorman-Rupp unveils the nutating pump,
a special purpose small pump used in health
care applications; additional energy-efficient,
self-priming centrifugal pumps; a series of
lightweight portable pumps and high-pressure
pumps with the first digital-control panels.
19. HISTORY
9
￮ 1994 — Baha Abulnaga
invents the slurry and froth
pump with a split vane
impeller. The split impeller
helps to reduce recirculation
in slurry pumps by dividing the
space between the main
vanes without reducing the
passageway at the narrowest
point, which is the eye of the
impeller. In froth pumps, it
helps to break up air bubbles
that form and tend to block
the flow.
20. Statement of the problem
￮ This research of Flood Water Pump in an
Urban City is designed to help on
lowering the water level that causes
flood during rainy seasons. It is
necessary to provide proper details on
the major matters on the design; hence,
the study needs to answer the following
questions:
20
￮ What type of pump will be used?
￮ What is the maximum volume of water
does the main reservoir can hold?
￮ How will the design benefit the residents
in the area?
21. 21
Scope and limitation
￮ The scope of the study involves the main
pumping components such as pipe, valves,
reservoir and pumps.
￮ The researchers focused on the design of these
components so that it can successfully pump the
flood water in the available options.
￮ Furthermore, the design is only intended for urban
areas.
23. PLANT LOCATION
￮ Plant
location refers to
the choice of
region and the
selection of a
particular site for
setting up a
business or
factory. But the
choice is made
only after
considering cost
and benefits of
different
alternative sites.
￮ .
￮ It is a strategic decision
that cannot be
changed once taken.
Since the study
involves an urban city
with flooding areas,
plant site should be
picked carefully. The
researchers take in
consideration the
topography of the land
and the requirements
needed for the plant,
and Cavite is one of the
most preferable sites.
9
24. PLANT LOCATION
24
￮ The project is located in the
Province of Cavite, in particular, in
Cavite City. Cavite Province is
located on the southern shores of
Manila Bay in CALABARZON Region,
Island of Luzon.
￮ Situated just 21-kilometre (13 mi)
south of the capital, it is one of the
most industrialized and fastest
growing provinces because of its
close proximity to Metro Manila.
🌏
🌏
25. PLANT LOCATION
￮ The province of Cavite is the second
smallest province in the region,
occupies a land area of 1,427.06 square
kilometre which is approximately 8.72%
of CALABARZON.
￮ Cavite is characterized by rolling
hinterlands punctuated by hills;
shoreline fronting Manila Bay at sea
level; and rugged portion at the
boundary with Batangas, where the
Dos Picos Mountains is located. 25
🌏
🌏
26. ￮ Cavite City, officially
the City of Cavite is a
fourth class urban
component city in
the province of Cavite
of the CALABARZON
region in
the Philippines.
PLANT LOCATION
￮ The city was the capital of
Cavite province from the
latter's establishment in 1614
until 1954. Around 35
kilometers away from
Manila, the city occupies a
small peninsula that is
shaped like a hand
stretched out into Manila
Bay.
26
￮ It is bounded on the
north and west by
Manila Bay, on the
east by Bacoor and
Canacao Bay, and on
the south by the
towns of Kawit and
Noveleta. Including
Corregidor Island,
total land area is
about 20 square
kilometers. The city is
classified as a first-
class in terms
of income
classification.
🌏
🌏
🌏
27. PLANT LOCATION
The province based on the Climate Map of
the Philippine Atmospheric. Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAG-ASA). It has two pronounced seasons,
the dry season, which usually begins in the
month of November, and ends in April, and
the rainy season, which starts in the month
of May and ends in October.
￮ The province is engaged in agricultural
production with 50.33% of the total
provincial land area are utilized as
agriculture. Cavite has twelve (12)
economic zones, the largest Cavite
economic zone is located in the project
area in Gen. Trias. 27
32. Responsibilities
￮ Take control in the completion of detailed
engineering design and all the necessary
documents for in-house and out-sourced
projects in accordance with specified quality,
cost and time frame and acceptability as
prescribed by the company.
Senior Auto CAD Specialist
￮ Prepares conceptual design for Urban
City Flood Water Pump Systems.
￮ Monitors, reviews, checks and
coordinates with End users the submitted
Contract Drawings, and other documents
prepared by contractors/consultants of
Bank-financed projects in accordance
with specified quality, cost and time
frame and acceptability as prescribed by
the company.
32
33. Responsibilities
￮ Evaluates and recommends
acceptable schemes of design for
completion and coordinates all
Working Drawings submitted by
Engineers and Contractors prior to
implementation on site within the
prescribed time frame, and in
accordance with Urban City Flood
Water Pump System Drawings and
Specification
Senior Auto CAD Specialist
￮ Ensures the completion and
accuracy of quantity take-off
which is required in the
preparation of schedule of
prices and measurement and
payment for in-house
designed projects within a
prescribed time frame.
33
34. Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
￮ Good in planning, organizing, decision
making and control.
￮ Possesses comprehensive knowledge and
technical skills.
￮ Excellent verbal and written
communication skills.
￮ Competent in AutoCAD and other drafting
softwares.
Senior Auto CAD Specialist
34
35. Project Manager
35
Responsibilities
￮ Responsible for the overall planning,
organizing, leading and controlling of all
projects assigned to him.
￮ Monitors the schedule of projects from
planning to construction and ensures the
timely completion of each phase.
￮ Responsible for developing and managing
technological projects and their cost, time
and scope.
￮ Directs teams and team members to
the finish line. The project’s success or
failure rests solely on their shoulders,
and he or she is the one responsible
for the end result.
￮ Keeps knowledge and information
flowing seamlessly. Proficiency in
technical know-how and first-hand
knowledge of the tasks they assign to
others to keep the project moving
forward.
36. Responsibilities
￮ Ensures that all phases of the projects
comply with the Company’s standards,
construction codes and all regulatory
requirements.
￮ Monitors and analyzes both
expenditures and team performance,
and to always efficiently take corrective
measures.
Project Manager
36
￮ Presents comprehensive
reports documenting that all
project requirements were
fulfilled, as well as the projects’
history, including what was
done, who was involved, and
what could be done better in
the future.
37. Duties
￮ Regularly assists in auditing the
performance of the group (i.e. planning
to construction groups) using agreed
metrics.
￮ Submit reports on a regular basis or as
required.
￮ Does other related tasks in project
management that may be assigned by
the superior.
Project Manager
37
￮ Provides assistance to the
division head in developing
programs, policies and
procedures to improve the
operating quality and efficiency
of the division related to project
implementation.
38. Senior Engineer
38
Responsibilities
￮ Work with Planning, Project Procurement,
Construction and Technical Working Group
(TWG) to ensure that it is properly aligned
with the expectations of the other divisions in
understanding and addressing the project
requirements. Monitor and make changes as
work progresses.
￮ Analyze requirements for each project and
identify potential risks and critical elements to
incorporate on creation of technical
Documents to be issued to all bidders.
39. Senior Engineer
39
Responsibilities
￮ Conducts research and development
for new Flood Water Pump System on
Urban Areas Technical specifications.
Recommends based on technical
study whether the proposed
materials/items could be considered
for preparation and development of
Technical Specifications.
￮ Oversees operating processes,
Evaluates Design and Working
Drawings.
￮ Reviewing and monitoring the
Automation and Instrumentation
outputs
￮ Compiling the necessary
Technical Specifications
40. Office of the General Manager
40
Responsibilities
￮ Sets organizational goals and objectives
￮ Execute over-all and general supervision
of the operation
￮ Execute policies formulated by the Board
of Directors
41. Administrative Services Division
41
General Administration/Management of Company
Assets
￮ In-charge of and performs the repair and maintenance
of vehicles and equipment, building and other structures
including electrical and plumbing services
￮ Responsible for monitoring and processing the
documentary requirements for land title, payment of
land taxes, and insurance premiums on properties and
vehicles including annual LTO registration, employee’s
fidelity bond and the like
￮ Responsible for receipts and issuance of property and
equipment, materials and supplies
42. Administrative Services Division
42
Purchasing/Procurement
￮ Responsible for facilitating the
procurement of supplies/materials,
etc. of the agency
Records Management
￮ Storage/archival of company
records and files as well as
disposal of which in
accordance with records
retention policy
Human Resource Management
￮ Responsible for the personnel
selection and recruitment of
the district’s human resources
requirements and custody of
personnel 201 files
￮ Responsible for human
resource development and
training
43. Construction/Engineering
￮ Responsible for the prioritization
and construction of approved
projects, except maintenance
projects under the Maintenance
Division.
￮ Responsible for the prompt
installation of new water service
connection in accordance with the
technical standards set by the
agency.
Administrative Services Division
43
Maintenance Division
￮ Predictive and preventive maintenance
including immediate repair of the
following:
￮ Transmission, distributions, service lateral
and water service connection pipelines
and appurtenances such as hydrants,
blow-off valves, gate valves, air release
valves, etc.
￮ Restored grounds and other affected
structures during construction, repair and
maintenance works.
45. “
The Urban City Flood Water Pump System is designed and
proposed by AMARE MACHINERY CORPORATION, a group of
engineering students from Polytechnic University of the
Philippines, namely, John Phillip Queliope, Lovely-Ann Raquin,
Shannia Mae Sadicon, Sindy Sagun, Angelo Sarinas, Justine
Serrano, Renzel Joie Sibug, Joshua Sismaet, Avegail Soriano,
Viceroy Sosa, Lounela Ana Moira Sunico, Jefferson Tibayan,
Renefer Tolentino Jr., Louise Kim Jerly Umpay, Marriane
Valencia, Dave Villa, Irish Nikka Villaluz and Marc Robert Vivas.
The said students play a part in the idea and design of the
proposed flood water pump for the certain locale, Cavite City.
45
50. 50
Month
Rainfall precipitation
(mm)
January 14
February 5
March 9
April 17
May 129
June 262
July 344
August 434
September 335
October 171
November 120
December 56
Total 1896
2.1.1 Amount of Rain to be Discharge
In the year 2017, Cavite city has an
annual rain precipitation of 1986 mm.
During the rainy season the month of
August has the higher amount of 434 mm
and assuming that this will be the
maximum amount in this study.
51. System Demand
2.1.2 Area of Study
￮ The city of Cavite, is a fourth class urban
component city in the province of Cavite of the
CALABARZON region in the Philippines.
￮ The city proper compromising 24.8 sq. km
(9.58 sq. mi) with 10.89 sq. km (4.2 sq. mi) of land
which is the focus of this project.
51
54. System Analysis
2.2.1 Capacity of the Flood Water Reservoir
￮ A 100m width by 120m length and a height of 10m will
be the volume of water that can be stored before going to
the main reservoir.
V= L x W x H
V = 100m x 120m x 10m
V = 120 000 m3
Where: L = length
W = width
H = height
54
55. 2.2.2 Flow rate
￮ When water flows through a defined area such as a
pipe or the inlet / outlet port of a pump, the flow rate is
simply the measurement of how much water passes
through an "imaginary plane" in a certain amount of time.
When the flow rate increases, the velocity of the liquid
increases at the same rate. The friction or resistance to
flow (due to viscosity) also increases.
￮ This flow rate will be the flow of water from the
reservoir A to the main reservoir. By using SCH 40 steel
pipe with an inside diameter of 20 in. and elevated at
29.53 in from the ground.
55
System Analysis
56. 2.2.3 Steady Flow of Pipe
￮ Every liquid has its own value for this resistance to flow. The
higher the viscosity of the liquid is, the higher the friction is from
moving the liquid. More energy is required to move a high viscosity
liquid than for a lower viscosity liquid. Water has a standard
absolute viscosity of 0.0091 poise.
56
Where: Re = Reynolds Number
v = Velocity, m/s
D = Diameter
𝛾 = Specific Weight of Fluid
µ = Absolute Viscosity
g = Acceleration Due to Gravity
Thus, the flow in pipe is turbulent.
System Analysis
57. 57
System Analysis
2.3 Pump Selection
The pump must do two things:
￮ 1. Move the required quantity of water base on the head
required, and
￮ 2. Create sufficient amount of pressure to make the system
work.
￮ These, then, are the two factors involved in
selecting a pump. A pump typically must lift water
from a lower level and then push it to a higher level
with enough force to make the sprinkler nozzles or
trickle emitters work properly.
￮ The project will be using axial flow pumps since it is
the only suited for the head needed and the
capacity required. The type of axial flow pump to
be use is a submersible pump. Submersible pumps
work by pushing water upward. Since pushing
water requires less energy, submersible pumps are
often more efficient for deep wells.
58. 2.2.6 Static Head Loss
￮ Total static head is equal to static
discharge minus static suction head.
𝑍 = 𝑍d – 𝑍s
Z = 20 – (-10)
Z = 30 m
Where: Z = Total Static Head
Zd = Static Discharge Head
Zs = Static Suction Head 58
2.2.7 Suction Head
￮ Static suction head is the vertical distance from
the water surface to the pump center-line to
which the pump must lift the water. For wells,
estimate to the draw down point at which the
water level will be when the pump is operating. If
the pump intake pipe is lower than the water
surface, subtract the submerged depth.
￮ Based on the design of the researchers, it has a
suction head of 10 meters.
System Analysis
59. 2.3.1 Static Head Loss
59
Total static head = static discharge
head - static suction head
𝑍 = 𝑍d – 𝑍s
Z = 23 – 5
Z = 18 m
Where: Z = Total Static Head
Zd = Static Discharge Head
Zs = Static Suction Head
60. 2.2.4 Friction Loss
￮ When water is actually flowing through the
pipeline the water will drag along the sides of the
pipe walls and this dragging or friction will consume
energy intended to push the water through the pipe.
This energy loss due to friction is called friction loss
and is described in terms of pressure loss, psi.
￮ Include all pressure losses in the
system due to friction. Since the
pump must overcome all the friction
losses and still deliver water at the
desired pressure at the end of the
pipe, add the friction head into the
estimate of the total dynamic head.
60
System Analysis
￮ ￮ where:
￮ hf= Friction head loss
￮ l = length of the pipe, m
￮ f = Friction factor
￮ v = Velocity, m/s
￮ D = inside diameter, m
￮ g = acceleration due to gravity
61. 2.2.5 Major Loss
￮ Head losses in pipe refer to the
pressure drop (due to friction) as a fluid
flows through a pipe. Head losses
represent how much pressure will be lost
due to the orientation of the pipe system.
This is used to determine if your pipe
system is of optimum efficiency.
61
￮ Friction is the major reason of energy loss
on a pumping system. That’s why it is very
important to take it into account on the
selection of right pump. On the calculation of
the friction head, the designers used the
Darcy-Weisbach Equation.
System Analysis
62. 2.2.8 Minor Losses
￮ Minor head loss is due to any
pressure drop caused by an elbow,
tee, valve, etc. and is usually
expressed as some coefficient (K)
of the velocity head.
62
￮
Where: ℎ𝐿 = Head loss
v = Velocity of fluid
k = 3
g = Acceleration due to
gravity
Where:
ℎ𝐿 = Head loss
k = Coefficient of minor losses,
depends on the condition at the
entrance (k = 0.05, since bell mouth)
v = Velocity of fluid
g = Acceleration due to gravity
1 ENTRANCE
2 Sudden expand
System Analysis
63. ￮
63
System Analysis
￮ Where:
￮ ℎ𝐿3 = Head loss
￮ v = Velocity of fluid
￮ k = 3 (check valve
coefficient of minor
losses)
￮ g = Acceleration due to
gravity
68. 68
System Analysis
2.2.9 Bar Screen
￮ Bars screen is a mechanical filter used to
remove large objects, such as rags and plastic
from wastewater. It is part of the primary
filtration flow and typically is the first, or
preliminary, level of filtration, being installed at
the influent to a wastewater treatment plant.
2.2.9.1 Channel Dimensions
L = 1.5 m
W = 0.5 m
H = 5 m
￮
70. ￮
System Analysis
70
2.4 Pump Capacity
￮ The capacity of the pump required for the water
supply to a place at a particular point in time is
obtained taking into consideration the following
parameters:
Q = flow rate
H =head in pump
A = Area of the pipe
V = Velocity of fluid
71. ￮
System Analysis
71
2.4.3 Pump Starts Sequence
￮ Using many pumps can help in discharging
more water in a given particular time but starting
the pump in sequence can be more efficient during
operation. Determining the time when the pump
start depends on the amount of water that is being
added and increasing the water level can trigger to
start the next pump. Every pump shares 25% of
delivery.
Thus, every 455 liters of water added to the reservoir 1
pump will be operating.
72. ￮ 2.4.3 Minimum Power
Power is consumed by a pump, fan or compressor in
order to move and increase the pressure of a fluid. The power
requirement of the pump depends on a number of factors
including the pump and motor efficiency, the differential
pressure and the fluid density, viscosity and flow rate. This
article provides relationships to determine the required pump
power.
Based on the catalogue of the pump, the pump has a power
of 15 hp, converted into 11.19 Kw.
72
System Analysis
73. ￮ 2.4.3 Pump Efficiency
￮ Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of water
horsepower output from the pump to the shaft
horsepower input for the pump. Water horsepower is
determined by the flow rate and pressure delivered from
the pump.
￮ Base on the catalogue of the pump, the maximum
efficiency of the pump is 85% and the pump has minimum
power of 11.19 Kw.
73
System Analysis
74. 2.5 Piping Selection
￮ A pipe is used mainly to convey substances which can flow—
liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small
solids. This is used for many purposes: plumbing, pipelines,
delivery of fluids, etc. Since the researchers are focused on the
control of floods, pipes are used for their efficiency on conveying
flood water out from the streets.
￮ As per the diameter of the pipe used, the researchers utilize 0.5m
pipe and as per the material: galvanized steel pipe (specifically
schedule 40 pipe hot dip galvanized CSCH 40.) This is the most
common type or variety of steel pipe being used for its high
corrosion resistance, high yield strength, and etc. 74
System Analysis
75. 2.6 Valve Selection
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid
(gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various passageways. The main purpose of a valve is to control
media flow through a system. It may be used to start, stop, or throttle the flow to
ensure safe and efficient operation of the process. Valves are used to optimize
the pipeline operating conditions, and can be found in the upstream,
midstream and downstream section of the piping.
￮ Since valves have many uses, this includes controlling water; it is a must
on a pumping course. The valve that will be used in the system is Pressure
and Check Valve. Pressure Valve is a type of valve that reduces pressure in
the pipe and at the same time the flow of water in the pipe. While on the
other hand, Check Valve is used to prevent backflow in the pump.
75
System Analysis
76. 76
System Analysis
￮ 2.7. Submersible Dry Pit Preventive Maintenance
￮ Follow the same guidelines for the wet well.
￮ Check ventilation equipment.
￮ Properly ventilate dry well and check for gases before
entering.
￮ Follow safety codes before entering the dry well and before
opening the wet well.
￮ The dry well needs to be checked for cracks and for water
leaks in the walls.
