1. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Example
Find
dx
x
1
Example
Find
dx
x 1
1
Example
Find
dx
a
x
1
Example
Find
dx
x
x
3
2
Example
Find
dx
x
x
x
3
4
2
Rational function:
)
(
)
(
)
( x
q
x
p
x
f
2. 2
1
2
1
x
x 4
4
2
x
dx
x
x 2
1
2
1
dx
x
4
4
2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
3. 1
1
1
1
2
x
x )
1
)(
1
( 2
2
x
x
x
x
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
dx
x
x
x
x
)
1
)(
1
( 2
2
dx
x
dx
x 1
1
1
1
2
4. 1
1
1
1
2
x
x )
1
)(
1
( 2
2
x
x
x
x
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
2
1
2
1
x
x 4
4
2
x
5. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
4
4
2
x 2
2
x
B
x
A
Multiply by
)
2
)(
2
(
4
x
x
)
2
)(
2
(
x
x
)
2
(
)
2
(
4
x
B
x
A
Match coeff subsitute
)
2
2
(
)
(
4 B
A
x
B
A
B
A
0
B
A 2
2
4
1 subsitute
A
4
4
2
)
2
(
)
2
(
4
x
B
x
A
2
x
2
x B
4
4
3 The Heaviside
“Cover-up”
2
2
x
B
x
A
)
2
)(
2
(
4
x
x
Example
2
x
)
2
2
(
4
A
2
2
x
B
x
A
)
2
)(
2
(
4
x
x
2
x
)
2
2
(
4
B
6. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
16
48
3
1
4
5
x
x
x )
1
3
)(
4
)(
4
(
1
2
2
x
x
x
linear factor
quadratic
factor quadratic
factor
irreducible
reducible
16
48
3
1
4
5
x
x
x )
1
3
)(
2
)(
2
)(
4
(
1
2
x
x
x
x all factors are irreducible
7. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
)
deg(
)
deg(
if q
p
dx
x
q
x
p
)
(
)
( Use long division
1
)
3
2
)(
1
(
)
(
x
x
x
q
Factor q(x) as linear factors or irreducible quadratic
3 )
3
)(
4
(
)
( 2
x
x
x
q
5
1
2
1
2
x
x
x
Express p(x)/q(x) as a sum of partial fraction
4 i
i
c
bx
ax
B
Ax
b
ax
A
)
(
or
)
( 2
q(x)= product of linear factor
All distinct Some
repeated
q(x)= product of quadratic (irred)
All distinct repeated
case1
case2 case3 case4
Check if we can use subsitution
2 1
5
5
2
2
x
x
x
)
5
)(
3
)(
2
(
1
x
x
x 2
)
3
)(
2
(
1
x
x )
1
)(
4
(
1
2
2
x
x 2
2
3
2
)
1
(
)
4
(
1
x
x
8. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Example
dx
x
x
x
x
x
I
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
Example
Find
dx
x 4
1
2
q(x)= product of linear factor
All distinct Some
repeated
case1
case2
)
1
)(
2
(
1
2
2
3
1
2 2
2
3
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
2
x
x
x
A B C
)
1
)(
2
(
1
A
)
1
)(
2
(
7
B
)
1
)(
1
(
2
C
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x
I
1
1
2
2
7
2
1
C
x
x
x
1
ln
2
ln
2
7
ln
2
1
Cover-up
9. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Example
dx
x
x
x
x
x
x
I
1
1
4
2
2
3
2
4
Example
3
2
)
1
(
)
1
(
5
x
x
x
q(x)= product of linear factor
All distinct Some
repeated
case1
case2
2
)
1
(
1
x
x 3
2
)
1
(
)
1
(
1
x
x
x
A C E
D
B
Remark: only use subsitue
method or match coeff to find
the constants A,B,C,D,E.
1
4
)
1
(
1
1
4
2
2
3
2
3
2
4
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long
Division:
Factor: 2
2
3
)
1
)(
1
(
4
1
4
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
2
)
1
(
1
1
)
1
)(
1
(
4
x
C
x
B
x
A
x
x
x
Partial
Fraction:
Multiply: )
1
(
)
1
)(
1
(
)
1
(
4 2
x
C
x
x
B
x
A
x
subsitute: C
x 2
4
1
A
x 4
4
1
C
B
A
x
0
0
dx
x
x
x
x
I 2
)
1
(
2
1
1
1
1
1
Integrate:
10. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Example
)
3
(
)
1
(
)
1
(
1
3
2
x
x
x
q(x)= product of linear factor
All distinct Some
repeated
case1
case2
2
)
1
(
1
x
x 3
2
)
1
(
)
1
(
1
x
x
x
A C E
D
B
)
3
(
x
F
11. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
q(x)= product of quadratic (irred)
All distinct repeated
case3 case4
Example
)
4
)(
1
)(
2
( 2
2
x
x
x
x
2
x 4
1 2
2
x
x
E
Dx
C
Bx
A
Example
2
2
2
)
4
)(
1
( x
x
x
1
2
x
B
Ax F
Ex
2
2
2
)
4
(
4
x
x
D
Cx
Expand by partial fraction (DONOT EVALUATE )
Expand by partial fraction (DONOT EVALUATE )