it is about machines and used in making woodwork and furniture

1. Submitted by:-
Shubham Aggarwal
A2180315098
Furniture and detailing
TOPIC:-
TOOLS AND MACHINES USED IN WOODWORKING

2. WORKING TECHNIQUES

3. Working techniques
Chainsaw training is designed to provide working technical knowledge and skills to safely operate the
equipment.
1. Size up –
•This is scouting and planning safe cuts for the felling direction, danger zones, and retreat paths,
before starting the saw. The tree's location relative to other objects, support, and tension determines
a safe fall, splits off or if the saw will jam.
• Several factors to consider are: tree lean and bend, wind direction, branch arrangement, snow load,
obstacles and damaged, rotting tree parts. A tree may have to fall in its natural direction if it's too
dangerous or impossible to fell in a desired direction.
• The aim is for the tree to fall safely for lambing and cross-cutting the log. The goal is to avoid having
the tree fall on another tree or obstacle.
2. Felling –
• After clearing the tree's base undergrowth for the retreat path and the felling direction; felling is
properly done with three main cuts. To control the fall, the directional cut line should run 1/4 of the
tree diameter to make a 45-degree wedge, which should be 90 degrees to the felling direction and
perfectly horizontal.
•Make the top cut first then, the bottom cut is made to form the directional cut line at the wedge
point. A narrow or non-existent hinge lessens felling direction control. From the opposite side of the
wedge, plan to finish the final felling cut 1/10 of the tree diameter from the direction cut line. The
felling cut is made horizontally and slightly (1.5–2 inches; 5.1 cm) above the bottom cut.
• When the hinge is properly set, the felling cut will begin the fall in the desired direction. A setback is
when a tree moves back opposite the intended direction. Placing a wedge in the felling cut can
prevent a setback from pinching the saw.

4. •Freeing –
• Working a badly fallen tree that may have become trapped in other trees. Working out
maximum tension locations to decide the safest way to release tension, and a winch may be
needed in complicated situations.
•To avoid cutting straight through a tree in tension, one or two cuts at the tension point of
sufficient depth to reduce tension may be necessary. After tension releases, cuts are made
outside the bend.
•Lambing – Cutting the branches off the log. The operator must be able to properly reach the
cut to avoid kickback.
•Bucking –
•Cross-cutting the felled log into sections. Setup is made to avoid binding the chainsaw within
the changing log tensions and compressions. Safe bucking is started at the log high side and
then sections worked offside, toward the butt end.
• The offside log falls and allows for gravity to help prevent binds. Watching the log's kerf
movement while cutting, helps to indicate binds. Additional equipment (lifts, bars, wedges
and winches) and special cutting techniques can help prevent binds.
•Binds – This is when the chainsaw is at risk or is stuck in the log compression. A log bound
chainsaw is not safe, and must be carefully removed to prevent equipment damage.
• Top bind – The tension area on log bottom, compression on top.
• Bottom bind – The tension area on log top, compression on bottom.
• Side bind – Sideways pressure exerted on log.
• End bind – Weight compresses the log’s entire cross section.
•Brushing and slashing – This is quickly clearing small trees and branches under 5 inches
(13 cm) in diameter. A hand pilfer may follow along to move out debris.

5. Tools and machines

6. • A chainsaw is a portable, mechanical saw which cuts with a set of
teeth attached to a rotating chain that runs along a guide bar.
• It is used in activities such as tree felling, lambing, bucking, pruning,
cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression and harvesting
of firewood.
• Chainsaws with specially designed bar and chain combinations have
been developed as tools for use in chainsaw mills.
• Specialized chainsaws are used for cutting concrete.
• Chainsaws are sometimes used for cutting ice, for example for ice
sculpture and in Finland for winter swimming.
CHAINSAW

7. • A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to
cut different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbour
• A Circular saws were invented in the late 18th century and were in
common use in sawmills in the United States by the middle of the 19th
century.
• A circular saw is a tool for cutting many materials such
as wood, masonry, plastic, or metal and may be hand-held or mounted to a
machine
• .Circular saw blades are specially designed for each particular material
they are intended to cut and in cutting wood are specifically designed for
making rip-cuts, cross-cuts, or a combination of both.
• Circular saws are commonly powered by electricity, but may be powered
by a gasoline engine or a hydraulic motor which allows it to be fastened to
heavy equipment.
Process
• Typically, the material to be cut is securely clamped or
held in a vies, and the saw is advanced slowly across it.
• In variants such as the table saw, the saw is fixed and the
material to be cut is slowly moved into the saw blade.
• As each tooth in the blade strikes the material, it makes
a small chip.
• The teeth guide the chip out of the workpiece,
preventing it from binding the blade.
circular saw

8. Types of circular saws
In addition to hand-held circular saws (see below), different
saws that use circular saw blades include:
•Abrasive saw
•Biscuit joiner
•Brush cutter
•Carbide saws
•Cold saw
•Concrete saw
•Flip over saws (the combination of a compound mitre and
table saw)
•Mitre saw (chop saw, cut-off saw)
•Multi-tool (power tool)
•Panel saw
•Pendulum saw or swing saw
•Radial arm saw
•Sally saw
•Table saw

9. • A drill or drill machine is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or
driving tool attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring
holes in various materials or fastening various materials together.
• The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated
while pressed against the target material. The tip, and sometimes edges, of
the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the target material.
• Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction
and do-it-yourself projects.
• Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and
other applications.
• Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics, such
as power and capacity.
DRILL MACHINE
• Hand drills
• Pistol-grip (corded) drill
• Hammer drill
• Magnetic drilling machine
• Rotary hammer drill
• Cordless drills
• Drill press
• Geared head drill press
• Radial arm drill press
• Mill drill
• Braces drills
• SDS Drills
• Accessories
TYPES

10. Drills with pistol grips are the most
common type in use today, and are
available in a huge variety of subtypes.
A less common type is the right-angle
drill, a special tool used by tradesmen
such as plumbers and electricians. The
motor used in corded drills is often
a universal motor due to its high power
to weight ratio
The hammer drill is similar to a standard
electric drill, with the exception that it is
provided with a hammer action for
drilling masonry. The hammer action may
be engaged or disengaged as required.
Most electric hammer drills are rated (input
power) at between 600 and 1100 watts.
The efficiency is usually 50-60% i.e. 1000
watts of input is converted into 500-600
watts of output (rotation of the drill and
hammering action).
it is a portable drilling machine for drilling
holes in large and heavy workpieces which
are difficult to move or bring to the stationary
conventional drilling machine. It has a
magnetic base and drills holes with the help
of cutting tools like annular cutters or
with twist drill bits. There are various types
depending on their operations and
specializations like magnetic drilling cum
tapping machines, cordless, pneumatic,
compact horizontal, automatic feed, cross
table base etc
PISTOL-GRIP (CORDED) DRILL HAMMER DRILL MAGNETIC DRILLING MACHINE

11. A cordless drill is an electric drill which
uses rechargeable batteries. These drills
are available with similar features to
an AC mains-powered drill. These are the
most common type of drill. They are
available in the hammer drill
configuration and most have a clutch,
which aids in driving screws into various
substrates while not damaging them. Also
available are right angle drills, which allow
a worker to drive screws in a tight space.
While 21st century battery innovations
allow significantly more drilling, large
diameter holes may drain current cordless
drills quickly.
A drill press (also known as a pedestal
drill, pillar drill, or bench drill) is a fixed
style of drill that may be mounted on a
stand or bolted to the floor or workbench.
Portable models with a magnetic
base grip the steel workpieces they drill. A
drill press consists of a base, column (or
pillar), table, spindle (or quill), and drill
head, usually driven by an induction
motor. The head has a set of handles
(usually 3) radiating from a central hub
that, when turned, move the spindle and
chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the
column. The drill press is typically
measured in terms of swing.
A geared head drill press is a drill press in
which power transmission from the motor
to the spindle is achieved solely
through spur gearing inside the machine's
head. No friction elements (e.g., belts) of
any kind are used, which assures a
positive drive at all times and minimizes
maintenance requirements. Geared head
drill press. Shift levers on the head and a
two speed motor control immediately in
front of the quill handle select one of
eight possible speeds
DRILL PRESSCORDLESS DRILLS GEARED HEAD DRILL PRESS

12. • A jigsaw is a saw which uses a reciprocating blade to cut
irregular curves, such as stencilled designs, in wood, metal, or
other materials.
• Today they are electrically powered and known as scroll saws,
and have been largely displaced by portable power jigsaws.
• Jigsaws first emerged in the 19th century and employed
a treadle to operate the blade. The modern portable jigsaw
was introduced in 1947 by Scintilla AG.
• A jigsaw with a bevel function on the sole plate allows cutting
angles of typically up to 45 degrees relative to the normal
vertical stroke for cutting mitre joints.
• In the past, what are now usually called scroll saws were often
referred to as jigsaws.
• A power jigsaw may also be referred to, by some
manufacturers, as a "bayonet saw" or sabre saw.
JIGSAW

13. • A mitre saw (mitre in British English) is a saw used to make
accurate crosscuts and mitres in a workpiece by pulling a
large backsaw or a mounted circular saw blade down onto a board
in a quick motion.
• Both mitre saws and abrasive cut off saws are commonly referred to
as a chop saw.
• Most mitre saws are relatively small and portable, with common
blade sizes ranging from eight to twelve inches.
PROCESS
• The power mitre saw makes cuts by pulling a spinning circular saw
blade down onto a workpiece in a short, controlled motion.
• The workpiece is typically held against a fence, which provides a
precise cutting angle between the plane of the blade and the plane
of the longest workpiece edge.
• In standard position, this angle is fixed at 90
MITRE SAW

14. • A laser guide provides a precise visual indication of where the cut
will be positioned on the workpiece in the current configuration
• A blade guard is a cover for the teeth of the cutting blade. Most
modern mitre saws have self-retracting blade guards, which
automatically retract when the saw is lowered onto a workpiece
and re-cover the blade when the saw is raised.
• A dust bag connects directly to the saw, and helps to collect
sawdust away from the workpiece during cutting. An adapters to
connect an industrial vacuum cleaner in lieu of a bag to capture
more of the dust and simplify disposal.
FEATURES

15. • A nail gun, nail gun or nailery is a type of tool used to
drive nails into wood or some other kind of material.
• It is usually driven by compressed air electromagnetism, highly
flammable gases such as butane or propane, or, for powder-
actuated tools, a small explosive charge.
• Nail guns have in many ways replaced hammers as tools of choice
among builders.
• The nail gun was designed by Morris Pyknons, a civil engineer by
training, for his work
• The wooden fuselage was nailed together and glued, and then the
nails were removed.
• The first nail gun used air pressure and was introduced to the
market in 1950 to speed the construction of housing floor sheathing
and sub-floors. With the original nail gun, the operator used it while
standing and could nail 40-60 nails a minute. It had a capacity of
400-600 nails.
NAIL GUN

16. Powder-actuated nail gun
1.Direct drive or high velocity devices. This uses gas pressure acting directly on the nail to drive it.
2.Indirect drive or low velocity devices. This uses gas pressure acting on a heavy piston which drives the nail. Indirect
drive nail are safer because they cannot launch a free-flying projectile even if tampered with or misused, and the
lower velocity of the nails is less likely to cause explosive shattering of the work substrate.
Either type can, with the right cartridge loads, be very powerful, driving a nail or other fastener into hard concrete,
stone, rolled steelwork, etc., with ease.
Combustion powered nail gun
Powered by a gas and air explosion in a small cylinder; the piston pushes the nail directly and there are no rotating
parts.
Electric nail gun
In one type of electric nail gun, a rotating electric motor gradually compresses a powerful spring and suddenly
releases it.
Solenoid-powered nail gun
Here a solenoid propels a metal piston, which has a long front rod which propels the nail.
TYPES

17. • A hand plane is a tool for shaping wood using muscle power to force
the cutting blade over the wood surface. Some rotary power
planers are motorized power tools used for the same types of larger
task
• planer or planer which are designed to shape, flatten, and finish larger
boards or surfaces.
• Generally all planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and
impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber or timber. Planning
is also used to produce horizontal, vertical, or inclined flat surfaces on
workpieces usually too large for shaping, where the integrity of the
whole requires the same smooth surface. Special types of planes are
designed to cut joints or decorative mouldings.
• Though most planes are pushed across a piece of wood, holding it with
one or both hand
A typical order of use in flattening, truing, and
smoothing a rough sawn board might be:
•A scrub plane,
•A jack plane
•A jointer plane
•A smoothing plane
•A polishing plane
HAND PLANE

18. • A reciprocating saw is a type of machine-powered saw in which
the cutting action is achieved through a push-and-pull
("reciprocating") motion of the blade.
• The term is commonly applied to a type of saw used
in construction and demolition work.
• This type of saw, also known as a hognose, recap saw,
or Sawzall has a large blade resembling that of a jigsaw and a
handle oriented to allow the saw to be used comfortably on
vertical surfaces.
• The typical design of this saw has a foot at the base of the blade,
similar to that of a jigsaw.
• The user holds or rests this foot on the surface being cut so that
the tendency of the blade to push away from or pull towards the
cut as the blade travels through its movement can be countered.
RECIPROCATING SAW

19. • Die grinders and rotary tools are handheld used
for grinding, sanding, honing, polishing, or machining material (typically
metal, but also plastic or wood).
• die grinders are still very useful for hundreds of cutting needs, from
sculpture-like contouring in the absence of CNC, to cut-off of bar stock, to
any of the cutting and grinding needs of fabrication, such as in the work
of welders, boilermakers, millwrights, ironworkers (steel erectors), sheet
metal workers (such as auto body workers and HVAC technicians)
to woodworking (especially cabinet making), hacking, and other hobby or
business pursuits.
• Die grinders are often used for engraving, cylinder head porting, and
general shaping of a part
Methods of cutting action
1. The cutting may be done in various ways, including:
2. Grinding with bonded abrasive stones (called by various names, such
as mounted stones, mounted points, or grinding points)
3. Machining with a burr or small drill bit or endmill
4. Sanding with coated abrasive, such as small drums made of sandpaper
mounted on an expanding rubber mandrel (also called an arbour)
5. Honing with fine-grit mounted points
6. Lapping with lapping compound and a mounted lap to embed it
7. Polishing or buffing with cloth or fibre drums or flaps and polishing
compound
Die grinder

20. • A routers a hand tool or power tool that a worker uses to rout
(hollow out) an area in relatively hard material like wood or
plastic.
• Routers are mainly used in woodworking, especially cabinetry.
Routers are typically handheld or fastened cutting end-up in a
router table.
• The hand tool type of router is the original form. It is a
specialized type of hand plane with a broad base and a
narrow blade that projects well beyond its base plate
• The power tool form of router with an electric-motor-
driven spindle is now the more common form.. For example,
with an appropriate jig it can be used for recessing door
hinges and recessing lock faceplates.
• Even rotary tools can be used as routers when the right bits and
accessories (such as a plastic router base) are attached.
ROUTERS

22. • A sander is a power tool used to smooth surfaces
by abrasion with sandpaper. Sanders have a means to attach
the sandpaper and a mechanism to move it rapidly
contained within a housing with means to hand-hold it or fix
it to a workbench.
• Woodworking sanders are usually powered electrically, and
those used in auto-body repair work by compressed air.
There are many different types of sanders for different
purposes. Multi-purpose power tools and electric drills may
have sander attachments.
Woodworking sanders include:
• Flap sander or sanding flap wheel
• Belt sander
• Disc sander
• Oscillating spindle sander
• Orbital sander
• Straight-line sander
• Detail Sander
• Stroke sander
• Table Top Drum sander
• Drum sander
• Wide-belt sander
• Profile Shaper/Sander
SANDER

23. 1. Flap sander or sanding flap wheel: A sanding attachment shaped like a Rolodex and used on a hand-held drill or
mounted on a bench grinder for finishing curved surfaces.
2. Belt sander (hand-held or stationary)
3. Disc sander: A disc sander is most commonly implemented as a stationary machine that consists of a replaceable
circular shaped sandpaper attached to a wheel turned by an electric motor or compressed air. The usually wooden
work piece, (although other materials can be shaped and worked on such as plastics, metals and other soft
materials), is sat on a front bench that can be adjusted to various angles. It can be used for rough or fine sanding
depending on the sanding grit used.
4. Oscillating spindle sander: A sander mounted on a spindle that both rotates and oscillates in and out or up and
down along the axis of the spindle. Good for sanding curves and contours that would be difficult with hand or
orbital sanding.
5. Random orbital sander
6. Orbital sander: A hand-held sander that vibrates in small circles, or "orbits." The sanding disk spinning while moving
simultaneously in small ellipses causes the orbital action that it is known for. Mostly used for fine sanding or where
little material needs to be removed.
7. Straight-line sander: A sander that vibrates in a straight line, instead of in circles. Good for places where hand
sanding is tedious or "blocking" is required. Most are air-powered, a few electric. The first pneumatic straight line
sander was patented by Otto Hendrickson in 1969.
Woodworking sanders include:

24. 8. Detail Sander: A hand-held sander that uses a small vibrating head with a triangular piece of sandpaper attached.
Used for sanding corners and very tight spaces. Also known as "Mouse" or "corner" sanders.
9. Stroke sander: A large production sander that uses a hand-operated platen on a standard sanding belt to apply
pressure. For large surfaces such as table tops, doors, and cabinets.
10. Table Top Drum sander: A bench top sander that uses a rotating drum. Much like a jointer, the operator adjust the
height of the grit, by changing the grit of sandpaper, to adjust the depth of cut. Wood is hand fed against the drum to
achieve a flat, smooth surface. Can be used for surface sanding, edge sanding, stripping paint, cabinet doors, etc.
11. Drum sander: A large sander that uses a rotating sanding drum. As with a planer, the operator adjusts feed rollers to
feed the wood into the machine. The sander smooths it and sends it out the other side. Good for finishing large
surfaces.
12. Wide-belt sander: A large sander similar in concept to a planer, but much larger. Uses a large sanding belt head
instead of a planer's shaping head, and requires air from a separate source to tension the belt. For rough sanding large
surfaces or finishing. Used mainly for manufacturing furniture and cabinets.
13. Profile Shaper/Sander: An industrial machine consisting of a powered transport with a series of workstations for
performing shaping, sanding, or other finish operations on one or more edges of components in cabinetry, furniture,
shelving, and other products. These machines create and finish decorative edges in an automated process using rotating
'shaping heads', 'sanding wheels', 'foil applicators' and other specialized equipment.

25. • A bench grinder is a benchtop type of grinding
machine used to drive abrasive wheels.
• A pedestal grinder is a similar or larger version of
grinder that is mounted on a pedestal, which may be
bolted to the floor or may sit on rubber feet.
• These types of grinders are commonly used to hand grind
various cutting tools and perform other rough grinding.
• Depending on the bond and grade of the grinding wheel,
it may be used for sharpening cutting tools such as tool
bits, drill bits, chisels, and gouges.
• A wire brush wheel or buffing wheels can be interchanged
with the grinding wheels in order to clean
or polish workpieces. Stiff buffing wheels can also be
used when deburring is the task at hand.
• Bench grinders are standard equipment in metal
fabrication shops and machine shops, as are handheld
grinders (such as angle grinders and die grinders).
BENCH GRINDER

26. • A jointer or in some configurations, a jointer-planer (also as
a planer or surface planer, and sometimes also as
a buzzer or flat top) is a woodworking machine used to
produce a flat surface along a board's length.
• As a jointer, the machine operates on the narrow edge of
boards, preparing them for use as butt joints or gluing into
panels. A planer-jointer setup has the width that enables
smoothing ('surface planning') and levelling the faces
(widths) of boards small enough to fit the tables.
• The jointer derives its name from its primary function of
producing flat edges on boards prior to joining them edge-
to-edge to produce wider boards.
• The use of this term probably arises from the name of a
type of hand plane, the jointer plane, which is also used
primarily for this purpose.
JOINTER

27. • A lathe is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of
rotation to perform various operations such
as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, turning,
with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object
with symmetry about that axis.
• Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal
spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working.
• Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being
the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can
also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces
and screw threads or helices.
• Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of
incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by
either one or two centres, at least one of which can typically be
moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths.
Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the
axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using
clamps or dogs.
• Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe
include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue
sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments
(especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.
LATHE

28. A mortise or mortice is anspecialized woodworking
machine used to cut square or rectangular holes in a
piece of lumber (timber), such as a mortise in a mortise
and tenon joint.
1. Square chisel mortise
2. Horizontal mortise (slot mortise)
3. Chain mortise
4. Other methods of cutting mortises
Traditionally, a mortise would be cut by hand, using
a chisel and mallet. However, due to the precision of fit
required for a mortise and tenon joint, this can be a difficult
and time-consuming task
MORTISE OR MORTICE

29. • A panel saw is any type of sawing machine with a sliding table that
cuts sheets into sized parts.
• A sliding panel saw was invented by Wilhelm Altdorf in 1906 in
Germany.
• Its invention set a new standard in woodworking, with dramatic
differences from traditional machines. Up to that time, a
conventional table saw had no mechanism for edging.
• Meaning that for the first and second longitudinal cut on untreated
massive wood, the lumber always had to be fed manually through
the saw blade.
• The new system accomplished the task more elegantly by allowing
the work piece to be fed through the saw blade while lying on a
sliding table.
• Thus cutting becomes faster, accurate and effortless.
.
PANEL SAW

30. • A wood shaper, usually just shaper in North America or spindle moulder .it is a
stationary woodworking machine in which a vertically oriented spindle drives cutter
heads to mill profiles on wood stock.
• The spindle may be raised and lowered relative to the shaper's table, and rotates
between 3,000 and 10,000 rpm, with stock running along a vertical fence.
• Wood shaper cutter heads typically have three blades, and turn at 1/2 to 1/8th the speed
of smaller, much less expensive two-bladed bits used on a hand-held wood router.
• Adapters are sold allowing a shaper to drive router bits, a compromise on several levels.
As are router tables, cost-saving adaptations of hand-held routers mounted to
comparatively light-duty dedicated work tables.
• Being both larger and much more powerful than routers, shapers can cut much larger
profiles than routers – such as for crown moulding and raised-panel doors – and readily
drive custom-made bits fabricated with unique profiles. Speed adjustments are typically
made by relocating the belts on a stepped pulley system, much like that on a drill press.
Unlike routers, shapers are also able to run in reverse, which is necessary in performing
some cuts.
• The most common form of wood shaper has a vertical spindle; some have horizontal;
others yet have spindles or tables that tilt. Some European models variously combine
sliding table saws, jointers, planers, and mortises.
wood shaper

31. Safety
• The primary safety feature on a wood shaper is a
guard mounted above the cutter protecting hands
and garments from being drawn into its blades.
Jigs, fixtures such as hold-downs, and accessories
that include feather boards, also help prevent
injury and generally result in better cuts. The
starter, or fulcrum, pin is a metal rod which threads
into the table a few inches away from the cutter
allowing stock to be fed into it in a freehand cut.
• In addition to aiding productivity and setting a
consistent rate of milling, a power feeder keeps
appendages and garments out of harm's way. They
may be multi-speed, and employ rubber wheels to
feed stock past the cutter head.

32. A table saw or saw bench is a woodworking tool, consisting of
a circular saw blade, mounted on an arbour, that is driven by
an electric motor(either directly, by belt, or by gears). The blade
protrudes through the surface of a table, which provides
support for the material, usually wood, being cut.
In a modern table saw, the depth of the cut is varied by moving
the blade up and down: the higher the blade protrudes above
the table, the deeper the cut that is made in the material. In
some early table saws, the blade and arbour were fixed, and
the table was moved up and down to expose more or less of
the blade. The angle of cut is controlled by adjusting the angle
of blade. Some earlier saws angled the table to control the cut
angle.
TABLE SAW OR SAW BENCH

33. • A thickness planer (also known in the UK and Australia as a thicknesser or in
North America as a planer) is a woodworking machine to trim boards to a
consistent thickness throughout their length and flat on both surfaces.
• n operation, the table is set to the desired height and then the machine is
switched on. The board is fed into the machine until it makes contact with the
in-feed roller which grips the board and draws it into the machine and past the
rotating cutter head. The knives remove material on the way through and the
out-feed roller pulls the board through and ejects it from the machine at the
end of the pass.
• To finish a board that is flat and of uniform thickness along its length, it is
necessary to start with a board that has at least one perfectly flat reference
face. The board is fed with this reference face flat on the table and the cutter
head removes an amount of material from the opposite face so that it is made
parallel to the reference face. The reference face is often created by first
passing the board over a jointer. If the lower face is not flat, the feed roller
pressure pressing the board against the table will deform the board, which will
then spring back as it leaves the machine, resulting in a non-flat upper surface.
• One problem often encountered when using a thickness planer is snipe. This
manifests as a deeper cut on a short section of the board at either end and is
caused by incorrect feeding or misalignment of the in-feed or out-feed tables,
or an unnecessarily high setting of the rollers recessed in the surface of the in-
feed table. It can be accommodated by keeping the board overlong to allow
later trimming.
THICKNESS PLANER

34. SURVEY PICTURE

38. Thank you