This document discusses various methods of sowing seeds, including broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, planting, and transplanting. Broadcasting involves dispersing seeds evenly over soil. Drilling involves placing seeds in rows using a seed drill. Dibbling involves making holes in soil in a grid pattern and placing seeds. Planting uses vegetative parts like stems instead of seeds. Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them to the main field. Each method has advantages like control over spacing but also disadvantages like time/cost requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of common sowing techniques used in agriculture.

1. ESSENTIAL PLANT NUTRIENTS
TOPIC
Assistant Professor
Mr. B.S Cheema
By

2. PLANT NUTRIENTS
PLANT NUTRIENT: The elements needed by the plant
without which the plant is not able to survive and complete its
life cycle are called essential nutrient.
ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS BY PLANTS
C, H, O 95-96%
N, P, K 2.7%
Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn,
B ,Mo, Cl , Ni, Cu
1.3-1.4%.

3. CRITERIA OF ESSENTIALITY
Arnon and stout was given criteria of essentiality
in 1939.
According to criteria of essentiality;
1. A deficiency of an essential nutrient element makes it impossible for
the plant to complete the vegetative or reproductive stage of its life
cycle.
2. The deficiency of an element is very specific to the element in
question and deficiency can be corrected /prevented only by supplying
that particular element.
3. The element must directly be involved in the nutrition and
metabolism of the plant and have a direct influence on plant apart from
its possible effects in correcting some micro-biological or chemical
conditions of the soil or other culture medium.

4. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
PLANTS NEED 17 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS FOR HEALTHY
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Necessary Nutrients for crop growth
1.Macro or Major Nutrients
•Necessary Macro Nutrients
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
•Primary Nutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium
•Secondary Nutrients
Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur
2. Micro Nutrients
Iron, Boron, Zink, Copper, Chlorine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel

5. TERMINOLOGY
Deficient: When an essential element is at a low concentration in
plant that severely limits the plant growth and produces more or less
distinct deficiency symptoms on plants.
Insufficient: When the level of an essential nutrient is below their
actual content in plant or available in an inadequate amounts that also
affect the plant growth and development.
Excessive: When the concentration of an essential nutrient is
sufficiently high but not toxic. It results in a corresponding shortage
of other nutrients
Toxic: When the concentration of an element in plants is very high
this affects the plant growth severely and produces toxicity symptoms
on plants.

6. FUNCTIONS OF C,H,O
They play a dominant role in the process of
photosynthesis and respiration in plants.,
They are involved in the formation of simple as
well as complex organic compounds like
carbohydrates, starch proteins etc.
Maintaining the structure of the plant cells.
They provide ‘energy’ required for the growth and
development of plant by oxidative break down of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats during their
cellular respiration

7. FUNCTIONS OF NITROGEN
1. The Nitrogen is mainly involved in Photosynthesis of plants as it is
essential constituent of chlorophyll, a green pigment essential in
photosynthesis.
2. It is very basic constituent of plant life, because, it forms essential
constituent of proteins, nucleotides phosphatides, alkaloids, enzymes,
hormones, vitamins etc.,
3. It promotes better Vegetative growth and adequate supply of
nitrogen promotes rapid early growth and imparts dark green color to
plants, improves quality and succulence of leafy vegetables and
fodder crops.
4. It stimulates the formation of fruit buds; increases fruit set, and
improve quality of fruits.
5. It governs the better utilization of Potassium, Phosphorus & other
elements.

8. FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHORUS
1.Involved in Energy storage and transfer. Also carry
various metabolic processes in plants.
2. Involved in cell division and development of
meristematic tissue and thus it improves better vegetative
growth of plants.
3. Important for root development and stimulates root
growth.
4. Helps in primordial development, flowering, seed
formation, ripening of fruits germination of seeds and also
early maturity of crops.
5. It is essential for formation of starch, proteins, nucleic
acids, photosynthesis, nitrogen-metabolism, carbohydrate
metabolism, glycolysis, respiration and fatty acid synthesis

9. FUNCTIONS OF POTASSIUM
1. Potassium is responsible for osmoregulation and controls cell turger
pressure.
2. It has important role in pH stabilization, enzyme activation, protein
synthesis, stomata movement (closing and opening), cell extension
and photosynthesis.
3. Impart drought/heat/frost resistance to plants as it regulates
transpiration and water conditions in the plant cell. It improves water
use efficiency
4. Impart pest and disease resistance to plants
5. Required for ATP synthesis and better N use efficiency by favoring
the protein formation.
6. Plants become strong and stiff; thus it reduces lodging of plants.
7. Essential in the formation and transfer of starch and sugars
especially in potato, sweet potato, turnip, banana, tapioca.

10. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

11. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
CALCIUM Tenders leaves dry and plant dies.
MAGNESIUM Leaves start drying from the tip.
SULPHUR Brownish spots on leaves.
IRON Main veins of a leaf become green.
MANGANESE Younger leaves show chlorotic spots
between the veins
COPPER Leaves become yellow and stop
growing and then fall off.
BORON Young leaves become light in colour
from petiole and start folding.
MOLYBDENUM Yellow/orange spots all on matured
leaves

12. THANK YOU
FOR
WATCHING

13. METHODS OF IRRIGATION
TOPIC
Assistant Professor
Mr. B.S Cheema
By

14. IRRIGATION
Water is an essential element for survival. Plants
contain almost 90 per cent of water. The process of
supplying water to the crops is known as irrigation.
DEFINITION It can be defined as the artificial
application of water given to land to assist in the
production of crops.
It can be divided into two parts:
1. Surface Irrigation
2. Subsurface Irrigation

15. SURFACE IRRIGATION
It consist of a broad class of irrigation methods in which
water is distributed over the soil, surface by gravity flow.
The irrigation water is introduce in to Level Or greater
furrows are basins, gated by are turn out structures and is
allowed to advance across the field.
Types of Surface irrigation
1. Uncontrolled Surface Irrigation
• Flooding method
2. Controlled Surface Irrigation
• Check Basin method
• Ring Basin method
• Border strip method
• Furrow method

16. FLOODING METHOD
Water is allowed from channel in to the field without
much control on alter side of the flow. It covers the
entire field and move all most on Guider. The height
of bunds around the field. Should be 15cm for the
effective use of rainfall.

17. CHECK BASIN METHOD
Most common method of irrigation. The field is
divided into small plots surrounding by small bunds
on are 4 sides. Water from head channel it supplied to
the field channel 1after another. The size of check
basin ranges from 4m×3m ; 6m ×5m.

18. RING BASIN METHOD
It is suitable for fruit trees. Basins are made
around the tree, basins are generally round in
shape and sphere shape.

19. BORDER STRIP METHOD
These parallel earth ridges are farmer to guide the
flow of water across the field. Length of strip
ranges from 30 to 50 m by width is from 3m to
5m.The slope range from 0.1% to 1%.

20. FURROW METHOD
Furrows are made along are across the flow. Water
infiltrate from the bottom and side of the furrow
moving downward and laterally to wetting soil.

21. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
Water is applied spray or as rain over the crop. Rate
of water delivery is less than 1000 lit per hour. It
operates at the pressure of greater than 2.5 hours and
through water as a separate up to a distance of greater
than 10 meter. Saves the 25% to 50% water.

22. SUB SURFACE IRRIGATION
Consist of method, there by irrigation water is applied
below the soil surface. The specific type of irrigation
method varies depending on the water table, when the
water table is well below the surface.

23. DRIP/TRICKLE IRRIGATION
Systems are method of micro irrigation were in water
is applied through emitters through the soil surface as
blocks are small field. It consists of Main line, such
line, and emitters, it saves 50%-70% water.

24. THANK YOU
FOR
WATCHING

25. METHODS OF SOWING
TOPIC
Assistant Professor
Mr. B.S Cheema
By

26. SOWING
DEFINITION
It can be defined as a process of planting seeds into
the soil. After sowing, the seeds germinate inside the
soil and then grow up to become a complete plant.
METHODS OF SOWING
1) Broadcasting
2) Drilling
3) Dibbling
4) Planting
5) Transplanting

27. BROADCASTING
Broadcast planting is the practice of dispersing
seeds over the surface of the soil. The seeds
are dispersed on the seedbeds either
automatically or manually during this phase.

28. BROADCASTING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Less time is required 1. More number of seeds are
required.
2. Less expensive 2. Overall production is less.
3. Tillage implements are
not required.
3. Harvesting is difficult.

29. DRILLING
Drilling of seeds are placed row lines in
the soil. In weed crop distance of row to
row is 22.5 cm.

30. DRILLING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Depth of soil can control. 1. Require more time, energy
and cost.
2. Row to row distance can
also be control.
2. Can’t control plant to plant
distance.
3.Physical weed management
is easy.
3. An expert technical person
is required for running of a
seed-drill.

31. DIBBLING
Process in which field is divided into a plot or
definite row to row distance or plant to plant
distance.

32. DIBBLING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Control plant to plant
and row to row distance.
1. Overall yield will be less
2. Production per unit area
will be high.
2. Depth of sowing hard to be
maintain
3. It facilitate intercultural
activities like Earthing up,
Weeding etc.
3. It is more laborious, time
consuming and expensive.

33. PLANTING
By using any other vegetative part to grow plant
other than seed. Example : Rice, Cotton,
Sugarcane etc

34. PLANTING
Advantages Disadvantages
1. We can grow seedless
crops example: Potato,
Banana
1. Time and Labour consuming
method
2. Control row to row and
plant to plant distance.
2. Can not adopt in all crops
3.It facilitate Physical weed
management
3. Costly Modern tools and
implements are required

35. TRANSPLANTING
After growing nursery plants that is more than
25 days then they are transplanted into the main
field. Example : Rice.

36. TRANSPLANTING
Advantages Disadvantages
1.Environmental conditions
will be favourable.
1. Time and Labour consuming
2. More care can be
provided during nursery.
2. High water requirement.
3. Production rate is high. 3. Costly Modern tools and
implements are required

37. THANK YOU
FOR
WATCHING