This document discusses the properties and reactions of amines. It defines amines as organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen. The document discusses nomenclature, physical properties, basicity, reactions including salt formation and reactions with acids, and uses of amines such as in the synthesis of nylon and azo dyes.

1. Dr. S. S. Harak
Asst. Prof. Pharm. Chem.
Gokhale Education Society’s
Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik-5
AMINES
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2. • Amines:
- organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl
groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.
• Functional group:
• Classification of amines:
Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine

3. • Primary (1o) amine: one alkyl or aryl group attached to the
nitrogen atom.
• Secondary (2o) amine: two alkyl or aryl group attached to the
nitrogen atom.
• Tertiary (3o) amine: three alkyl or aryl group attached to the
nitrogen atom.
• Quaternary (4o) amine: an ion in which nitrogen is bonded to
four alkyl or aryl groups and bears a positive charge
CH3
H3C N CH3
CH3

4. • Common names:
-formed from the names of the alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen,
followed by the suffix –amine.
-the prefixes di-, tri-, and tetra- are used to decribe two, three
or four identical substituents.
2CH3 CH2 NH
ethylamine
CH3
CH3 CH2 N
CH3
ethyldimethylamine
(CH3CH2CH2CH2)4N+ -
CI
tetrabutylammonium chloride
CH3
N
CH3
cyclohexyldimethylamine
NAMING AMINES

5. • IUPAC names:
- similar to that alcohols.
-the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determine the root
name.
-the –e in alkane name is changed to –amine, and a number shows
the position of the amino group along the chain.
-other substituents on the carbon chain are given numbers, and
the prefix N- is used for each substituent on nitrogen.
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
NH2
CH3
CH3 CH CH2CH2
NH2
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
NHCH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH CH3
N CH3
CH3
2,4, N, N-tetramethyl-3-hexanamine
2-butanamine
23 14 1234
3-methyl-1-butanamine
1234
N-methyl-2-butanamine

6. • The prefix ‘amino’ is used to indicate the presence of an –NH2
group in a molecule containing than one functional group.
NH2CH2COOH
aminoethanoic acid
OH
NH2
NH2
2,4-diaminophenol
H2NCH2CH2OH
2-aminoethanol
COH
NH2
3-aminobenzaldehyde
• For example,

7. •
•
• Aromatic amines have an amine group (-NH2) attached directly to
the aromatic ring.
Aromatic amines known as arylamines.
Examples,
NH2 CH3
NH2
NH2
NO2
4-nitrophenylamine
(4-nitroaniline)
phenylamine
(aniline)
2-methylphenylamine
(2-methylaniline)
2
3
4
5
1
6
1
2
3
4
6
5
NAMING AROMATIC PRIMARY
AMINES

8. H2N (CH2)6 NH2
hexane-1,6-diamine
(1,6-hexanediamine)
H2N NH2
benzene-1,4-diamine
(1,4-benzenediamine)
• Compounds with two –NH2 groups are named by adding
the suffix ‘diamine’ to the name of the corresponding
alkane or aromatic compounds.

9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINES
i) Boiling points:
-the boiling points of amines is increase with increasing relative
molecular mass.
- the lower aliphatic amines are gases or low-boiling liquids.
-amines are polar compounds and both primary and secondary
amines associate by intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
H N
H
R H
R
N
H
R
H N
H
Hydrogen bonding

10. * Comparing the boiling points of 1o,2oand 3oamines
- for isomeric amines, the boiling points decreases in the order,
1° amine > 2° amine > 3° amine
- reason: decrease in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
- example,
CH3CH2CH2NH2
1-propanamine
(1o
amine)
48.6o
C
CH3
CH3CH2N H
N-methylethanamine
(2o
amine)
37.0o
C
CH3
CH3 N CH3
N, N-dimethylmethanamine
(3o
amine)
3.5o
Cboiling point:
molecular formula: C3H9N
molecular mass: 59

11. * Comparing the boiling points of amines with other organic
compounds
-the boiling points of aliphatic amines are higher than those
of alkanes or haloalkanes of similar relative molecular mass
due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
-the N-H bond is more polar than the C-H bond but less polar
than O-H bond.
-Hydrogen bonding in amines are weaker than that of
alcohols or carboxylic acids.
-Boiling points of amines are lower than those
corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids.
Comparison of boiling points of some organic compounds with
similar
molecular weight
alkane < ether < alkyl halide < amine < ketone, aldehyde < alcohol < acid

12. ii) Solubilities of 1o, 2o and 3o amines:
-all three classes of aliphatic amines are capable of
forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
-the lower amines (with chain length up to four
carbon atoms per molecule) are very soluble in
water because they can form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules.
-the solubilities of amines is decrease with
increasing number of carbon atoms in the chain.
- amines are soluble in organic solvents.

13. • Amines can act as:
-a nucleophile (a Lewis base) because its lone pair none bonding
electrons can form a bond with an electrophile.
-a Brønsted-Lowry base because it can accept a proton from a
proton acid.
Reaction of an amine as a nucleophile
R N
H
CH3 I
H
nucleophile
R
H
N CH3
H
I-
electrophile new N-C bond formed
Reaction of an amine as a proton base
NR
H
H
H X R
H
N H
H
X-
base proton acid protonated
THE BASICITY OF AMINES

14. •
•
Amines are fairly strong base and their aqueous solutions are basic.
An amine can abstract a proton from water, giving an ammonium
ion and a hydroxide ion.
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is called base-dissociation
constant, symbolized by Kb.
•
NR
H
H
H O H R
H
H
N H OH
-Kb
Kb = [RNH3
+] [-OH]
[RNH2]
bpK = - log K10 b
Stronger base have smaller values of pKb

15. • The basicity of the amines depends on the ability of the lone pair
none bonding electrons at nitrogen atom to form bond with an acid.
The more easier the lone pair electrons formed bond with the acid,
will make the amines a stronger base.
Factors that effect the basicity of the amines:
•
•
i) substitution by alkyl groups
-the presence of alkyl groups (electron-donating group) such as (CH3-)
and (CH3CH2-) will make the amine become more basic.
- for example, methylamine is more basic than ammonia.
ii) substitution by electron-withdrawing groups
-the presence of electron-withdrawing groups or atom will decrease
the basicity.
- for example, nitroaniline is less basic than aniline

16. Basicity of aromatic amines
*Aromatic amines is less basic than aliphatic amines and
ammonia.
-the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalised
into the benzene ring.
-As a result, the lone pair of electrons is less available for
donation to an acid.
-The reaction is shifted toward the left and makes aniline a
weaker base than ammonia or aliphatic amines.

17. •
•
•
•
Salt formation
Reaction with nitrous acid
Amide formation
Ring halogenation of phenylamine
REACTIONS OF AMINES

18. •
•
Reaction of amines and acid will give amine salt.
Amine salt:
- composed of two types of ions:
i) the protonated amine cation (an ammonium ion)
ii) anion derived from the acid
Amine salts are ionic, have higher melting points,
nonvolatile solids, more soluble in water than the parent
amines and slightly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
•
Salt formation

19. EXAMPLES:
CH3CH2CH2 NH2
n-propylamine
CH3CH2CH2 NH3Cl
n-propylammonium chloride
HCl
(CH3CH2)3 N
triethylamine
HCl (CH3CH2)3 NH Cl
triethylammonium chloride
R NH2 H Cl
R2 NH H Cl
R3 N
tertiary amine
H Cl R3 NHCl
trialkylammonium chloride
RNH3 Cl
alkylammonium chloride
R2 NH2 Cl
dialkylammonium chloride
primary amine
secondary amine

20. • Nitrous acid (HNO2) is unstable and is prepared in situ by the
reaction of dilute HCl or dilute H2SO4with sodium nitrite in
the absence of heat.
NaNO2(s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + O=N-OH (aq)
nitrous acid
• Nitrous acid can be used to differentiate primary, secondary
and tertiary aliphatic amines.
Reaction with nitrous acid

21. Primary aliphatic amines
• When aliphatic primary amines react with HNO2, nitrogen is evolved
rapidly and an alcohol is produced.
RNH2+ O=N-OH → R-OH + H2O+ N2(g)
• For example, ethylamine gives nitrogen and a mixture of ethanol
(60%), ethene and other products.
C2H5NH2 + O=N-OH → C2H5-OH+ H2O+ N2(g) + other products
• The reaction of propylamine with HNO2produces nitrogen and a
mixture of 1-propanol (7%), 2-propanol (32%) and propene (28%).
• The reaction of methylamine with HNO2produces only a little
methanol, and the main products are methoxymethane and
nitrogen.

22. • Aliphatic secondary amines react with HNO2at room
temperature to form nitrosoamines / nitrosamines (yellow oils).
R2N-H + HO-N=O → R2N-N=O + H2O
nitrosoamine
Example,•
N H
CH3
CH3
HO N=O
CH3
CH3
2N N=O H O
dimethylamine N-nitroso-N,N-dimethylamine
Secondary aliphatic and aromatic amines

23. •
-
A tertiary aliphatic amines react with HNO2will produced
ammonium salts which is dissolve readily in water as a clear
solution.
R3N+ HNO2→ [R3NH]+NO2 (aq)
NH2 HNO2 HCl
+
N2 Cl
- RT
2H2O N
RT = room temperature
2
5o
C
benzenediazonium chloride
mixture
products
Tertiary aliphatic amines
Primary aromatic amines
A primary aromatic amines react with cold HNO2 and
dissolved in dilute HCl at 0-5oC will produced diazonium
salt. When this cold salts heated at room temperature,
nitrogen gas will evolved.
•

24. Tertiary aromatic amines
R
N R HNO2
< 5o
C ON
R
N R
a nitosoamiline compound (yellow precipitate)
• Tertiary aromatic amines reacts with nitrous acid by
undergoing substitution at the para position of the benzene
ring to form nitrosoaniline which is a yellow precipitate.

25. i) Reaction with acyl chlorides
• Primary and secondary amines are acylated at room
temperature by acyl chlorides to form N-substituted amides.
RNH2+ CH3COCl → RNHCOCH3+ HCl
R2NH + CH3COCl → R2NCOCH3+ HCl
• Tertiary amines are NOT acylated because they do not have
hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.
Amide formation

26. Examples:
H
CH3N H
O
CH3C Cl
H
N H
O
CH3C Cl
H O
N C CH3
H O
CH3N C CH3 HCl
HCl
N-methylethanamide
N-phenylbenzamide
ethanoyl chloride
ethanoyl chloride

27. ii) Reaction with acid anhydrides
• Primary and secondary amines are readily acylated
by acid anhydrides to yield the corresponding N-alkyl
or N-aryl amides.
For example,•
H
CH3CH2CH2N H
propylamine
O O
CH3 C O C CH3
H
CH3CH2N CH2CH3
diethylamine
O O
CH3 C O C CH3
H O
CH3CH2CH2N C CH3
N-propylethanamide
O
CH3CH2N C CH3
CH2CH3
N, N-diethylethanamide
O
HO C CH3
O
HO C CH3
ethanoic anhydride
ethanoic anhydride

28. • When bromine water is added to phenylamine (aniline) at
room temperature, decolorisation of the bromine water
occurs and a white precipitate of 2,4-6-tribromoaniline
(C6H4Br3N) is obtained.
This reaction is used as a test for aniline.•
NH2
23Br (aq)
NH2
Br Br
Br
2,4,6-tribromoaniline
(white precipitate)
3HBrroom temperature
Ring halogenation of phenylamine

29. SYNTHESIS OF
NYLON
•Nylons are condensation copolymers formed by reacting
equal parts of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acids, so that
peptide bonds form at both ends of each monomer in a
process analogous to polypeptides biopolymers.
• General reactions:
DiaminesDicarboxylic acids Nylon
USES OF AMINES

30. Basic concepts of nylon production
• The first approach:
-combining molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each
end are reacted with two chemicals that contain amine (NH2)
groups on each end.
-Form nylon 6,6, made of hexamethylene diamine with six
carbon atoms and acidipic acid, as well as six carbon atoms.
• The second approach:
-a compound has an acid at one end and an amine at the
other and is polymerized to form a chain with repeating units
of (-NH-[CH2]n-CO-)x.
-Form nylon 6, made from a single six-carbon substance
called caprolactam.

31. SYNTHESIS OF DYE
• Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the
manufacture of azo dyes.
• Azo compounds:
compounds bearing the functional group R-N=N-R', in
which R and R' can be either aryl or alkyl.
N=N group is called an azo group
HNNH is called diimide
• Aryl azo compounds have vivid colors, especially reds,
oranges, and yellows
Yellow azo dye

32. •Amines react with nitric(III) acid to form diazonium salt,
which can undergo coupling reaction to form azo
compound.
•Azo-compounds are highly coloured, they are widely
used in dyeing industries, such as:
i) Methyl orange
ii)Direct brown 138
iii)Sunset yellow FCF
iv)Ponceau

33. Uses and important of azo dye
 Methyl orange - used as acid-base indicators due to the
different colors of their acid and salt forms
 Artist’s paints – clays, yellow to red range
Dye in food and textiles

34. E102: Tartrazine
E107 : Yellow 2G
E110 : Sunset Yellow
E122 : Azorubine
EXAMPLES OF
AZO DYES USED
IN FOOD

35. E123 : Amaranth
E124 : Ponceau 4R
E129 : Allura Red
E151 : Brilliant Black

36. Sandmeyer reaction
 The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl
halides from aryl diazonium salts using copper salts as reagents or
catalysts.
 It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
 The Sandmeyer reaction provides a method through which one can
perform unique transformations on benzene, such as halogenation,
cyanation, trifluoromethylation, and hydroxylation.

37. Sandmeyer reaction
 The substitution of an aromatic amino group is possible via preparation
of its diazonium salt and subsequent displacement with a nucleophile
(Cl-, I-, CN-, RS-, HO-).
 Many Sandmeyer Reactions proceed under copper(I) catalysis, while
the Sandmeyer-type reactions with thiols, water and potassium iodide
don't require catalysis.

38. Mechanism
Treatment of an aromatic amine with nitrous acid (or
sodium nitrite, which is converted to nitrous acid in the
presence of acid) in the presence of a strong acid like
HCl results in the loss of H2O and the formation of a new
N-N triple bond. The resulting species is called a
“diazonium ion”:Step I: Formation of the nitrosonium ion

39. Nucleophilic Substitution

40. Step II: Formation of the benzenediazonium ion

41. Step III: Single electron transfer

42. Diazo Coupling
 Because a diazonium salt is only weakly electrophilic, the reaction
only occurs when the benzene ring has a strong electron donor group,
such as NH2, NHR, NR2, or OH.
 Although these groups activate both the ortho and para positions,
substitution occurs unless the para position already has another
substituent.
 To determine what starting materials are needed to synthesize a
particular azo compound, always divide the molecule into two
components: one has a benzene ring with a diazonium ion, and one
has a benzene ring with a very strong electron donor group.

43. Diazo Coupling Mechanism

44. Diazo Coupling Examples

45. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

46. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

47. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

48. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

49. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

50. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

51. Hinsberg test
 A chemical reaction that can distinguish between primary,
secondary, tertiary amines.
 The amine is shaken well with Hinsberg reagent in the presence of
aqueous alkali (e.g., KOH or NaOH).
 The Hinsberg reagent is a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide
and benzenesulfonyl chloride.
 In this test, the amine acts as a nucleophile and attack the
electrophilic benzenesulfonyl chloride.
 This reaction leads to the displacement of the chloride and the
generation of the N- alkylbenzenesulfonamide.
 When the primary amine forms a sulfonamide, this product is
soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
 On the contrary, secondary amine’s sulfonamide precipitates from
the alkali solution as a solid.

53. Hinsberg test Summary
 To summarize what your visual observations would be for the
Hinsberg test:
 Primary amines–Adding a primary amine to the Hinsberg test
solution should give a clear solution which, on acidification with
HCl, would form a precipitate.
 Secondary amines‐ React to form a suspension of an insoluble
solid or oil which does not dissolve on acidification with HCl.
 Tertiary amines– Do not react with the benzene sulfonyl chloride
in the Hinsberg test solution and thus initially provide an
insoluble solid or oil(the unreacted amine) which, on acidification
with HCl, dissolves to give a clear solution of the amine salt.